Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency for the recovery of spermatozoa using the standard technique and a technique based on ultrasound. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out to compare two techniques for spermatozoa recovery; (i) the standard technique, based on elution of the...

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Autores:
Lezcano Martínez, Ana Nataly
Giraldo Vásquez, Luz Eliana
Vanegas Londoño, Estefanía
Espinosa Montoya, Tatiana
Zuluaga Barrios, José Daniel
Molina Castaño, Carlos Federico
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Tecnológico de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio Tdea
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/2863
Acceso en línea:
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2863
Palabra clave:
Ultrasound
Ultra-som
Ultrasonido
Spermatozoa
Espermatozoides
Spermatozoïdes
Forensic Genetics
Genética Forense
Génétique légale
Sex offences
Delitos sexuales
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closedAccess
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv Eficacia del tratamiento ultrasónico en la recuperación de espermatozoides en la investigación de delitos sexuales
title Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
spellingShingle Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
Ultrasound
Ultra-som
Ultrasonido
Spermatozoa
Espermatozoides
Spermatozoïdes
Forensic Genetics
Genética Forense
Génétique légale
Sex offences
Delitos sexuales
title_short Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
title_full Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
title_fullStr Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
title_full_unstemmed Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
title_sort Efficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offenses
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Lezcano Martínez, Ana Nataly
Giraldo Vásquez, Luz Eliana
Vanegas Londoño, Estefanía
Espinosa Montoya, Tatiana
Zuluaga Barrios, José Daniel
Molina Castaño, Carlos Federico
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Lezcano Martínez, Ana Nataly
Giraldo Vásquez, Luz Eliana
Vanegas Londoño, Estefanía
Espinosa Montoya, Tatiana
Zuluaga Barrios, José Daniel
Molina Castaño, Carlos Federico
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv Ultrasound
Ultra-som
Ultrasonido
topic Ultrasound
Ultra-som
Ultrasonido
Spermatozoa
Espermatozoides
Spermatozoïdes
Forensic Genetics
Genética Forense
Génétique légale
Sex offences
Delitos sexuales
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv Spermatozoa
Espermatozoides
Spermatozoïdes
Forensic Genetics
Genética Forense
Génétique légale
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv Sex offences
Delitos sexuales
description Objective: To evaluate the efficiency for the recovery of spermatozoa using the standard technique and a technique based on ultrasound. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out to compare two techniques for spermatozoa recovery; (i) the standard technique, based on elution of the evidence in distilled water with a buffer and, (ii) a modified technique that included concentration by centrifugation and ultrasound. The efficiency was based on manual counting of spermatozoa using dilutions 1:1 to 1:500. Results: The modified technique substantially improved the recovery of spermatozoa. While the standard technique recovered 3.1%, the modified one resulted in a recovery of 17.5% using the 1:10 dilution, which represents a six-fold increase. The modified technique was the only one able to recover spermatozoa in dilutions higher than 1:250. Conclusion: The implementation of the ultrasonic technique improves the recovery of spermatozoa.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-12T02:15:11Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-12T02:15:11Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2863
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url https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2863
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 22
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dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 18
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 45
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Spanish journal of legal medicine.
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Evers H, Heidorn F, Gruber C, Lasczkowski G, Risse M, Dettmeyer R, et al. Investigative strategy for the forensic detection of sperm traces. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2009;5:182---8.
Sathirareuangchai S, Phobtrakul R, Phetsangharn L, Srisopa K, Petchpunya S. Comparative study of spermatozoa detection using the genital swab versus bedside smear slide technique in sexual assault patients. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;35:69---72.
Hulme P, Lewis J, Davidson G. Sperm elution: an improved two phase recovery method for sexual assault samples. Sci Justice J Forensic Sci Soc. 2013;53:28---33.
Stefanidou M, Alevisopoulos G, Spiliopoulou C. Fundamental issues in forensic semen detection. West Indian Med J. 2010;59:280---3.
Allery JP, Telmon N, Mieusset R, Blanc A, Rougé D. Cytological detection of spermatozoa: comparison of three staining methods. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46:349---51.
Frauenhoffer SM, Frauenhoffer CM, Urban CH. Sequential CK and LD isoenzyme interpretation by microcomputer. Am J Clin Pathol. 1984;81:93---7.
Ingemann-Hansen O, Charles AV. Forensic medical examination of adolescent and adult victims of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27:91---102.
Newton M. The forensic aspects of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27:77---90.
Allard JE, Baird A, Davidson G, Jones S, Lewis J, McKenna L, et al. A comparison of methods used in the UK and Ireland for the extraction and detection of semen on swabs and cloth samples. Sci Justice J Forensic Sci Soc. 2007;47:160---7.
Bozzo WR, Colussi AG, Ortiz MI, Lojo MM. DNA recovery from different evidences in 300 cases of sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 2009;2:141---2.
Hueske EE. Techniques for extraction of spermatozoa from stained clothing: a critical review. J Forensic Sci. 1977;22:596---8.
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 4 páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv España
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institution Tecnológico de Antioquia
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spelling Lezcano Martínez, Ana Natalyc6b50c8f-5ca5-4fb2-8dff-7e3cfa9af87aGiraldo Vásquez, Luz Eliana6cfecbc6-6657-4b67-9380-8600bcecca12Vanegas Londoño, Estefanía7e35c3f2-7ae4-455a-98f7-750f81473108Espinosa Montoya, Tatiana180aa53a-80e0-4f52-9c19-10e0cce1d042Zuluaga Barrios, José Daniel71fe8969-6282-41b2-8d33-d598f1441cb7Molina Castaño, Carlos Federico0bc3477d-f51c-460a-8587-5015dbb715ec2023-05-12T02:15:11Z2023-05-12T02:15:11Z20192445-4249https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2863Objective: To evaluate the efficiency for the recovery of spermatozoa using the standard technique and a technique based on ultrasound. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out to compare two techniques for spermatozoa recovery; (i) the standard technique, based on elution of the evidence in distilled water with a buffer and, (ii) a modified technique that included concentration by centrifugation and ultrasound. The efficiency was based on manual counting of spermatozoa using dilutions 1:1 to 1:500. Results: The modified technique substantially improved the recovery of spermatozoa. While the standard technique recovered 3.1%, the modified one resulted in a recovery of 17.5% using the 1:10 dilution, which represents a six-fold increase. The modified technique was the only one able to recover spermatozoa in dilutions higher than 1:250. Conclusion: The implementation of the ultrasonic technique improves the recovery of spermatozoa.Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia para la recuperación de espermatozoides utilizando una técnica estándar y una técnica basada en ultrasonido. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental para comparar 2 técnicas de recuperación de espermatozoides: 1) la técnica estándar, basada en la elución de la evidencia en agua destilada con un solución tampón, y 2) una técnica modificada, que incluyó la concentración por centrifugado y el uso de ultrasonido. La eficacia se basó en el recuento manual de espermatozoides utilizando diluciones de 1:1 a 1:500. Resultados: La técnica modificada mejoró sustancialmente la recuperación de los espermatozoides. En la dilución 1:10, la técnica estándar recuperó el 3,1%, la modificada recuperó un 17,5%; representando un aumento de 6 veces más en la recuperación. La técnica modificada fue la única capaz de recuperar espermatozoides en diluciones superiores a 1:250. Conclusión: La implementación de la técnica ultrasónica mejora la recuperación de espermatozoides.4 páginasimage/jpegengElsevierEspañahttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2445424919300019UltrasoundUltra-somUltrasonidoSpermatozoaEspermatozoidesSpermatozoïdesForensic GeneticsGenética ForenseGénétique légaleSex offencesDelitos sexualesEfficacy of an ultrasound technique in the recovery of spermatozoa during the investigation of sexual offensesEficacia del tratamiento ultrasónico en la recuperación de espermatozoides en la investigación de delitos sexualesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a852211845Spanish journal of legal medicine.Evers H, Heidorn F, Gruber C, Lasczkowski G, Risse M, Dettmeyer R, et al. Investigative strategy for the forensic detection of sperm traces. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2009;5:182---8.Sathirareuangchai S, Phobtrakul R, Phetsangharn L, Srisopa K, Petchpunya S. Comparative study of spermatozoa detection using the genital swab versus bedside smear slide technique in sexual assault patients. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;35:69---72.Hulme P, Lewis J, Davidson G. Sperm elution: an improved two phase recovery method for sexual assault samples. Sci Justice J Forensic Sci Soc. 2013;53:28---33.Stefanidou M, Alevisopoulos G, Spiliopoulou C. Fundamental issues in forensic semen detection. West Indian Med J. 2010;59:280---3.Allery JP, Telmon N, Mieusset R, Blanc A, Rougé D. Cytological detection of spermatozoa: comparison of three staining methods. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46:349---51.Frauenhoffer SM, Frauenhoffer CM, Urban CH. Sequential CK and LD isoenzyme interpretation by microcomputer. Am J Clin Pathol. 1984;81:93---7.Ingemann-Hansen O, Charles AV. Forensic medical examination of adolescent and adult victims of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27:91---102.Newton M. The forensic aspects of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27:77---90.Allard JE, Baird A, Davidson G, Jones S, Lewis J, McKenna L, et al. A comparison of methods used in the UK and Ireland for the extraction and detection of semen on swabs and cloth samples. Sci Justice J Forensic Sci Soc. 2007;47:160---7.Bozzo WR, Colussi AG, Ortiz MI, Lojo MM. DNA recovery from different evidences in 300 cases of sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 2009;2:141---2.Hueske EE. Techniques for extraction of spermatozoa from stained clothing: a critical review. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


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