Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America
Sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) are suspected or proven vectors of Leishmania spp. in the American region. Understanding niche conservatism (NC) in insect vectors allows an understanding of constraints on adaptive responses, and thus implications for disease ecology. Therefore, in this study,...
- Autores:
-
Galvis Martínez, Carlos Alberto
Moo Llanes, David Alejandro
Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Tdea
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/3020
- Acceso en línea:
- https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3020
- Palabra clave:
- Climate Change
Changement climatique
Mudança de clima
Cambio climático
Geographical distribution
Distribution géographique
Distribuição geográfica
Distribución geográfica
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniose
Vectors
Vecteur de maladie
Vectores
Ecological niche
Nicho ecológico
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
| id |
RepoTdea2_8f59a5767e65d0d1c9a19fbce7614090 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/3020 |
| network_acronym_str |
RepoTdea2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio Tdea |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| title |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| spellingShingle |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America Climate Change Changement climatique Mudança de clima Cambio climático Geographical distribution Distribution géographique Distribuição geográfica Distribución geográfica Leishmaniasis Leishmaniose Vectors Vecteur de maladie Vectores Ecological niche Nicho ecológico |
| title_short |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| title_full |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| title_fullStr |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| title_sort |
Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Galvis Martínez, Carlos Alberto Moo Llanes, David Alejandro Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Galvis Martínez, Carlos Alberto Moo Llanes, David Alejandro Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto |
| dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv |
Climate Change Changement climatique Mudança de clima Cambio climático Geographical distribution Distribution géographique Distribuição geográfica Distribución geográfica Leishmaniasis Leishmaniose Vectors Vecteur de maladie Vectores |
| topic |
Climate Change Changement climatique Mudança de clima Cambio climático Geographical distribution Distribution géographique Distribuição geográfica Distribución geográfica Leishmaniasis Leishmaniose Vectors Vecteur de maladie Vectores Ecological niche Nicho ecológico |
| dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv |
Ecological niche Nicho ecológico |
| description |
Sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) are suspected or proven vectors of Leishmania spp. in the American region. Understanding niche conservatism (NC) in insect vectors allows an understanding of constraints on adaptive responses, and thus implications for disease ecology. Therefore, in this study, the authors evaluated NC in three vector species of leishmaniasis (Lutzomyia gomezi, Psathyromyia shannoni and Pintomyia ovallesi) in Central and South America. For this, the authors performed niche identity and similarity testing through paired comparisons in ENMTools and niche overlap in Niche Analyst. The authors found that species niches were more similar to each other than if the points had been randomly extracted, and they also found extensive similarity between Pa. shannoni and Lu. gomezi niches and in Pa. shannoni niches over different timescales. The authors suggest Pa. shannoni as a priority species due to fundamental niche similarity with phylogenetically related species and also its extensive evolutionary history and ecological plasticity that could affect the emergence and resurgence of leishmaniasis in areas endemic by this vector. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-05-24T19:22:43Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-05-24T19:22:43Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
0269-283X |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3020 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1365-2915 |
| identifier_str_mv |
0269-283X 1365-2915 |
| url |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3020 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
123 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
111 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
37 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Medical and Veterinary Entomology |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Almeida, P.S., Sciamarelli, A., Mira Batista, P., Dimas Ferreira, A., Nascimento, J., Raizer, J. et al. (2013) Predicting the geographic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 108(8), 992-996. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130331 Altamiranda-Saavedra, M., Arboleda, S., Parra, J.L., Peterson, A.T. & Correa, M.M. (2017) Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia. PLoS One, 12(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179093 Barve, N., Barve, V., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Lira-Noriega, A., Maher, S.P., Peterson, A.T. et al. (2011) The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Ecological Modelling, 222(11), 1810-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.011 Carvalho, B.M., Rangel, E.F., Ready, P.D. & Vale, M.M. (2015) Ecological Niche modelling predicts southward expansion of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in South America, under climate change. PLoS One, 10(11), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143282 Carvalho, B.M., Rangel, E.F. & Vale, M.M. (2017) Evaluation of the impacts of climate change on disease vectors through ecological niche modelling. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 107(4), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485316001097 Chalghaf, B., Chlif, S., Mayala, B., Ghawar, W., Bettaieb, J., Harrabi, M. et al. (2016) Ecological Niche modeling for the prediction of the geographic distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(4), 844-851. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0345 Chalghaf, B., Chemkhi, J., Mayala, B., Harrabi, M., Benie, G.B., Michael, E. et al. (2018) Ecological niche modeling predicting the potential distribution of Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin: impact of climate change. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3019-x Cobos, M.E., Peterson, A., Barve, N. & Osorio, L. (2019) Kuenm: an R package for detailed development of ecological niche models using Maxent. PeerJ, 2019(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6281 Costa-Pereira, R., Araújo, M.S., Souza, F.L. & Ingram, T. (2019) Competition and resource breadth shape niche variation and overlap in multiple trophic dimensions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1902), 20190369. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0369 Da Costa, S.M., Cordeiro, J.L.P. & Rangel, E.F. (2018) Environmental suitability for Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and the occurrence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2742-7 Dupin, J., Smith, S.D. (2019) Integrating historical biogeography and environmental niche evolution to understand the geographic distribution of Datureae. American Journal of Botany. 106(5), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1281. Falcão de Oliveira, E., Galati, E.A.B., de Oliveira, A.G., Rangel, E.F. & de Carvalho, B.M. (2018) Ecological niche modelling and predicted geographic distribution of Lutzomyia cruzi, vector of Leishmania infantum in South America. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(7), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006684 Galante, P.J., Alade, B., Muscarella, R., Jansa, S.A., Goodman, S.M. & Anderson, R.P. (2018) The challenge of modeling niches and distributions for data-poor species: a comprehensive approach to model complexity. Ecography, 41(5), 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02909 González, C., Paz, A. & Ferro, C. (2014) Predicted altitudinal shifts and reduced spatial distribution of Leishmania infantum vector species under climate change scenarios in Colombia. Acta Tropica, 129(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.014 Herrera, G., Barragán, N., Luna, N., Martínez, D., De Martino, F., Medina, J., Niño, S., Páez, L., Ramírez, A., Vega, L., Velandia, V., Vera, M., Zúñiga, M. F., Bottin, M. J., & Ramírez, J. D. (2020). An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas. Scientific data, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0451-5 Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965-1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276 Hijmans, A.R.J., Phillips, S., Leathwick, J., Elith, J. & Hijmans, M.R.J. (2020) Package ‘dismo’. Ibarra-Cerdeña, C., Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Peterson, A.T., Sánchez-Cordero, V. & Ramsey, J.M. (2014) Phylogeny and Niche conservatism in North and Central American Triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas' disease. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(10), e3266. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003266 Ji, Y., Luo, W., Zhang, G. & Wen, J. (2017) Projecting potential distribution of Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky and E. brandti (Harold) under historical climate and RCP 8.5 scenario. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09659-3 Kozak, K.H. & Wiens, J.J. (2010), Accelerated rates of climatic-niche evolution underlie rapid species diversification. Ecology Letters, 13, 1378-1389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01530.x Li, J., Fan, G. & He, Y. (2020) Predicting the current and future distribution of three Coptis herbs in China under climate e conditions, using the MaxEnt model and chemical analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 698, 134141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134141 López, M. (2014) Distribución potencial de las especies de flebotomíneos de importancia médica y su asociación con focos de transmisión de Leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia. Bogota, Colombia: Universidad de Los Andes, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315853178 Lyu, Y., Wang, X. & Luo, J. (2020) Geographic patterns of insect diversity across China's nature reserves: the roles of niche conservatism and range overlapping. Ecology and Evolution, 10(7), 3305-3317. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6097 Maher, S.P., Ellis, C., Gage, K.L., Enscore, R.E. & Peterson, A.T. (2010) Range-wide determinants of plague distribution in North America. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(4), 736-742. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0042 Mclntyre, S., Rangel, E.F., Ready, P.D. & Carvalho, B.M. (2017) Species-specific ecological niche modelling predicts different range contractions for Lutzomyia intermedia and a related vector of Leishmania braziliensis following climate change in South America. Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2093-9 de Moara, S.M.R., Bavia, M.E., Fonseca, E.O.L., Cova, B.O., Silva, M.M.N., Carneiro, D.D.M.T. et al. (2019) Ecological niche models for sand fly species and predicted distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in Bahia state, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7431-2 Moo-LLanes, D.A., Arque-Chunga, W., Carmona-Castro, O., Yañez-Arenas, C., Yañez-Trujillano, H.H., Cheverría-Pacheco, l., Baak-Baak, C.M. & Cáceres, A.G. (2017) Shifts in the ecological niche of Lutzomyia peruensis under climate change scenarios in Peru. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 31, 123-131. Moo-Llanes, D.A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C., Rebollar-Téllez, E., Ibáñez-Bernal, S., González, C. & Ramsey, J. (2013) Current and future Niche of North and Central American sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in climate change scenarios. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(9), e2421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002421 Moo-Llanes, D.A., May, A., Ibarra, C.N., Rebollar, E.A. & Ramsey, J.M. (2018) Inferring distributional shifts of epidemiologically important North and Central American sandflies from Pleistocene to future scenarios. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 33(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12326 Moo-Llanes, D.A., Pech-May, A., Oca-Aguilar, A.C.M., Salomón, O.D. & Ramsey, J.M. (2020) Niche divergence and paleo-distributions of Lutzomyia longipalpis mitochondrial haplogroups (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Tropica, 211, 105607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105607 Morinière, J., Van Dam, M.H., Hawlitschek, O., Bergsten, J., Michat, M.C., Hendrich, L. et al. (2016) Phylogenetic niche conservatism explains an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient in freshwater arthropods. Scientific Reports, 6, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26340 Morgan, R.F. (2018) Niche partitioning as a mechanism for locally high species diversity within a geographically limited genus of blastoid. PLoS ONE 13(5), e0197512. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197512 Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C. et al. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. Bioscience, 51(11), 933. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2 Owens, H.L., Campbell, L.P., Dornak, L.L., Saupe, E.E., Barve, N., Soberón, J. et al. (2013) Constraints on interpretation of ecological niche models by limited environmental ranges on calibration areas. Ecological Modelling, 263, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.011 Paredes, C. & Santos, J.I. (2015) Neglected tropical diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean, Vienna: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1422-3 Pech-May, A., Moo-Llanes, D.A., Puerto-Avila, M.B., Casas, M., Danis-Lozano, R., Ponce, G. et al. (2016) Population genetics and ecological niche of invasive Aedes albopictus in Mexico. Acta Tropica, 157, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.021 Peterson, A.T. & Shaw, J. (2003) Lutzomyia vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil: ecological niche models, predicted geographic distributions, and climate change effects. International Journal for Parasitology, 33(9), 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00094-8 Peterson, A.T., Soberón, J., Pearson, R.G., Anderson, R., Martínez-Meyer, E. & Araújo, M. (2011) Ecological niches and geographic distributions. Choice Reviews Online, 49(11), 328. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-6266 Peterson, A.T., Campbell, L.P., Moo-Llanes, D.A., Travi, B., González, C., Ferro, M.C. et al. (2017) Influences of climate change on the potential distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). International Journal for Parasitology, 47(10-11), 667-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.04.007 Polidori, C., Nucifora, M. & Sánchez-Fernández, D. (2018) Environmental niche unfilling but limited options for range expansion by active dispersion in an alien cavity-nesting wasp. BMC Ecology, 18(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0193-9 Qiao, H., Peterson, A.T., Campbell, L.P., Soberón, J., Ji, L. & Escobar, L.E. (2016) NicheA: creating virtual species and ecological niches in multivariate environmental scenarios. Ecography, 39(8), 805-813. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01961 Schoener, T.W. (1968) The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex Fauna. Ecology, 49(4), 704-726. Valderrama, A., Tavares, M.G. & Filho, J.D.A. (2011) Anthropogenic influence on the distribution, abundance and diversity of sandfly species (Diptera: Phlebotominae: Psychodidae), vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Panama. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106(8), 1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000800021 Valderrama, A., Tavares, M.G. & Filho, J.D.A. (2014) Phylogeography of the Lutzomyia gomezi (Diptera: Phlebotominae) on the Panama Isthmus. Parasites & Vectors, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-9 Varela, S., Lima-Ribeiro, M.S. & Terribile, L.C. (2015) A short guide to the climatic variables of the last glacial maximum for biogeographers. PLoS One, 10(6), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129037 Velasco, J.A. & González-Salazar, C. (2019) Akaike information criterion should not be a “test” of geographical prediction accuracy in ecological niche modelling. Ecological Informatics, 51, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.02.005 Velasco, J.A. & González-Salazar, C. (2019) Akaike information criterion should not be a “test” of geographical prediction accuracy in ecological niche modelling. Ecological Informatics, 51, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.02.005 Warren, D.L., Glor, R.E. & Turelli, M. (2010) ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography, 33(3), 607-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06142.x Wiens, J.J., Ackerly, D.D., Allen, A.P., Anacker, B.L., Buckley, L.B., Cornell, H.V. et al. (2010) Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology. Ecology Letters, 13(10), 1310-1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.xÓ2010 Wolkoff, M.E. (2018) Population structure, demographic history, and environmental Niche of the sand fly disease vector Lutzomyia Shannoni (Dyar) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the U.S., Mexico, and Colombia. Yin, L., Fu, R., Shevliakova, E. & Dickinson, R.E. (2013) How well can CMIP5 simulate precipitation and its controlling processes over tropical South America? Climate Dynamics, 41(11-12), 3127-3143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1582-y |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
closedAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
13 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
image/jpeg |
| dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv |
América Central Sur América |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Royal Entomological Society |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Inglaterra |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13652915/2023/37/1 |
| institution |
Tecnológico de Antioquia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/3/Similarity%20but%20not%20equivalence_%20Ecological%20niche%20comparison%20between%20sandflies%20from%20the%20Pleistocene%20and%20future%20scenarios%20in%20Central%20and%20souht%20Am%c3%a9rica.jpg.jpg https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/2/license.txt https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/1/Similarity%20but%20not%20equivalence_%20Ecological%20niche%20comparison%20between%20sandflies%20from%20the%20Pleistocene%20and%20future%20scenarios%20in%20Central%20and%20souht%20Am%c3%a9rica.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
cc16b5c568311aeb8177eb8efcbe8001 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 8ca9d5c509fa39320cea4eb1879a413f |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Tecnologico de Antioquia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
| _version_ |
1812189170836176896 |
| spelling |
Galvis Martínez, Carlos Alberto7caef606-9692-463e-8805-c20fadf41e5eMoo Llanes, David Alejandroa98a590b-7463-4009-a702-f0617f534ca3Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto24e8d03f-69f2-4f3b-9982-7a16d1d76798América CentralSur América2023-05-24T19:22:43Z2023-05-24T19:22:43Z20230269-283Xhttps://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/30201365-2915Sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) are suspected or proven vectors of Leishmania spp. in the American region. Understanding niche conservatism (NC) in insect vectors allows an understanding of constraints on adaptive responses, and thus implications for disease ecology. Therefore, in this study, the authors evaluated NC in three vector species of leishmaniasis (Lutzomyia gomezi, Psathyromyia shannoni and Pintomyia ovallesi) in Central and South America. For this, the authors performed niche identity and similarity testing through paired comparisons in ENMTools and niche overlap in Niche Analyst. The authors found that species niches were more similar to each other than if the points had been randomly extracted, and they also found extensive similarity between Pa. shannoni and Lu. gomezi niches and in Pa. shannoni niches over different timescales. The authors suggest Pa. shannoni as a priority species due to fundamental niche similarity with phylogenetically related species and also its extensive evolutionary history and ecological plasticity that could affect the emergence and resurgence of leishmaniasis in areas endemic by this vector.13 páginasimage/jpegengRoyal Entomological SocietyInglaterrahttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13652915/2023/37/1Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South AmericaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85123111137Medical and Veterinary EntomologyAlmeida, P.S., Sciamarelli, A., Mira Batista, P., Dimas Ferreira, A., Nascimento, J., Raizer, J. et al. (2013) Predicting the geographic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 108(8), 992-996. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130331Altamiranda-Saavedra, M., Arboleda, S., Parra, J.L., Peterson, A.T. & Correa, M.M. (2017) Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia. PLoS One, 12(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179093Barve, N., Barve, V., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Lira-Noriega, A., Maher, S.P., Peterson, A.T. et al. (2011) The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Ecological Modelling, 222(11), 1810-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.011Carvalho, B.M., Rangel, E.F., Ready, P.D. & Vale, M.M. (2015) Ecological Niche modelling predicts southward expansion of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in South America, under climate change. PLoS One, 10(11), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143282Carvalho, B.M., Rangel, E.F. & Vale, M.M. (2017) Evaluation of the impacts of climate change on disease vectors through ecological niche modelling. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 107(4), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485316001097Chalghaf, B., Chlif, S., Mayala, B., Ghawar, W., Bettaieb, J., Harrabi, M. et al. (2016) Ecological Niche modeling for the prediction of the geographic distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(4), 844-851. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0345Chalghaf, B., Chemkhi, J., Mayala, B., Harrabi, M., Benie, G.B., Michael, E. et al. (2018) Ecological niche modeling predicting the potential distribution of Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin: impact of climate change. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3019-xCobos, M.E., Peterson, A., Barve, N. & Osorio, L. (2019) Kuenm: an R package for detailed development of ecological niche models using Maxent. PeerJ, 2019(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6281Costa-Pereira, R., Araújo, M.S., Souza, F.L. & Ingram, T. (2019) Competition and resource breadth shape niche variation and overlap in multiple trophic dimensions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1902), 20190369. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0369Da Costa, S.M., Cordeiro, J.L.P. & Rangel, E.F. (2018) Environmental suitability for Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and the occurrence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2742-7Dupin, J., Smith, S.D. (2019) Integrating historical biogeography and environmental niche evolution to understand the geographic distribution of Datureae. American Journal of Botany. 106(5), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1281.Falcão de Oliveira, E., Galati, E.A.B., de Oliveira, A.G., Rangel, E.F. & de Carvalho, B.M. (2018) Ecological niche modelling and predicted geographic distribution of Lutzomyia cruzi, vector of Leishmania infantum in South America. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(7), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006684Galante, P.J., Alade, B., Muscarella, R., Jansa, S.A., Goodman, S.M. & Anderson, R.P. (2018) The challenge of modeling niches and distributions for data-poor species: a comprehensive approach to model complexity. Ecography, 41(5), 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02909González, C., Paz, A. & Ferro, C. (2014) Predicted altitudinal shifts and reduced spatial distribution of Leishmania infantum vector species under climate change scenarios in Colombia. Acta Tropica, 129(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.014Herrera, G., Barragán, N., Luna, N., Martínez, D., De Martino, F., Medina, J., Niño, S., Páez, L., Ramírez, A., Vega, L., Velandia, V., Vera, M., Zúñiga, M. F., Bottin, M. J., & Ramírez, J. D. (2020). An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas. Scientific data, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0451-5Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965-1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276Hijmans, A.R.J., Phillips, S., Leathwick, J., Elith, J. & Hijmans, M.R.J. (2020) Package ‘dismo’.Ibarra-Cerdeña, C., Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Peterson, A.T., Sánchez-Cordero, V. & Ramsey, J.M. (2014) Phylogeny and Niche conservatism in North and Central American Triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas' disease. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(10), e3266. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003266Ji, Y., Luo, W., Zhang, G. & Wen, J. (2017) Projecting potential distribution of Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky and E. brandti (Harold) under historical climate and RCP 8.5 scenario. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09659-3Kozak, K.H. & Wiens, J.J. (2010), Accelerated rates of climatic-niche evolution underlie rapid species diversification. Ecology Letters, 13, 1378-1389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01530.xLi, J., Fan, G. & He, Y. (2020) Predicting the current and future distribution of three Coptis herbs in China under climate e conditions, using the MaxEnt model and chemical analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 698, 134141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134141López, M. (2014) Distribución potencial de las especies de flebotomíneos de importancia médica y su asociación con focos de transmisión de Leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia. Bogota, Colombia: Universidad de Los Andes, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315853178Lyu, Y., Wang, X. & Luo, J. (2020) Geographic patterns of insect diversity across China's nature reserves: the roles of niche conservatism and range overlapping. Ecology and Evolution, 10(7), 3305-3317. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6097Maher, S.P., Ellis, C., Gage, K.L., Enscore, R.E. & Peterson, A.T. (2010) Range-wide determinants of plague distribution in North America. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(4), 736-742. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0042Mclntyre, S., Rangel, E.F., Ready, P.D. & Carvalho, B.M. (2017) Species-specific ecological niche modelling predicts different range contractions for Lutzomyia intermedia and a related vector of Leishmania braziliensis following climate change in South America. Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2093-9de Moara, S.M.R., Bavia, M.E., Fonseca, E.O.L., Cova, B.O., Silva, M.M.N., Carneiro, D.D.M.T. et al. (2019) Ecological niche models for sand fly species and predicted distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in Bahia state, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7431-2Moo-LLanes, D.A., Arque-Chunga, W., Carmona-Castro, O., Yañez-Arenas, C., Yañez-Trujillano, H.H., Cheverría-Pacheco, l., Baak-Baak, C.M. & Cáceres, A.G. (2017) Shifts in the ecological niche of Lutzomyia peruensis under climate change scenarios in Peru. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 31, 123-131.Moo-Llanes, D.A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C., Rebollar-Téllez, E., Ibáñez-Bernal, S., González, C. & Ramsey, J. (2013) Current and future Niche of North and Central American sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in climate change scenarios. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(9), e2421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002421Moo-Llanes, D.A., May, A., Ibarra, C.N., Rebollar, E.A. & Ramsey, J.M. (2018) Inferring distributional shifts of epidemiologically important North and Central American sandflies from Pleistocene to future scenarios. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 33(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12326Moo-Llanes, D.A., Pech-May, A., Oca-Aguilar, A.C.M., Salomón, O.D. & Ramsey, J.M. (2020) Niche divergence and paleo-distributions of Lutzomyia longipalpis mitochondrial haplogroups (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Tropica, 211, 105607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105607Morinière, J., Van Dam, M.H., Hawlitschek, O., Bergsten, J., Michat, M.C., Hendrich, L. et al. (2016) Phylogenetic niche conservatism explains an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient in freshwater arthropods. Scientific Reports, 6, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26340Morgan, R.F. (2018) Niche partitioning as a mechanism for locally high species diversity within a geographically limited genus of blastoid. PLoS ONE 13(5), e0197512. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197512Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C. et al. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. Bioscience, 51(11), 933. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2Owens, H.L., Campbell, L.P., Dornak, L.L., Saupe, E.E., Barve, N., Soberón, J. et al. (2013) Constraints on interpretation of ecological niche models by limited environmental ranges on calibration areas. Ecological Modelling, 263, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.011Paredes, C. & Santos, J.I. (2015) Neglected tropical diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean, Vienna: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1422-3Pech-May, A., Moo-Llanes, D.A., Puerto-Avila, M.B., Casas, M., Danis-Lozano, R., Ponce, G. et al. (2016) Population genetics and ecological niche of invasive Aedes albopictus in Mexico. Acta Tropica, 157, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.021Peterson, A.T. & Shaw, J. (2003) Lutzomyia vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil: ecological niche models, predicted geographic distributions, and climate change effects. International Journal for Parasitology, 33(9), 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00094-8Peterson, A.T., Soberón, J., Pearson, R.G., Anderson, R., Martínez-Meyer, E. & Araújo, M. (2011) Ecological niches and geographic distributions. Choice Reviews Online, 49(11), 328. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-6266Peterson, A.T., Campbell, L.P., Moo-Llanes, D.A., Travi, B., González, C., Ferro, M.C. et al. (2017) Influences of climate change on the potential distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). International Journal for Parasitology, 47(10-11), 667-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.04.007Polidori, C., Nucifora, M. & Sánchez-Fernández, D. (2018) Environmental niche unfilling but limited options for range expansion by active dispersion in an alien cavity-nesting wasp. BMC Ecology, 18(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0193-9Qiao, H., Peterson, A.T., Campbell, L.P., Soberón, J., Ji, L. & Escobar, L.E. (2016) NicheA: creating virtual species and ecological niches in multivariate environmental scenarios. Ecography, 39(8), 805-813. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01961Schoener, T.W. (1968) The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex Fauna. Ecology, 49(4), 704-726.Valderrama, A., Tavares, M.G. & Filho, J.D.A. (2011) Anthropogenic influence on the distribution, abundance and diversity of sandfly species (Diptera: Phlebotominae: Psychodidae), vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Panama. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106(8), 1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000800021Valderrama, A., Tavares, M.G. & Filho, J.D.A. (2014) Phylogeography of the Lutzomyia gomezi (Diptera: Phlebotominae) on the Panama Isthmus. Parasites & Vectors, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-9Varela, S., Lima-Ribeiro, M.S. & Terribile, L.C. (2015) A short guide to the climatic variables of the last glacial maximum for biogeographers. PLoS One, 10(6), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129037Velasco, J.A. & González-Salazar, C. (2019) Akaike information criterion should not be a “test” of geographical prediction accuracy in ecological niche modelling. Ecological Informatics, 51, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.02.005Velasco, J.A. & González-Salazar, C. (2019) Akaike information criterion should not be a “test” of geographical prediction accuracy in ecological niche modelling. Ecological Informatics, 51, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.02.005Warren, D.L., Glor, R.E. & Turelli, M. (2010) ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography, 33(3), 607-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06142.xWiens, J.J., Ackerly, D.D., Allen, A.P., Anacker, B.L., Buckley, L.B., Cornell, H.V. et al. (2010) Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology. Ecology Letters, 13(10), 1310-1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.xÓ2010Wolkoff, M.E. (2018) Population structure, demographic history, and environmental Niche of the sand fly disease vector Lutzomyia Shannoni (Dyar) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the U.S., Mexico, and Colombia.Yin, L., Fu, R., Shevliakova, E. & Dickinson, R.E. (2013) How well can CMIP5 simulate precipitation and its controlling processes over tropical South America? Climate Dynamics, 41(11-12), 3127-3143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1582-yinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbClimate ChangeChangement climatiqueMudança de climaCambio climáticoGeographical distributionDistribution géographiqueDistribuição geográficaDistribución geográficaLeishmaniasisLeishmanioseVectorsVecteur de maladieVectoresEcological nicheNicho ecológicoTHUMBNAILSimilarity but not equivalence_ Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and souht América.jpg.jpgSimilarity but not equivalence_ Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and souht América.jpg.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg10362https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/3/Similarity%20but%20not%20equivalence_%20Ecological%20niche%20comparison%20between%20sandflies%20from%20the%20Pleistocene%20and%20future%20scenarios%20in%20Central%20and%20souht%20Am%c3%a9rica.jpg.jpgcc16b5c568311aeb8177eb8efcbe8001MD53open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessORIGINALSimilarity but not equivalence_ Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and souht América.jpgSimilarity but not equivalence_ Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and souht América.jpgDatos del documentoimage/jpeg245823https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3020/1/Similarity%20but%20not%20equivalence_%20Ecological%20niche%20comparison%20between%20sandflies%20from%20the%20Pleistocene%20and%20future%20scenarios%20in%20Central%20and%20souht%20Am%c3%a9rica.jpg8ca9d5c509fa39320cea4eb1879a413fMD51open accesstdea/3020oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/30202023-05-25 03:00:51.493open accessRepositorio Institucional Tecnologico de Antioquiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |