Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review
Objective: The Fintech industry has been gaining importance among customers of the financial system, thanks to the agility, scope, and simplicity of the services offered through digital platforms. This article aims to describe, from the literature, the Fintech taxonomy to identify the Operational Ri...
- Autores:
-
Areiza López, Alejandra
Bravo Sepúlveda, Mariana
Bedoya Londoño, David Alberto
Zapata Molina, César Ernesto
Guerrero Latorre, Jorge Harley
Romero Díaz, Pedro A.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Tdea
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/3966
- Acceso en línea:
- https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3966
- Palabra clave:
- Taxonomy
Taxonomía
Taxonomie
Fintech
Tecnología financiera
Financial Risks
Riesgos financieros
Operational Risk
Riesgo operacional
Systematic literature review
Revisión sistemática de la literatura
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
id |
RepoTdea2_4ca41eaed7370f6cfa5503c93928e712 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/3966 |
network_acronym_str |
RepoTdea2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio Tdea |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
title |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
spellingShingle |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review Taxonomy Taxonomía Taxonomie Fintech Tecnología financiera Financial Risks Riesgos financieros Operational Risk Riesgo operacional Systematic literature review Revisión sistemática de la literatura |
title_short |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
title_full |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
title_fullStr |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
title_sort |
Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature Review |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Areiza López, Alejandra Bravo Sepúlveda, Mariana Bedoya Londoño, David Alberto Zapata Molina, César Ernesto Guerrero Latorre, Jorge Harley Romero Díaz, Pedro A. |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Areiza López, Alejandra Bravo Sepúlveda, Mariana Bedoya Londoño, David Alberto Zapata Molina, César Ernesto Guerrero Latorre, Jorge Harley Romero Díaz, Pedro A. |
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv |
Taxonomy Taxonomía Taxonomie |
topic |
Taxonomy Taxonomía Taxonomie Fintech Tecnología financiera Financial Risks Riesgos financieros Operational Risk Riesgo operacional Systematic literature review Revisión sistemática de la literatura |
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv |
Fintech Tecnología financiera Financial Risks Riesgos financieros Operational Risk Riesgo operacional Systematic literature review Revisión sistemática de la literatura |
description |
Objective: The Fintech industry has been gaining importance among customers of the financial system, thanks to the agility, scope, and simplicity of the services offered through digital platforms. This article aims to describe, from the literature, the Fintech taxonomy to identify the Operational Risks by mapping current knowledge and finding gaps in the relevant literature.Design/Methodology/Approach: A systematic literature review is carried out based on a bibliometric analysis using the search equation "Fintech", "Risk", "Credit" in the SCOPUS indexer. Eighty scientific articles were obtained, and a .cvs database was downloaded to perform the cooccurrence study of keywords with the VOSviewer® software. Subsequently, a content analysis was performed by the ATLAS.ti® tool.Results/Discussion: The review proposes a taxonomy of five codes from the point of view of different authors: Cyber Risk, Model Risk, Business Practices Risk, Customer Knowledge Risk, and Data Protection Risk. They help to identify the classification of Fintech risks for analysis.Conclusions: The analysis is carried out by dispersion diagrams, which show the degree of relationship between the different risk variables in Fintech.Originality/Value: This document maps the information and scientific knowledge related to the classification of Operational Risks in Fintech, their degree of relationship, and consequences.Keywords:Fintech; Financial Risks; Operational Risk; Systematic Literature Review; Taxonomy |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-10-18T03:36:58Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-10-18T03:36:58Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3966 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2410-1869 |
url |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3966 |
identifier_str_mv |
2410-1869 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
2307 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
3 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
2294 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
10 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Agarwal S, Zhang J. Fintech, Lending and Payment Innovation: A Review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies. 2020;49(3):353–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajfs.12294 Lee I, Shin YJ. Fintech: Ecosystem, business models, investment decisions, and challenges. Business Horizons. 2018;61(1):35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.09.003 Chen X, You X, Chang V. Fintech and commercial banks’ performance in China: A leap forward or survival of the fittest? Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021;166(October 2020):120645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120645 Wu PS. Fintech trends relationships research: A bibliometric citation meta-analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB). 2017-Decem;2017:99–105 Committee on the Global Financial System. Fintech credit: Market structure, business models and financial stability implications. Financial Stability Board. 2017 Jdaitawi M, Osiri J K, Harjo B, Yogyakarta E, Kartowagiran B, Mahmudi A, et al. International Journal of Information,. JOurnal of Information Warfare (JIW). 2018;26(4):179–180 Li Y, Liu Y, Xie F. Technology directors and firm innovation. Journal of Multinational Financial Management. 2019;50:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.04.001 Hendrikse R. Can selfies spark the identity (r)evolution in financial services? Biometric Technology Today. 2019;2019(4):5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-4765(19)30053-0 Mention AL. The Future of Fintech. Research Technology Management. 2019;62(4):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2019.1613123 Ramdani B, Rothwell B, Boukrami E. Open Banking: The Emergence of New Digital Business Models. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management. 2020;17(5). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877020500339 Anand D, Mantrala M. Responding to disruptive business model innovations: the case of traditional banks facing Fintech entrants. Journal of Banking and Financial Technology. 2019;3(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-018-00004-4 Andriotis AM, Haslanger J. What Customers Want From Their Banks: Ease. The Wall Street Journal. 2016 [Online]. Röder J, Palmer M, Werth O, Muntermann J. Make or Break: Business Model Determinants of Fintech Venture Success. Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik. 2018;6–9 Lavalleja M. Panorama de las Fintech Principales desafíos para el Uruguay. Comisión Económica Para América Latina y El Caribe 2020;48:39. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45727/1/S2000326_es.pdf Berkmen P, Beaton K, Gershenson D, Arze del Granado J, Ishi K, Kim M, et al. Fintech in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stocktaking. IMF Working Papers. 2019;19(71):1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498303248.001 Gai K, Qiucor M, Sun X. Measuring the risk of Chinese Fintech industry: evidence from the stock index. Finance Research Letters. 2021;39:101564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101564 Hu Z, Ding S, Li S, Chen L, Yang S. Adoption Intention of Fintech Services for Bank Users: An Empirical Examination with an Extended Technology Acceptance Model. Symmetry. 2019;11(3):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/SYM11030340 Khedmatgozar H R, Shahnazi A. The role of dimensions of perceived risk in adoption of corporate internet banking by customersin Iran. Electronic Commerce Research. 2018;18(2):389–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-017-9253-z Fintech Colombia. ¿Cuáles son las leyes que rigen a la banca digital y a la banca tradicional? ColombiaFintech.co. 2020. https://www.colombiaFintech.co/novedades/cuales-son-las-leyes-que-rigen-a-la-banca-digital-y-a-la-banca-tradicional Raventós Nuñez JI. Empresas Fintech en Colombia II. Sus retos y logros (J. M. Raventós & J. Raventós (eds.); Primera ed); 2021. Claessens S, Frost J, Turner G, Zhu F. Fintech credit markets around the world: size, drivers and policy issues. BIS Quarterly Review. 2018;September:29–49 Vega A, Mora G. Fintech, influencia de los riesgos financieros en los procesos de colocación de créditos en Colombia. E-Conversion -Proposal for a Cluster of Excellence. 2018. Castaño Gutierrez J, SFC. Transformación digital en la industria financiera. Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. 2021;1–16 Marqués JM, Ávila F, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Morales-Reséndiz R, Marcos A, Godoy T, et al. Policy report on Fintech data gaps. Latin American Journal of Central Banking. 2021;2(3):100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100037 Arner DW, Barberis JN, Buckley RP. The Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm? SSRN Electronic Journal. 2015 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676553 Kahn, M.R., Ziaulldin, K., Jam, F.A., Ramay, M.I. (2010). The Impacts of Organizational Commitment on Employee Job Performance, European Journal of Social Sciences –Volume 15, Number 3 (pp. 292-298) COSO. Internal Control —Integrated Framework Executive Summary. COSO. 2013 Icontec. Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC-ISO 31000. Gestión de Riesgo. Principios y Directrices. Icontec. 2011;571:34. Massaro M, Dumay J, Guthrie J. On the shoulders of giants: undertaking a structured literature review in accounting. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal. 2016;29(5):767–801. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2015-1939 Gómez-Luna E, Navas D F, Aponte-Mayor G, Betancourt-Buitrago L A. Literature review methodology for scientific and information management, through its structuring and systematization. Dyna. 2014;81(184):158. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v81n184.37066 Neuendorf KA, Kumar A. Content Analysis. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication. 2015;1(May):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0053 Booth A. Unpacking your literature search toolbox: On search styles and tactics. Health Information and Libraries Journal. 2008;25(4):313–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00825.x Martín A, Arizmendi J, Madrid C. Los Riesgos Financieros de las Fintech. 2017;62 Prieto GC, Jurado OAI. Click-Co Financial Intelligence. Universidad Piloto de Colombia; 2019. p. 1–7 Núñez Gonzáles MA, Sifuentes Barrientos DR. Las Fintech como herramienta para la promoción de la inclusión financiera en el Perú. Tesis Presentada En Satisfacción de Los Requerimientos Para Obtener El Grado de Maestro En Finanzas y Derecho Corporativo. 2019;6(1):1–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125084 Furche P, Madeira C, Marcel M, Medel C. Fintech Y La Banca Central En La Encrucijada. Estudios Públicos. 2017;148(primavera):39–78. https://ideas.repec.org/p/chb/bcchep/63.html Martinez M. Análisis de la innovación financiera tecnológica y su relevancia en el riesgo operativo de las entidades bancarias colombianas. 2019;9(1):30–46. http://ecsauc.udec.edu.mx/index.php/ECSAUC/article/download/14/9/ Atehortúa S. Fintech: ¿Freno de mano o turbo para la banca colombiana? 2017. 1–36 Thair, K. ., Qiais, A.-K. ., & Aldboush, H. . (2023). Aggregate Risks and Financial Performance: Risk Management Mediator. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 10(3), 620-626. https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1582 Chajin MR. Tesis Fintech en Colombia : Perspectivas de crecimiento y principales efectos en la economía Tabla de contenido. Fintech En Colombia: Perspectivas de Crecimiento y Principales Efectos En La Economía. 2019;31. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/44267/Tesis%20-%20Ricardo%20Chajin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Li J, Li J, Zhu X, Yao Y, Casu B. Risk spillovers between Fintech and traditional financial institutions: Evidence from the U.S. International Review of Financial Analysis. 2020;71(April):101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101544 Wang Q. The impact of Insurtech on Chinese insurance industry. Procedia Computer Science. 2021;187(2019):30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.030 Carballo I, Garnero P, Chomczyk A, Henao J. Expansión de herramientas financieras digitales para impulsar el comercio electrónico de las MiPyMEs de América Latina| Publications, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2021 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Implications of Fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors. In Sound Practises, 2018 Thakor AV. Fintech and banking: What do we know? Journal of Financial Intermediation. 2020;41(July 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2019.100833 Bollaert H, Lopez-de-Silanes F, Schwienbacher A. Fintech and access to finance. Journal of Corporate Finance. 2021;68(March):101941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101941 Buchak G, Matvos G, Piskorski T, Seru A. Fintech, regulatory arbitrage, and the rise of shadow banks. Journal of Financial Economics. 2018;130(3):453–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.03.011 Zhou X, Chen S. Fintech innovation regulation based on reputation theory with the participation of new media. Pacific Basin Finance Journal. 2021;67(March):101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101565 Milian EZ, Spinola MdM, Carvalho MMd. Fintechs: A literature review and research agenda. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2019;34(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2019.100833 Muthukannan P, Tan B, Gozman D, Johnson L. The emergence of a Fintech Ecosystem: A case study of the Vizag Fintech Valley in India. Information and Management. 2020;57(8):103385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103385 Laidroo L, Koroleva E, Kliber A, Rupeika-Apoga R, Grigaliuniene Z. Business models of Fintechs –Difference in similarity? Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2021;46:101034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101034 Iman N. The rise and rise of financial technology: The good, the bad, and the verdict. Cogent Business and Management. 2020;7(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1725309 Rupeika-Apoga R, Thalassinos EI. Ideas for a regulatory definition of Fintech. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration. 2020;8(2):136–154. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/448 Colombia Fintech. Informe Sectorial Fintank 2020 Lyons A, Kass-Hanna J, Fava A. Fintech development and savings, borrowing, and remittances: A comparative study of emerging economies. Emerging Markets Review. 2021;100842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2021.100842 Anagnostopoulos I. Fintech and regtech: Impact on regulators and banks. Journal of Economics and Business. 2018;100(July):7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.07.003 Wang S, Tu X, Chai H, Sun Q, Wu J, Cai H, et al. Blockchain-Powered Parallel Fintech Regulatory Sandbox Based on the ACP Approach. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020;53(5):863–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.04.183 Yuan Y, Wang FY. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies: Model, Techniques, and Applications. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, andCybernetics: Systems. 2018;48(9):1421–1428. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2018.2854904 Bieri DS. Crowdfunding the city: the end of “cataclysmic money”? Environment and Planning A. 2015;47(12):2429–2435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15615369 Belle P, Lambert T, Schwienbacher A. Journal of Business Venturing Crowdfunding : Tapping the right crowd ☆. Journal of Business Venturing. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003 Langley P, Lewis S, McFarlane C, Painter J, Vradis A. Crowdfunding cities: Social entrepreneurship, speculation and solidarity in Berlin. Geoforum. 2020;115:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.014 Castañeda A, María Bocanegra J, González Y. TeKreo Fintech Autores: Alejandra María Castañeda Bolaños, Juan Felipe Bocanegra Cuellar y Yesika Johana González Valencia 1. Unipiloto. 2020;1–10 Cao S, Lyu H, Xu X. InsurTech development: Evidence from Chinese media reports. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020;161(September):120277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120277 Wang Y, Xiuping S, Zhang Q. Can Fintech improve the efficiency of commercial banks? —An analysis based on big data. Research in International Business and Finance. 2021;55(January 2020):101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101338 Yan TC, Schulte P, Lee Kuo Chuen D. InsurTech and Fintech: Banking and Insurance Enablement. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 1: Cryptocurrency, Fintech, InsurTech, and Regulation. 1st ed., Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00011-7 Bunnell L, Osei-Bryson KM, Yoon VY. FinPathlight: Framework for a multiagent recommender system designed to increase consumer financial capability. Decision Support Systems. 2020;134(June 2019):113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2020.113306 Gyori D. Dez tendencias que vao definir o futuro da Banca na próxima década. RDE -Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico. 2019;3(44):290–314. https://doi.org/10.36810/rde.v3i44.6418 Patwardhan A. Financial Inclusion in the Digital Age. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 1: Cryptocurrency, Fintech, InsurTech, and Regulation. 1st ed., Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00004-X Guérineau S, Léon F. Information sharing, credit booms and financial stability: Do developing economies differ from advanced countries? Journal of Financial Stability. 2019;40:64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2018.08.004 Jünger M, Mietzner M. Banking goes digital: The adoption of Fintech services by German households. Finance Research Letters. 2020;34:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.08.008 McMillan J. El fin de la banca. El dinero, el crédito y la revolución digital (Vol. 148). Taurus; 2014. Balyuk T, Davydenko SA. Reintermediation in Fintech: Evidence from Online Lending. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189236 Francis E, Blumenstock J, Robinson J. Digital credit in emerging markets. A Snapshot of the Current Landscape and Open Research Questions. Digital Credit Observatory. 2017;2008:1–19 Rincón E. Las tendencias Fintech. Revista SISTEMAS. 2019;150:8–13. https://doi.org/10.29236/sistemas.n150a3 Oviedo Albán J. Una vez más sobre la aplicación de las normas civiles a las obligaciones y contratos mercantiles. Revista de Derecho Privado. 2013;0(25):81–107 Alonso L, Giraldo M. El sistema de crédito digital para microempresarios en Colombia. Revista CIFE. 2021;23 Bhattacharya S, Thakor VA. Contemporary Theory of Banking. In Journal of Financial Intermediation (Vol. 3, pp. 2–50) Cheng M, Qu Y. Does bank Fintech reduce credit risk? Evidence from China. Pacific Basin Finance Journal. 2020;63(July):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101398 Demirgüç-Kunt A, Huizinga H. Bank activity and funding strategies: The impact on risk and returns. Journal of Financial Economics. 2018;98(3):626–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.06.004 Zhang P, Alkubati M, Bao Y, Yu G. Research advances on blockchain-as-a-service: architectures, applications and challenges. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2021.02.001 Wang Z, Li M, Lu J, Cheng X. Business Innovation based on artificial intelligence and Blockchain technology. Information Processing & Management. 2022;59(1):102759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102759 Soni N, Sharma EK, Singh N, Kapoor A. Artificial Intelligence in Business: From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment.Procedia Computer Science. 2020;167(2019):2200–2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.272 Ribeiro J, Lima R, Eckhardt T, Paiva S. Robotic Process Automation and Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 -A Literature review. Procedia Computer Science. 2021;181(2019):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.104 Lee YK, Jeong J. Securing biometric authentication system using blockchain. ICT Express. 2021;7(3):322–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2021.08.003 Šarac M, Pavlović N, Bacanin N, Al-Turjman F, Adamović S. Increasing privacy and security by integrating a Blockchain Secure Interface into an IoT Device Security Gateway Architecture. Energy Reports. 2021;xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.078 Mckinney W. pandas: a Foundational Python Library for Data Analysis and Statistics. 2009;1–9. Pedregosa F, Weiss R, Brucher M. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. 2011;12:2825–2830 Waskom ML. seaborn: statistical data visualization Statement of need. 2021;6:1–4. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021 |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cosmos Scholars Publishing House |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pakistán |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://cosmosscholars.com/phms/index.php/ijmst/article/view/1954/1256 |
institution |
Tecnológico de Antioquia |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/4/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf.jpg https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/3/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf.txt https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/2/license.txt https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/1/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
0a13c698643cdeb475dacd86df77d821 99051b1bf560f4c70e80a0c0eb50c16c 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 39e72bb89adc8e384179b7f050de125c |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Tecnologico de Antioquia |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
_version_ |
1812189257085747200 |
spelling |
Areiza López, Alejandra4cbf6299-a108-44e1-92db-4b29c244cfaaBravo Sepúlveda, Mariana94f7f91c-4b52-4ef1-a8fc-b4990da05224Bedoya Londoño, David Alberto9e29cca2-9fa3-4c41-af1a-ca7138186645Zapata Molina, César Ernesto300a15db-7ebb-4775-9539-5cb3b5936f26Guerrero Latorre, Jorge Harleyc93de591-cb50-4051-b8a6-41882627054aRomero Díaz, Pedro A.36bd4de3-0e98-48c0-8278-c49c03b3eb452023-10-18T03:36:58Z2023-10-18T03:36:58Z2023https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/39662410-1869Objective: The Fintech industry has been gaining importance among customers of the financial system, thanks to the agility, scope, and simplicity of the services offered through digital platforms. This article aims to describe, from the literature, the Fintech taxonomy to identify the Operational Risks by mapping current knowledge and finding gaps in the relevant literature.Design/Methodology/Approach: A systematic literature review is carried out based on a bibliometric analysis using the search equation "Fintech", "Risk", "Credit" in the SCOPUS indexer. Eighty scientific articles were obtained, and a .cvs database was downloaded to perform the cooccurrence study of keywords with the VOSviewer® software. Subsequently, a content analysis was performed by the ATLAS.ti® tool.Results/Discussion: The review proposes a taxonomy of five codes from the point of view of different authors: Cyber Risk, Model Risk, Business Practices Risk, Customer Knowledge Risk, and Data Protection Risk. They help to identify the classification of Fintech risks for analysis.Conclusions: The analysis is carried out by dispersion diagrams, which show the degree of relationship between the different risk variables in Fintech.Originality/Value: This document maps the information and scientific knowledge related to the classification of Operational Risks in Fintech, their degree of relationship, and consequences.Keywords:Fintech; Financial Risks; Operational Risk; Systematic Literature Review; Taxonomy14 páginasapplication/pdfengCosmos Scholars Publishing HousePakistánhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://cosmosscholars.com/phms/index.php/ijmst/article/view/1954/1256Taxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech: A Systematic Literature ReviewArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8523073229410International Journal of Membrane Science and TechnologyAgarwal S, Zhang J. Fintech, Lending and Payment Innovation: A Review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies. 2020;49(3):353–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajfs.12294Lee I, Shin YJ. Fintech: Ecosystem, business models, investment decisions, and challenges. Business Horizons. 2018;61(1):35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.09.003Chen X, You X, Chang V. Fintech and commercial banks’ performance in China: A leap forward or survival of the fittest? Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021;166(October 2020):120645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120645Wu PS. Fintech trends relationships research: A bibliometric citation meta-analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB). 2017-Decem;2017:99–105Committee on the Global Financial System. Fintech credit: Market structure, business models and financial stability implications. Financial Stability Board. 2017Jdaitawi M, Osiri J K, Harjo B, Yogyakarta E, Kartowagiran B, Mahmudi A, et al. International Journal of Information,. JOurnal of Information Warfare (JIW). 2018;26(4):179–180Li Y, Liu Y, Xie F. Technology directors and firm innovation. Journal of Multinational Financial Management. 2019;50:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.04.001Hendrikse R. Can selfies spark the identity (r)evolution in financial services? Biometric Technology Today. 2019;2019(4):5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-4765(19)30053-0Mention AL. The Future of Fintech. Research Technology Management. 2019;62(4):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2019.1613123Ramdani B, Rothwell B, Boukrami E. Open Banking: The Emergence of New Digital Business Models. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management. 2020;17(5). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877020500339Anand D, Mantrala M. Responding to disruptive business model innovations: the case of traditional banks facing Fintech entrants. Journal of Banking and Financial Technology. 2019;3(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-018-00004-4Andriotis AM, Haslanger J. What Customers Want From Their Banks: Ease. The Wall Street Journal. 2016 [Online].Röder J, Palmer M, Werth O, Muntermann J. Make or Break: Business Model Determinants of Fintech Venture Success. Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik. 2018;6–9Lavalleja M. Panorama de las Fintech Principales desafíos para el Uruguay. Comisión Económica Para América Latina y El Caribe 2020;48:39. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45727/1/S2000326_es.pdfBerkmen P, Beaton K, Gershenson D, Arze del Granado J, Ishi K, Kim M, et al. Fintech in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stocktaking. IMF Working Papers. 2019;19(71):1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498303248.001Gai K, Qiucor M, Sun X. Measuring the risk of Chinese Fintech industry: evidence from the stock index. Finance Research Letters. 2021;39:101564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101564Hu Z, Ding S, Li S, Chen L, Yang S. Adoption Intention of Fintech Services for Bank Users: An Empirical Examination with an Extended Technology Acceptance Model. Symmetry. 2019;11(3):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/SYM11030340Khedmatgozar H R, Shahnazi A. The role of dimensions of perceived risk in adoption of corporate internet banking by customersin Iran. Electronic Commerce Research. 2018;18(2):389–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-017-9253-zFintech Colombia. ¿Cuáles son las leyes que rigen a la banca digital y a la banca tradicional? ColombiaFintech.co. 2020. https://www.colombiaFintech.co/novedades/cuales-son-las-leyes-que-rigen-a-la-banca-digital-y-a-la-banca-tradicionalRaventós Nuñez JI. Empresas Fintech en Colombia II. Sus retos y logros (J. M. Raventós & J. Raventós (eds.); Primera ed); 2021.Claessens S, Frost J, Turner G, Zhu F. Fintech credit markets around the world: size, drivers and policy issues. BIS Quarterly Review. 2018;September:29–49Vega A, Mora G. Fintech, influencia de los riesgos financieros en los procesos de colocación de créditos en Colombia. E-Conversion -Proposal for a Cluster of Excellence. 2018.Castaño Gutierrez J, SFC. Transformación digital en la industria financiera. Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. 2021;1–16Marqués JM, Ávila F, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Morales-Reséndiz R, Marcos A, Godoy T, et al. Policy report on Fintech data gaps. Latin American Journal of Central Banking. 2021;2(3):100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100037Arner DW, Barberis JN, Buckley RP. The Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm? SSRN Electronic Journal. 2015 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676553Kahn, M.R., Ziaulldin, K., Jam, F.A., Ramay, M.I. (2010). The Impacts of Organizational Commitment on Employee Job Performance, European Journal of Social Sciences –Volume 15, Number 3 (pp. 292-298)COSO. Internal Control —Integrated Framework Executive Summary. COSO. 2013Icontec. Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC-ISO 31000. Gestión de Riesgo. Principios y Directrices. Icontec. 2011;571:34.Massaro M, Dumay J, Guthrie J. On the shoulders of giants: undertaking a structured literature review in accounting. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal. 2016;29(5):767–801. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2015-1939Gómez-Luna E, Navas D F, Aponte-Mayor G, Betancourt-Buitrago L A. Literature review methodology for scientific and information management, through its structuring and systematization. Dyna. 2014;81(184):158. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v81n184.37066Neuendorf KA, Kumar A. Content Analysis. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication. 2015;1(May):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0053Booth A. Unpacking your literature search toolbox: On search styles and tactics. Health Information and Libraries Journal. 2008;25(4):313–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00825.xMartín A, Arizmendi J, Madrid C. Los Riesgos Financieros de las Fintech. 2017;62Prieto GC, Jurado OAI. Click-Co Financial Intelligence. Universidad Piloto de Colombia; 2019. p. 1–7Núñez Gonzáles MA, Sifuentes Barrientos DR. Las Fintech como herramienta para la promoción de la inclusión financiera en el Perú. Tesis Presentada En Satisfacción de Los Requerimientos Para Obtener El Grado de Maestro En Finanzas y Derecho Corporativo. 2019;6(1):1–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125084Furche P, Madeira C, Marcel M, Medel C. Fintech Y La Banca Central En La Encrucijada. Estudios Públicos. 2017;148(primavera):39–78. https://ideas.repec.org/p/chb/bcchep/63.htmlMartinez M. Análisis de la innovación financiera tecnológica y su relevancia en el riesgo operativo de las entidades bancarias colombianas. 2019;9(1):30–46. http://ecsauc.udec.edu.mx/index.php/ECSAUC/article/download/14/9/Atehortúa S. Fintech: ¿Freno de mano o turbo para la banca colombiana? 2017. 1–36Thair, K. ., Qiais, A.-K. ., & Aldboush, H. . (2023). Aggregate Risks and Financial Performance: Risk Management Mediator. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 10(3), 620-626. https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1582Chajin MR. Tesis Fintech en Colombia : Perspectivas de crecimiento y principales efectos en la economía Tabla de contenido. Fintech En Colombia: Perspectivas de Crecimiento y Principales Efectos En La Economía. 2019;31. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/44267/Tesis%20-%20Ricardo%20Chajin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yLi J, Li J, Zhu X, Yao Y, Casu B. Risk spillovers between Fintech and traditional financial institutions: Evidence from the U.S. International Review of Financial Analysis. 2020;71(April):101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101544Wang Q. The impact of Insurtech on Chinese insurance industry. Procedia Computer Science. 2021;187(2019):30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.030Carballo I, Garnero P, Chomczyk A, Henao J. Expansión de herramientas financieras digitales para impulsar el comercio electrónico de las MiPyMEs de América Latina| Publications, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2021Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Implications of Fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors. In Sound Practises, 2018Thakor AV. Fintech and banking: What do we know? Journal of Financial Intermediation. 2020;41(July 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2019.100833Bollaert H, Lopez-de-Silanes F, Schwienbacher A. Fintech and access to finance. Journal of Corporate Finance. 2021;68(March):101941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101941Buchak G, Matvos G, Piskorski T, Seru A. Fintech, regulatory arbitrage, and the rise of shadow banks. Journal of Financial Economics. 2018;130(3):453–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.03.011Zhou X, Chen S. Fintech innovation regulation based on reputation theory with the participation of new media. Pacific Basin Finance Journal. 2021;67(March):101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101565Milian EZ, Spinola MdM, Carvalho MMd. Fintechs: A literature review and research agenda. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2019;34(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2019.100833Muthukannan P, Tan B, Gozman D, Johnson L. The emergence of a Fintech Ecosystem: A case study of the Vizag Fintech Valley in India. Information and Management. 2020;57(8):103385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103385Laidroo L, Koroleva E, Kliber A, Rupeika-Apoga R, Grigaliuniene Z. Business models of Fintechs –Difference in similarity? Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2021;46:101034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101034Iman N. The rise and rise of financial technology: The good, the bad, and the verdict. Cogent Business and Management. 2020;7(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1725309Rupeika-Apoga R, Thalassinos EI. Ideas for a regulatory definition of Fintech. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration. 2020;8(2):136–154. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/448Colombia Fintech. Informe Sectorial Fintank 2020Lyons A, Kass-Hanna J, Fava A. Fintech development and savings, borrowing, and remittances: A comparative study of emerging economies. Emerging Markets Review. 2021;100842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2021.100842Anagnostopoulos I. Fintech and regtech: Impact on regulators and banks. Journal of Economics and Business. 2018;100(July):7–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.07.003Wang S, Tu X, Chai H, Sun Q, Wu J, Cai H, et al. Blockchain-Powered Parallel Fintech Regulatory Sandbox Based on the ACP Approach. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020;53(5):863–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.04.183Yuan Y, Wang FY. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies: Model, Techniques, and Applications. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, andCybernetics: Systems. 2018;48(9):1421–1428. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2018.2854904Bieri DS. Crowdfunding the city: the end of “cataclysmic money”? Environment and Planning A. 2015;47(12):2429–2435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15615369Belle P, Lambert T, Schwienbacher A. Journal of Business Venturing Crowdfunding : Tapping the right crowd ☆. Journal of Business Venturing. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003Langley P, Lewis S, McFarlane C, Painter J, Vradis A. Crowdfunding cities: Social entrepreneurship, speculation and solidarity in Berlin. Geoforum. 2020;115:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.014Castañeda A, María Bocanegra J, González Y. TeKreo Fintech Autores: Alejandra María Castañeda Bolaños, Juan Felipe Bocanegra Cuellar y Yesika Johana González Valencia 1. Unipiloto. 2020;1–10Cao S, Lyu H, Xu X. InsurTech development: Evidence from Chinese media reports. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020;161(September):120277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120277Wang Y, Xiuping S, Zhang Q. Can Fintech improve the efficiency of commercial banks? —An analysis based on big data. Research in International Business and Finance. 2021;55(January 2020):101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101338Yan TC, Schulte P, Lee Kuo Chuen D. InsurTech and Fintech: Banking and Insurance Enablement. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 1: Cryptocurrency, Fintech, InsurTech, and Regulation. 1st ed., Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00011-7Bunnell L, Osei-Bryson KM, Yoon VY. FinPathlight: Framework for a multiagent recommender system designed to increase consumer financial capability. Decision Support Systems. 2020;134(June 2019):113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2020.113306Gyori D. Dez tendencias que vao definir o futuro da Banca na próxima década. RDE -Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico. 2019;3(44):290–314. https://doi.org/10.36810/rde.v3i44.6418Patwardhan A. Financial Inclusion in the Digital Age. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 1: Cryptocurrency, Fintech, InsurTech, and Regulation. 1st ed., Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810441-5.00004-XGuérineau S, Léon F. Information sharing, credit booms and financial stability: Do developing economies differ from advanced countries? Journal of Financial Stability. 2019;40:64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2018.08.004Jünger M, Mietzner M. Banking goes digital: The adoption of Fintech services by German households. Finance Research Letters. 2020;34:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.08.008McMillan J. El fin de la banca. El dinero, el crédito y la revolución digital (Vol. 148). Taurus; 2014.Balyuk T, Davydenko SA. Reintermediation in Fintech: Evidence from Online Lending. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189236Francis E, Blumenstock J, Robinson J. Digital credit in emerging markets. A Snapshot of the Current Landscape and Open Research Questions. Digital Credit Observatory. 2017;2008:1–19Rincón E. Las tendencias Fintech. Revista SISTEMAS. 2019;150:8–13. https://doi.org/10.29236/sistemas.n150a3Oviedo Albán J. Una vez más sobre la aplicación de las normas civiles a las obligaciones y contratos mercantiles. Revista de Derecho Privado. 2013;0(25):81–107Alonso L, Giraldo M. El sistema de crédito digital para microempresarios en Colombia. Revista CIFE. 2021;23Bhattacharya S, Thakor VA. Contemporary Theory of Banking. In Journal of Financial Intermediation (Vol. 3, pp. 2–50)Cheng M, Qu Y. Does bank Fintech reduce credit risk? Evidence from China. Pacific Basin Finance Journal. 2020;63(July):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101398Demirgüç-Kunt A, Huizinga H. Bank activity and funding strategies: The impact on risk and returns. Journal of Financial Economics. 2018;98(3):626–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.06.004Zhang P, Alkubati M, Bao Y, Yu G. Research advances on blockchain-as-a-service: architectures, applications and challenges. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2021.02.001Wang Z, Li M, Lu J, Cheng X. Business Innovation based on artificial intelligence and Blockchain technology. Information Processing & Management. 2022;59(1):102759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102759Soni N, Sharma EK, Singh N, Kapoor A. Artificial Intelligence in Business: From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment.Procedia Computer Science. 2020;167(2019):2200–2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.272Ribeiro J, Lima R, Eckhardt T, Paiva S. Robotic Process Automation and Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 -A Literature review. Procedia Computer Science. 2021;181(2019):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.104Lee YK, Jeong J. Securing biometric authentication system using blockchain. ICT Express. 2021;7(3):322–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2021.08.003Šarac M, Pavlović N, Bacanin N, Al-Turjman F, Adamović S. Increasing privacy and security by integrating a Blockchain Secure Interface into an IoT Device Security Gateway Architecture. Energy Reports. 2021;xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.078Mckinney W. pandas: a Foundational Python Library for Data Analysis and Statistics. 2009;1–9.Pedregosa F, Weiss R, Brucher M. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. 2011;12:2825–2830Waskom ML. seaborn: statistical data visualization Statement of need. 2021;6:1–4. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021TaxonomyTaxonomíaTaxonomieFintechTecnología financieraFinancial RisksRiesgos financierosOperational RiskRiesgo operacionalSystematic literature reviewRevisión sistemática de la literaturaTHUMBNAILTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdf.jpgTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16022https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/4/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf.jpg0a13c698643cdeb475dacd86df77d821MD54open accessTEXTTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdf.txtTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain56046https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/3/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf.txt99051b1bf560f4c70e80a0c0eb50c16cMD53open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessORIGINALTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdfTaxonomy Of Operational Risks inFintech A Systematic Literature Review.pdfapplication/pdf454987https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/3966/1/Taxonomy%20Of%20Operational%20Risks%20inFintech%20A%20Systematic%20Literature%20Review.pdf39e72bb89adc8e384179b7f050de125cMD51open accesstdea/3966oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/39662023-10-18 12:06:14.983An error occurred on the license name.|||https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/open accessRepositorio Institucional Tecnologico de Antioquiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |