Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine
Hydrokinetic turbines are one of the technological alternatives to generate and supply electricity for rural communities isolated from the national electrical grid with almost zero emission. The Darrieus turbine is one of the options that can be used as a hydrokinetic turbine due to its high power c...
- Autores:
-
Ramírez, D.
Rubio Clemente, Ainhoa
Chica Arrieta, Edwin Lenin
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Tdea
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/2826
- Acceso en línea:
- https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2826
- Palabra clave:
- Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine
Numerical simulation
Power coefficient
Tip speed ratio
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| title |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| spellingShingle |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine Numerical simulation Power coefficient Tip speed ratio |
| title_short |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| title_full |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| title_fullStr |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| title_sort |
Design and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez, D. Rubio Clemente, Ainhoa Chica Arrieta, Edwin Lenin |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez, D. Rubio Clemente, Ainhoa Chica Arrieta, Edwin Lenin |
| dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv |
Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine Numerical simulation Power coefficient Tip speed ratio |
| topic |
Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine Numerical simulation Power coefficient Tip speed ratio |
| description |
Hydrokinetic turbines are one of the technological alternatives to generate and supply electricity for rural communities isolated from the national electrical grid with almost zero emission. The Darrieus turbine is one of the options that can be used as a hydrokinetic turbine due to its high power coefficient (Cp) and easy manufacture. In the present work, the design and hydrodynamic analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine of 500 W was carried out. A free stream velocity of 1.5 m/s was used for the design of the blades. The diameter (D) and blade length (H) of the turbine were 1.5 m and 1.13 m, respectively. The blade profile used was NACA0025 with a chord length of 0.33 m and solidity (�) of 0.66. Two (2D) and three dimensional (3D) numerical analyses of the unsteady flow through the blades of the turbine were performed using ANSYS Fluent version 18.0, which is based on a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. A transient 2D simulation was conducted for several tip speed ratios (TSR) using a k-ω Shear Stress Transport turbulence (SST) scheme. The optimal TSR was found to be around 1.75. Main hydrodynamic parameters, such as torque (T) and CP, were investigated. Additionally, 3 geometrical configurations of the turbine rotor were studied using a 3D numerical model in order to identify the best configuration with less Cp and T fluctuation. The maximum Cp average was 0.24 and the amplitude of Cp variation, near 0.24 for the turbine model with 3 blades of H equal to 1.13 m. On the other hand, for the turbine models with 6 and 9 blades of H equal to 0.565 m and 0.377 m, respectively, the maximum Cp averages were 0.51 and 0.55, respectively, and the amplitude of Cp variation, near 0.07 for the model with 6 blades and 0.17 for the model with 9 blades. This revealed that the hydrokinetic turbine with a geometrical configuration of 6 blades greatly improves the performance of the turbine due to this model has advantages compared to models with 3 and 9 blades, in terms of the reduction of their T curve fluctuation. Keywords: Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine; numerical simulation; power coefficient; tip speed ratio. |
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2019 |
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2019 |
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2023-04-26T01:54:06Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-04-26T01:54:06Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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eng |
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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Anyi M, Kirke B. Evaluation of small axial ow hydrokinetic turbines for remote communities. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2010;14 (2):110-116. Kumar D, Sarkar S. A review on the technology, performance, design optimization, reliability, techno-economics and environmental impacts of hydrokinetic energy conversion systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;58:796-813. Vermaak HJ, Kusakana K, Koko SP. Status of micro-hydrokinetic river technology in rural applications: A review of literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;29:625-633. RH van Els, ACPB Junior. The brazilian experience with hydrokinetic turbines. Energy Procedia. 2015;75:259-264. Manwell JF, McGowan JG, Rogers AI. Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. In: J.F Manwell, JG McGowan and AL Rogers (eds) Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. 2th ed. UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2009:91-155. Khan M, Bhuyan G, Iqbal M, Quaicoe J.E. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems and assessment of horizontal and vertical axis turbines for river and tidal applications: A technology status review. Applied Energy. 2009;86(10):1823-1835. Chica E, Rubio-Clemente A. Design of Zero Head Turbines for Power Generation. In Renewable Hydropower Technologies. InTech, 2017:25-52. Güney M., Kaygusuz K. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: A technology status review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010;14(9):2996-3004. Beri H, Yao Y. Numerical simulation of unsteady flow to show self-starting of vertical axis wind turbine using fluent. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2011;11(6):962- 970. Ali BR, Antonio CF. The effect of inertia and flap on autorotation applied for hydrokinetic energy harvesting. Applied Energy. 2015;143: 312-323. Gorlov AM. Helical turbines for the gulf stream: Conceptual approach to design of a large-scale floating power farm. Marine Technology. 1998;35(3):175-182. Sahim K, Santoso D, Radentan A. Performance of combined water turbine with semielliptic section of the savonius rotor. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. 2013;985943:1-5 Kamal ARI, Tiago PB. A comparative study on river hydrokinetic turbine blade profiles. Journal of Engineering Research and Application. 2015;5(5):1-10. Khan NI, Iqbal T, Hinchey M, Masek V. Performance of Savonius rotor as a water current turbine. The Journal of Ocean Technology. 2009;4(2):72–83. Gorban AN, Gorlov AM, Silantyev VM. Limits of the turbine efficiency for free fluid flow. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 2001;123(4):311–7 Golecha K, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV. Influence of the deflector plate on the performance of modified Savonius water turbine. Applied Energy. 2011;88(9):3207-3217. Guang ZHO, Yang RS, Yan IU, Zhao PF. Hydrodynamic performance of a verticalaxis tidal-current turbine with different preset angles of attack. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B. 2013;25(2):280-287 Bachant P, Wosnik M. Performance measurements of cylindrical- and sphericalhelical cross-flow marine hydrokinetic turbines, with estimates of exergy efficiency. Renewable Energy. 2015;74:318–325 Malipeddi AR, Chatterjee D. Influence of duct geometry on the performance of Darrieus hydroturbine. Renewable Energy. 2012;43:292-300. Tanaka K, Hirowatari K, Shimokawa K, Watanabe S, Matsushita D, Furukawa, A. A Study on Darrieus-type Hydroturbine toward Utilization of Extra-Low Head Natural Flow Streams. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems. 2013;6(3):152- 159 Kirke B. Tests on two small variables pitch cross flow hydrokinetic turbines. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2016;31:185-193. Bachant P, Wosnik M, Gunawan B, Neary V.S. Experimental study of a reference model vertical-axis cross-flow turbine. PloS one. 2016;11(9):e0163799. Bachan P, Wosnik M. Effects of Reynolds number on the energy conversion and nearwake dynamics of a high solidity vertical-axis cross-flow turbine. Energies. 2016;9(2):73 Gorle JMR, Chatellier L, Pons F, Ba M. Flow and performance analysis of H-Darrieus hydroturbine in a confined flow: A computational and experimental study. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2016;66:382-402. Gosselin R, Dumas G, Boudreau M. Parametric study of H-Darrieus vertical-axis turbines using CFD simulations.Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2016; 8(5):053301. Patel V, Eldho TI, Prabhu V. Experimental investigations on Darrieus straight blade turbine for tidal current application and parametric optimization for hydro farm arrangement. International Journal of Marine Energy. 2017,17:110-135. Somoano M, Huera-Huarte F. Flow dynamics inside the rotor of a three straight bladed cross-flow turbine. Applied Ocean Research. 2017;69:138-147. Somoano M, Huera-Huarte, F. The effect of blade pitch on the flow dynamics inside the rotor of a three-straight-bladed cross-flow turbine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2018;0(0):1-11 Naitik P, Mohammad H, Vishal M. Experimental performance of darrieus hydro turbine. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development. 2018;5(6):431-436. Patel V, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV. Performance enhancement of a Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine with the blocking of a specific flow region for optimum use of hydropower. Renewable Energy. 2019;135:1144-1156. Biadgo MA, Simonovic A, Komarov D, Stupar S. Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. FME Transactions. 2013;41:49-58. Chica E, Pérez F, Rubio-Clemente A. Rotor structural design of a hydrokinetic turbine. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2016;11(4):2890- 2897. Anyi M, Kirke B. Hydrokinetic turbine blades: Design and local construction techniques for remote communities. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2011;15(3): 223-230. Hagerman G, Polagye B, Bedard R, Previsic M. Methodology for estimating tidal current energy resources and power production by tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices. Rep. EPRI-TP-001 NA Rev 2, Electr. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA. 2006:1-57 Robert E, Sheldahl P, Klimas C. Aerodynamic characteristics of seven symmetrical airfoil sections through 180-degree angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines. SAND80-2114. Unlimited Release. Sandia National Laboratories, 1981 Mohamed MH. Performance investigation of H-rotor darrieus turbine with new airfoil shapes. Energy. 2012;47(1):522-530. Mojtaba AB, Rupp C, David SKT. Straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine rotor design guide based on aerodynamic performance and loading analysis. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy. 2014; 228(7):742 – 759 Dai, YM, Lam W. Numerical study of straight-bladed Darrieus type tidal turbine. ICE-Energy. 2009;162:67-76 Brahimi MT, Allet A, Paraschivoiu I. Aerodynamic analysis models for vertical-axis wind turbines. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. 1995;2(1):15-21 Islam M, Ting DSK, Fartaj A. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2008; 12(4):1087-1109 Paraschivoiu I, Saeed F, Desobry V. Prediction capabilities in vertical-axis wind turbine aerodynamics. In The World Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Berlin, 2002:2-6. Paraschivoiu I. Wind turbine design: with emphasis on Darrieus concept. Polytechnic International Press,. Montreal, Québec, Canada. 2002: 438. Templin R.J. Aerodynamic performance theory for the NRC vertical-axis wind turbine. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 1974;76. Strickland JH. Darrieus turbine: a performance prediction model using multiple streamtubes. (No. SAND-75-0431). Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N. Mex.(USA), 1975. Paraschivoiu I. Double-multiple streamtube model for studying vertical-axis wind turbines. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 1988;4(4):370-377. Hirsch IH, Mandal AC. A cascade theory for the aerodynamic performance of Darrieus wind turbines. Wind Engineering. 1987:164-175. Holme O. A contribution to the aerodynamic theory of the vertical-axis wind turbine. In International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems. 1977:54-55. Fanucci JB, Walters R.E. Innovative wind machines: the theoretical performance of a vertical-axis wind turbine. In Proc. Of the VAWT Technology Workshop, Sandia Lab. Report SAND, 1976:5576-5586 Strickland JH, Webster B.T, Nguyen T. A vortex model of the Darrieus turbine: an analytical and experimental study. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 1979;101(4):500- 505. Carrigan TJ, Dennis BH, Han Z.X, Wang BoP. Aerodynamic shape optimization of a vertical-axis wind turbine using differential evolution. ISRN Renewable Energy. 2012; Article ID 528418:1-16 Ghatage SV, Joshi JB. Optimisation of vertical axis wind turbine: CFD simulations and experimental measurements. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2011;90(5):1186-1201 Sabaeifard P, Razzaghi H, Forouzandeh A. Determination of vertical axis wind turbines optimal configuration through CFD simulations. In: International Conference on Future Environment and Energy, Singapore 22-25 February 2012:109- 113 Jung HJ, Lee JH, Rhee SH, Song M, Hyun B-S. Unsteady flow around a twodimensional section of a vertical axis turbine for tidal stream energy conversion. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 2009;1(2):64-69. Islam M, Ting DSK, Fartaj A. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2008;2(4):1087-1109 Raciti CM, Englaro A, Benini E. The Darrieus wind turbine: proposal for a new performance prediction model based on CFD. Energy. 2011;36(8):4919-4934. Dai YM, Gardiner N, Sutton R, Dyson PK. Hydrodynamic analysis models for the design of Darrieus-type vertical-axis marine current turbines. Part M, Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2011;225:295-307. Ashwindran S, Azizuddin AA, Oumer AN. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) of vertical-axis wind turbine: mesh and time-step sensitivity study. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2019; 13(3):5604-5624 Septyaningrum E, Hantoro R, Utama IKAP, Prananda J, Nugroho G, Mahmasani A.W, Satwika NA. Performance analysis of multi-row vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine–straight blade cascaded (VAHT-SBC) turbines array. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2019;13(3):5665-5688.[59] Kiho S, Shiono M, Suzuki K. The power generation from tidal currents by Darrieus turbine. Renewable energy. 1996;9(1-4):1242-1245 Torii T, Ookubo H, Yamane M, Sagara K, Seki K, Sekita K. A study on effectiveness of straight-wing vertical-axis hydro turbine generation system in the tidal current. In The seventeenth international offshore and polar engineering conference. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers 2007, 1-6 July, Lisbon, Portugal. Dai Y.M, Lam W. Numerical study of straight-bladed Darrieus-type tidal turbine. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy. 2009;162(2):67-76 Lain S, Osorio C. Simulation and evaluation of a straight-bladed Darrieus-type cross flow marine turbine. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2010;69:906-912. Maître T, Amet E, Pellone C. Modeling of the flow in a Darrieus water turbine: Wall grid refinement analysis and comparison with experiments. Renewable Energy. 2013;51: 497-512. Marsh P, Ranmuthugala D, Penesis I, Thomas G. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of straight-bladed vertical axis tidal turbines investigating power output, torque ripple and mounting forces. Renewable Energy. 2015;83:67-77. Castelli MR, Betta SD, Benini E. Proposal of a means for reducing the torque variation on a vertical axis water turbine by increasing the blade number. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2012;6:221-227 Hwang IS, Lee YH, Kim SJ. Optimization of cycloidal water turbine and the performance improvement by individual blade control. Applied Energy. 2009;86(9):1532-1540 Shiono M, Suzuki K, Kiho S. Output characteristics of darrieus water turbine with helical blades for tidal current generations. In: Proceedings of The Twelfth (2002) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushum, Japan, 26- 31 May 2002, 859-864 |
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Ramírez, D.d296a38f-7ea3-4251-a5dd-ff98ddc11f49Rubio Clemente, Ainhoa8924cc9a-a600-460b-b180-3288281741e5Chica Arrieta, Edwin Lenina3a70685-f160-43b7-8bd2-46fcfa5c040e2023-04-26T01:54:06Z2023-04-26T01:54:06Z20192289-4659https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/28262289-4659Hydrokinetic turbines are one of the technological alternatives to generate and supply electricity for rural communities isolated from the national electrical grid with almost zero emission. The Darrieus turbine is one of the options that can be used as a hydrokinetic turbine due to its high power coefficient (Cp) and easy manufacture. In the present work, the design and hydrodynamic analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine of 500 W was carried out. A free stream velocity of 1.5 m/s was used for the design of the blades. The diameter (D) and blade length (H) of the turbine were 1.5 m and 1.13 m, respectively. The blade profile used was NACA0025 with a chord length of 0.33 m and solidity (�) of 0.66. Two (2D) and three dimensional (3D) numerical analyses of the unsteady flow through the blades of the turbine were performed using ANSYS Fluent version 18.0, which is based on a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. A transient 2D simulation was conducted for several tip speed ratios (TSR) using a k-ω Shear Stress Transport turbulence (SST) scheme. The optimal TSR was found to be around 1.75. Main hydrodynamic parameters, such as torque (T) and CP, were investigated. Additionally, 3 geometrical configurations of the turbine rotor were studied using a 3D numerical model in order to identify the best configuration with less Cp and T fluctuation. The maximum Cp average was 0.24 and the amplitude of Cp variation, near 0.24 for the turbine model with 3 blades of H equal to 1.13 m. On the other hand, for the turbine models with 6 and 9 blades of H equal to 0.565 m and 0.377 m, respectively, the maximum Cp averages were 0.51 and 0.55, respectively, and the amplitude of Cp variation, near 0.07 for the model with 6 blades and 0.17 for the model with 9 blades. This revealed that the hydrokinetic turbine with a geometrical configuration of 6 blades greatly improves the performance of the turbine due to this model has advantages compared to models with 3 and 9 blades, in terms of the reduction of their T curve fluctuation. Keywords: Darrieus hydrokinetic turbine; numerical simulation; power coefficient; tip speed ratio.23 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversiti Malaysia PahangMalasiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/591.pdfDesign and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbineArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8560584603613Journal of Mechanical Engineering and SciencesAnyi M, Kirke B. Evaluation of small axial ow hydrokinetic turbines for remote communities. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2010;14 (2):110-116.Kumar D, Sarkar S. A review on the technology, performance, design optimization, reliability, techno-economics and environmental impacts of hydrokinetic energy conversion systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;58:796-813.Vermaak HJ, Kusakana K, Koko SP. Status of micro-hydrokinetic river technology in rural applications: A review of literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;29:625-633.RH van Els, ACPB Junior. The brazilian experience with hydrokinetic turbines. Energy Procedia. 2015;75:259-264.Manwell JF, McGowan JG, Rogers AI. Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. In: J.F Manwell, JG McGowan and AL Rogers (eds) Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. 2th ed. UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2009:91-155.Khan M, Bhuyan G, Iqbal M, Quaicoe J.E. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems and assessment of horizontal and vertical axis turbines for river and tidal applications: A technology status review. Applied Energy. 2009;86(10):1823-1835.Chica E, Rubio-Clemente A. Design of Zero Head Turbines for Power Generation. In Renewable Hydropower Technologies. InTech, 2017:25-52.Güney M., Kaygusuz K. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: A technology status review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010;14(9):2996-3004.Beri H, Yao Y. Numerical simulation of unsteady flow to show self-starting of vertical axis wind turbine using fluent. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2011;11(6):962- 970.Ali BR, Antonio CF. The effect of inertia and flap on autorotation applied for hydrokinetic energy harvesting. Applied Energy. 2015;143: 312-323.Gorlov AM. Helical turbines for the gulf stream: Conceptual approach to design of a large-scale floating power farm. Marine Technology. 1998;35(3):175-182.Sahim K, Santoso D, Radentan A. Performance of combined water turbine with semielliptic section of the savonius rotor. International Journal of Rotating Machinery. 2013;985943:1-5Kamal ARI, Tiago PB. A comparative study on river hydrokinetic turbine blade profiles. Journal of Engineering Research and Application. 2015;5(5):1-10.Khan NI, Iqbal T, Hinchey M, Masek V. Performance of Savonius rotor as a water current turbine. The Journal of Ocean Technology. 2009;4(2):72–83.Gorban AN, Gorlov AM, Silantyev VM. Limits of the turbine efficiency for free fluid flow. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 2001;123(4):311–7Golecha K, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV. Influence of the deflector plate on the performance of modified Savonius water turbine. Applied Energy. 2011;88(9):3207-3217.Guang ZHO, Yang RS, Yan IU, Zhao PF. Hydrodynamic performance of a verticalaxis tidal-current turbine with different preset angles of attack. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B. 2013;25(2):280-287Bachant P, Wosnik M. Performance measurements of cylindrical- and sphericalhelical cross-flow marine hydrokinetic turbines, with estimates of exergy efficiency. Renewable Energy. 2015;74:318–325Malipeddi AR, Chatterjee D. Influence of duct geometry on the performance of Darrieus hydroturbine. Renewable Energy. 2012;43:292-300.Tanaka K, Hirowatari K, Shimokawa K, Watanabe S, Matsushita D, Furukawa, A. A Study on Darrieus-type Hydroturbine toward Utilization of Extra-Low Head Natural Flow Streams. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems. 2013;6(3):152- 159Kirke B. Tests on two small variables pitch cross flow hydrokinetic turbines. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2016;31:185-193.Bachant P, Wosnik M, Gunawan B, Neary V.S. Experimental study of a reference model vertical-axis cross-flow turbine. PloS one. 2016;11(9):e0163799.Bachan P, Wosnik M. Effects of Reynolds number on the energy conversion and nearwake dynamics of a high solidity vertical-axis cross-flow turbine. Energies. 2016;9(2):73Gorle JMR, Chatellier L, Pons F, Ba M. Flow and performance analysis of H-Darrieus hydroturbine in a confined flow: A computational and experimental study. 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In: Proceedings of The Twelfth (2002) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushum, Japan, 26- 31 May 2002, 859-864Darrieus hydrokinetic turbineNumerical simulationPower coefficientTip speed ratioORIGINALDesign and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine.pdfDesign and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine.pdfapplication/pdf958145https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/2826/1/Design%20and%20numerical%20analysis%20of%20an%20efficient%20H-Darrieus%20vertical-axis%20hydrokinetic%20turbine.pdf844f30ac0eb06e6e58c850177a5b7ab6MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/2826/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTDesign and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine.pdf.txtDesign and numerical analysis of an efficient H-Darrieus vertical-axis 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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