Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia
Rapid transformation of natural ecosystems changes ecological conditions for important human disease vector species; therefore, an essential task is to identify and understand the variables that shape distributions of these species to optimize efforts toward control and mit- igation. Ecological nich...
- Autores:
-
Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto
Arboleda, Sair
Parra, Juan L.
Peterson, A. Townsend
Correa Ochoa, Margarita María
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2017
- Institución:
- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Tdea
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/1463
- Acceso en línea:
- https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/1463
- Palabra clave:
- Malaria
Anopheles
Anopheles albimanus
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34312
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30502
Anopheles nuneztovari
Anopheles darlingi
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| title |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia Malaria Anopheles Anopheles albimanus http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34312 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30502 Anopheles nuneztovari Anopheles darlingi |
| title_short |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| title_full |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| title_sort |
Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto Arboleda, Sair Parra, Juan L. Peterson, A. Townsend Correa Ochoa, Margarita María |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto Arboleda, Sair Parra, Juan L. Peterson, A. Townsend Correa Ochoa, Margarita María |
| dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv |
Malaria Anopheles Anopheles albimanus |
| topic |
Malaria Anopheles Anopheles albimanus http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34312 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30502 Anopheles nuneztovari Anopheles darlingi |
| dc.subject.agrovocuri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34312 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30502 |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Anopheles nuneztovari Anopheles darlingi |
| description |
Rapid transformation of natural ecosystems changes ecological conditions for important human disease vector species; therefore, an essential task is to identify and understand the variables that shape distributions of these species to optimize efforts toward control and mit- igation. Ecological niche modeling was used to estimate the potential distribution and to assess hypotheses of niche similarity among the three main malaria vector species in north- ern Colombia: Anopheles nuneztovari, An. albimanus, and An. darlingi. Georeferenced point collection data and remotely sensed, fine-resolution satellite imagery were integrated across the Urabá –Bajo Cauca–Alto Sinú malaria endemic area using a maximum entropy algorithm. Results showed that An. nuneztovari has the widest geographic distribution, occupying almost the entire study region; this niche breadth is probably related to the ability of this species to colonize both, natural and disturbed environments. The model for An. dar- lingi showed that most suitable localities for this species in Bajo Cauca were along the Cauca and Nechı́ river. The riparian ecosystems in this region and the potential for rapid adaptation by this species to novel environments, may favor the establishment of popula- tions of this species. Apparently, the three main Colombian Anopheles vector species in this endemic area do not occupy environments either with high seasonality, or with low season- ality and high NDVI values. Estimated overlap in geographic space between An. nuneztovari and An. albimanus indicated broad spatial and environmental similarity between these spe- cies. An. nuneztovari has a broader niche and potential distribution. Dispersal ability of these species and their ability to occupy diverse environmental situations may facilitate sym- patry across many environmental and geographic contexts. These model results may be useful for the design and implementation of malaria species-specific vector control interven- tions optimized for this important malaria region. |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2017 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-07-01T20:22:47Z |
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2021-07-01T20:22:47Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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Text |
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1932-6203 |
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https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/1463 |
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eng |
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eng |
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14 |
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6 |
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12 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE. 12(6), pág. 1-14, 2017 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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openAccess |
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14 p. |
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Northern Colombia |
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Altamiranda Saavedra, Mariano Augusto24e8d03f-69f2-4f3b-9982-7a16d1d76798Arboleda, Sair07211d59-240f-49c7-99fc-ae7b7cffc690Parra, Juan L.045c111c-cd2e-4815-aad2-7219d856d050Peterson, A. Townsend79c8c529-1313-4d7f-8632-34830f33988cCorrea Ochoa, Margarita María79a59312-c373-4e21-8331-f2a4867fd5b6Northern Colombia2021-07-01T20:22:47Z2021-07-01T20:22:47Z20171932-6203https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/1463Rapid transformation of natural ecosystems changes ecological conditions for important human disease vector species; therefore, an essential task is to identify and understand the variables that shape distributions of these species to optimize efforts toward control and mit- igation. Ecological niche modeling was used to estimate the potential distribution and to assess hypotheses of niche similarity among the three main malaria vector species in north- ern Colombia: Anopheles nuneztovari, An. albimanus, and An. darlingi. Georeferenced point collection data and remotely sensed, fine-resolution satellite imagery were integrated across the Urabá –Bajo Cauca–Alto Sinú malaria endemic area using a maximum entropy algorithm. Results showed that An. nuneztovari has the widest geographic distribution, occupying almost the entire study region; this niche breadth is probably related to the ability of this species to colonize both, natural and disturbed environments. The model for An. dar- lingi showed that most suitable localities for this species in Bajo Cauca were along the Cauca and Nechı́ river. The riparian ecosystems in this region and the potential for rapid adaptation by this species to novel environments, may favor the establishment of popula- tions of this species. Apparently, the three main Colombian Anopheles vector species in this endemic area do not occupy environments either with high seasonality, or with low season- ality and high NDVI values. Estimated overlap in geographic space between An. nuneztovari and An. albimanus indicated broad spatial and environmental similarity between these spe- cies. An. nuneztovari has a broader niche and potential distribution. Dispersal ability of these species and their ability to occupy diverse environmental situations may facilitate sym- patry across many environmental and geographic contexts. These model results may be useful for the design and implementation of malaria species-specific vector control interven- tions optimized for this important malaria region.14 p.application/pdfengPublic Library of ScienceSan Francisco, CAhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://www.plosone.org/Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8514612PLoS ONEPLoS ONE. 12(6), pág. 1-14, 2017MalariaAnophelesAnopheles albimanushttp://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34312http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30502Anopheles nuneztovariAnopheles darlingiCohuet A, Harris C, Robert V, Fontenille D. Evolutionary forces on Anopheles: what makes a malaria vector? Trends Parasitol. 2010; 26: 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.12.001 PMID: 20056485World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization. 312 p.Naranjo- Dı́az N, Rosero DA, Rua-Uribe G, Luckhart S, Correa MM. Abundance, behavior and entomo- logical inoculation rates of anthropophilic anophelines from a primary Colombian malaria endemic area. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 1–11.Ospina M, Mancel E, Pacheco O, Quijada H. Boletin Epidemiológico Semanal Sivigila. Bogotá;2015: 1–72.INS. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Boletı́n epidemiológico Semanal. Estadı́sticas del sistema de vigilan- cia en salud pública- SIVIGILA, Casos totales en la Semana Epidemiológica 52 y acumulados del año, Subdirección de Vigilancia y Control en Salud Pública. 2016.Gutiérrez LA, Naranjo N, Jaramillo LM, Muskus C, Luckhart S, Conn JE, et al. Natural infectivity of Anopheles species from the Pacific and Atlantic Regions of Colombia. Acta Trop. 2008; 107: 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.04.019 PMID: 18554564Gutiérrez L, González JJ, Gómez GF, Castro MI, Rosero DA, Luckhart S, et al. Species composition and natural infectivity of anthropophilic Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in the states of Córdoba and Anti- oquia, Northwestern Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009; 104: 1117–24. PMID: 20140372Peterson AT, Soberón J, Pearson RG, Anderson RP, Martı́nez-Meyer E, Nakamura M, et al. Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions. Princeton University Press; 2011. 330p.Foley DH, Wilkerson RC, Birney I, Harrison S, Christensen J, Rueda LM. MosquitoMap and the Mal- area calculator: new web tools to relate mosquito species distribution with vector borne disease. Int J Health Geogr. 2010; 1–8.Fuller DO, Parenti MS, Hassan AN, Beier JC. 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Bogotá D.C., Colombia. 106 p.Montoya R, Chaparro PE, Araújo RM, Narváez PC, Valencia SH. Epidemiology and control of malaria in Epidemiology and control of malaria in Colombia. 2011; 1:114–22. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074- 02762011000900015González R, Carrejo N. Introducción al estudio taxonómico de Anopheles de Colombia: claves y notas de distribución. 2nd ed. Cali: Universidad del Valle; 2009. 260p.Cienfuegos A, Gómez G, Córdoba L, Luckhart S, Conn J, Correa M. Diseño y evaluación de metodolo- gı́as basadas en PCR–RFLP de ITS2 para la identificación molecular de mosquitos Anopheles spp. (Diptera:Culicidae) de la Costa Pacı́fica de Colombia. Rev Biomed. 2008; 19: 35–44.Cienfuegos A V, Rosero DA, Naranjo N, Luckhart S, Conn JE, Correa MM. Acta Tropica Evaluation ofPCR–RFLP–ITS2 assay for discrimination of Anopheles species in northern and western Colombia. 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Appl Geogr. 2014; 48: 1–7. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.01.002 PMID: 24976656LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/1463/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessORIGINALPotential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia.pdfPotential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia.pdfapplication/pdf11674336https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/1463/1/Potential%20distribution%20of%20mosquito%20vector%20species%20in%20a%20primary%20malaria%20endemic%20region%20of%20Colombia.pdf18377006063b2380fc7fd89eb6230bc4MD51open accessTEXTPotential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia.pdf.txtPotential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia.pdf.txtExtracted 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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