The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic

Counter-interventions have often been employed to promote specific political or economic interests. Using the morality of counter-intervention as a lens, this article explores Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory to interrogate the practicalities of applying his symmetry principle—equivalenc...

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Autores:
Paradela López, Miguel
Jima González, Alexandra del Carmen
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Tecnológico de Antioquia
Repositorio:
Repositorio Tdea
Idioma:
eng
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oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/2852
Acceso en línea:
https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/2852
Palabra clave:
Counter-intervention
Yemeni conflict
Conflicto yemení
Contraintervención
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
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repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
title The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
spellingShingle The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
Counter-intervention
Yemeni conflict
Conflicto yemení
Contraintervención
title_short The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
title_full The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
title_fullStr The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
title_full_unstemmed The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
title_sort The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflic
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Paradela López, Miguel
Jima González, Alexandra del Carmen
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Paradela López, Miguel
Jima González, Alexandra del Carmen
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv Counter-intervention
Yemeni conflict
Conflicto yemení
Contraintervención
topic Counter-intervention
Yemeni conflict
Conflicto yemení
Contraintervención
description Counter-interventions have often been employed to promote specific political or economic interests. Using the morality of counter-intervention as a lens, this article explores Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory to interrogate the practicalities of applying his symmetry principle—equivalence when balancing a conflict—in the context of imperfect information. After examining the links between the principles of non-intervention and self-determination and identifying the main tenets of Walzer’s theory, this article demonstrates how the Yemeni conflict exemplifies the problematics of crafting a moral counter-intervention strategy. On the one hand, the longer a country waits to counter-intervene, the harder it becomes to calculate the effects of the previous intervention; on the other hand, the faster a country counter-intervenes, the less informed and symmetric the counter-intervention is likely to be. Consequently, this study concludes that Walzer’s symmetry principle does not successfully indicate when and how counter-intervention should develop.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-10T03:44:27Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-10T03:44:27Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 23
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 34
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Cambridge Review of International Affairs
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Ashford, Emma (2015) ‘Bombing Yemen won’t help it,’ The New York Times <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/opinion/bombing-yemen-wont-help-it.html> assessed 1 May 2019
Buchanan, Tom (1997) Britain and the Spanish civil war (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Chen, Chia-Ming (2019) ‘Instrument contra human end: self‐determination as a right to protect power’, Global Policy, 10:1, 137–43
Corten, Olivier (2014) Le droit contre la guerre (Paris: Pedone)
Doppelt, Gerald (1978). Walzer's theory of morality in international relations. Philosophy and Public Affairs 8:1, 3–26
Doswald-Beck, Louise (1986) ‘The legal validity of military intervention by invitation of the government’, British Yearbook of International Law, 56:1, 189–252
Doyle, Michael (2009) ‘A few words on Mill, Walzer, and Nonintervention’, Ethics & International Affairs, 23:4, 349–69
Dupont, Kevin (2019) ‘Religion or politics? An analysis of sectarian relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia’, Cornell Policy Review 1–13 <http://www.cornellpolicyreview.com/religion-politics-iran-saudi-arabia/>
DW (2015). ‘Yemen crisis tops agenda as Arab League summit opens’, <https://www.dw.com/en/yemen-crisis-tops-agenda-as-arab-league-summit-opens/a-18346872> accessed 24 September 2020
Eisenkraft, Arik and Avshalon Falk (2019) ‘The use of chemical warfare agents during the Syrian Civil War’, in Brian Lukey, James Romano and Harry Salem (eds) Chemical warfare agents: biomedical and psychological effects, medical countermeasures, and emergency response (Boca Raton: CRC Press)
Ferro Luca and Ruys Tom (2018). The Saudi-led Military Intervention in Yemen's Civil War—2015, in Tom Ruys, Olivier Corten, Alexandra Hofer (eds) The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Finlay, C J (2007) ‘Reform intervention and democratic revolution’, European Journal of International Relations, 13:4, 555–81
Fitch, Asa (2015) ‘Heavy toll in Yemen conflict draws scrutiny’, The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy-toll-in-yemen-conflict-draws-scrutiny-1449743401> assessed 1 May 2019
Gulf Times (2015) ‘Hadi tells UN Iran seeking destruction of his country’, <https://www.gulf-times.com/story/457039/Hadi-tells-UN-Iran-seeking-destruction-of-his-country> accessed 24 September 2020
Hughes, Geraint Alun (2014) ‘Syria and the perils of proxy warfare’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25:3, 522–38
Hicks, Tyler (2015) ‘Airstrikes take toll on civilians in Yemen War’, The New York Times. <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes-hit-civilians-yemen-war.html> assessed 1 May 2019
Human Rights Council (HCHR) (2016). Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General. Thirtieth session Agenda items 2 and 10.
High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Situation of human rights in Yemen. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A_HRC_30_31_AEV.pdf
High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018). Yemen: United Nations Experts point to possible war crimes by parties to the conflict. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/SP/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=23479&LangID=S
Jones, Seth G (2013) ‘Syria's Growing Jihad’, Survival, 55:4, 53–72 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]
Juneau, Thomas (2016) ‘Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment’, International Affairs, 92 :3, 647–63 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]
Kinacioglu, Mugi (2005) ‘The principle of non-intervention and the United Nations: the Charter framework and the Legal debate’, <https://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Muge-Kinacioglu.pdf> assessed 1 May 2019
Krishnan, Armin (2019) Controlling partners and proxies in pro-insurgency paramilitary operations: the case of Syria, Intelligence and National Security, 34:4, 544–560, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2018.1560605
Landry, Carole (2015) ‘Iran arming Yemen's houthi rebels since 2009: UN report’, AFP. <https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-arming-yemens-houthi-rebels-2009-un-report#:∼:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20%2D%20Iran%20has%20been,of%20the%20Shiite%20militia's%20insurgency> accessed 24 September 2020
Maher, David and Pieper Moritz (2020) ‘Russian intervention in Syria: exploring the nexus between regime consolidation and energy transnationalisation’, Political Studies, 1–21 [Web of Science ®]
McMahan, Jeff and Robert McKim (1993) ‘The just war and the Gulf War’, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 23:4, 501–41 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]
McMahan, Jeff (1996) ‘Intervention and collective self‐determination’, Ethics & International Affairs, 10, 1–24 [Crossref]
Mill, John Stuart (1859) ‘A few words on non-intervention’, New England Review, 27:3, 252–64
Oppenheim, Lassa (1912) International law: a treatise (London: Longman, Green and Co)
Orend, B (2000) ‘Michael Walzer on resorting to force’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 33:3, 523–47 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]
Orend, Brian (2006) The morality of war (New York: Broadview Press)
Paradela-López, Miguel (2019) ‘Self-help test on Michael Walzer’s military intervention theory’, Co-herencia, 16:30, 327–54 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]
Pattison, James (2008) ‘Whose responsibility to protect? The duties of humanitarian intervention’, Journal of Military Ethics, 7:4, 262–83 [Taylor & Francis Online]
Pattison, James (2010) Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect. Who should intervene (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [Crossref]
Popp, Roland (2015) ‘War in Yemen: revolution and Saudi intervention’, CSS Analyses in Security Policy <https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse175-EN.pdf>
Reuters (2015) ‘Yemeni militiamen claim capture of Iranian Military Officers’, <https://www.newsweek.com/yemen-militia-claims-iranians-captured-321734> accessed 24 September 2020
Saif, Islam (2018) ‘Who are the Iranian Revolutionary Guard officers leading Houthis in Yemen?’ Al Arabiya <https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/01/01/Who-are-the-Iranian-Revolutionary-Guard-officers-leading-Houthis-in-Yemen> accessed 24 September 2020
Salisbury, Peter (2015) Yemen and the saudi–iranian ‘cold war’ (Chatham House. The Royal Institute of International Affairs) <https://cdn.mashreghnews.ir/old/files/fa/news/1393/12/10/924869_652.pdf>
Shaif, Rawan (2019) ‘Saudi Arabia’s Self-Fulfilling Houthi Prophecy. Foreign Policy’ <https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/02/saudi-arabias-self-fulfilling-houthi-prophecy/> accessed 24 September 2020
Schmitt, E (2016) ‘ISIS used chemical weapons in Syria and Iraq at least 52 times, report says’, New York Times, 22
Sharp, Jeremy (2019) Yemen: Civil war and regional intervention (Congressional Research Service) <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43960.pdf> USA: Washington DC)
Stenslie, S (2015) ‘Decisive Storm: Saudi Arabia’s attack on the Houthis in Yemen’, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, 1–3 (Switzerland: Zurich)
United Nations (UN) (1974) Definition of Aggression, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX). University of Minnesota Human Rights Library <http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html>
United Nations (2015). Security Council Demands End to Yemen Violence, Adopting Resolution 2216 (2015), with Russian Federation Abstaining. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11859.doc.htm
Vermeer, Zachary (2015) ‘The Jus ad Bellum and the airstrikes in Yemen: double standards for decamping presidents’, EJIL: Talk!
Vincent, R aymond (1971) The principle of non-intervention and the international order. Doctoral Thesis. <https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/132082/4/b10151230_Vincent_Raymond_John.pdf> assessed 1 May 2019
Walzer, Michael (1980) ‘The moral standing of states: a response to four critics’, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 9:3, 209–229
Walzer, Michael (2004) ‘The Argument about the Humanitarian Intervention’, in Georg Meggle (ed) Ethics of humanitarian interventions (Frankfurt: Ontos)
Walzer, Michael ( 2006) Just and unjust wars (New York, USA: Basic Books)
Walzer, Michael (2011) ‘How shall we support democracy?’ Dissent Magazine. <https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/how-shall-we-support-democracy>
Walzer, Michael (2016) ‘Just & unjust targeted killing & Drone Warfare’, Daedalus, 145:4, 12–24 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]
Walzer, Michael (2018) A foreign policy for the left (New Haven: Yale University Press)
Watkins, Ali, Ryan Grim and Akbar Shahid Ahmed (2015) ‘Iran warned Houthis against Yemen Takeover’, The HuffPost. <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/iran-houthis-yemen_n_7101456>
Whealey, Robert (2014) Hitler and Spain: the nazi role in the Spanish civil war, 1936-1939 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky)
Wikileaks (2009a) ‘Iran in Yemen: Tehran's shadow looms large, but footprint is small’, <https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09SANAA1662_a.html>
Wikileaks (2009b) ‘Who are the Houthis, part two: how are they fighting?’ <https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09SANAA2186_a.html>
Wikileaks (2016) ‘Yemen files’, https://wikileaks.org/yemen-files/releases/> assessed 1 May 2019
Wintour, Patrick (2018) ‘Why is Saudi Arabia in Yemen and what does it mean for Britain?’ <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/08/why-saudi-arabia-in-yemen-what-does-it-mean-for-britain>
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spelling Paradela López, Migueldb575f2d-106c-4559-bcf2-15aeefc6ac79Jima González, Alexandra del Carmenebf97d3e-a4db-43aa-b89d-948bddd262792023-05-10T03:44:27Z2023-05-10T03:44:27Z20210955-7571https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/28521474-449XCounter-interventions have often been employed to promote specific political or economic interests. Using the morality of counter-intervention as a lens, this article explores Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory to interrogate the practicalities of applying his symmetry principle—equivalence when balancing a conflict—in the context of imperfect information. After examining the links between the principles of non-intervention and self-determination and identifying the main tenets of Walzer’s theory, this article demonstrates how the Yemeni conflict exemplifies the problematics of crafting a moral counter-intervention strategy. On the one hand, the longer a country waits to counter-intervene, the harder it becomes to calculate the effects of the previous intervention; on the other hand, the faster a country counter-intervenes, the less informed and symmetric the counter-intervention is likely to be. Consequently, this study concludes that Walzer’s symmetry principle does not successfully indicate when and how counter-intervention should develop.23 páginasapplication/pdfengTaylor and Francis GroupInglaterrahttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2021.1876639The contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer's counter-intervention theory: a case study of the Yemeni conflicArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8523134Cambridge Review of International AffairsAshford, Emma (2015) ‘Bombing Yemen won’t help it,’ The New York Times <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/opinion/bombing-yemen-wont-help-it.html> assessed 1 May 2019Buchanan, Tom (1997) Britain and the Spanish civil war (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)Chen, Chia-Ming (2019) ‘Instrument contra human end: self‐determination as a right to protect power’, Global Policy, 10:1, 137–43Corten, Olivier (2014) Le droit contre la guerre (Paris: Pedone)Doppelt, Gerald (1978). Walzer's theory of morality in international relations. Philosophy and Public Affairs 8:1, 3–26Doswald-Beck, Louise (1986) ‘The legal validity of military intervention by invitation of the government’, British Yearbook of International Law, 56:1, 189–252Doyle, Michael (2009) ‘A few words on Mill, Walzer, and Nonintervention’, Ethics & International Affairs, 23:4, 349–69Dupont, Kevin (2019) ‘Religion or politics? An analysis of sectarian relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia’, Cornell Policy Review 1–13 <http://www.cornellpolicyreview.com/religion-politics-iran-saudi-arabia/>DW (2015). ‘Yemen crisis tops agenda as Arab League summit opens’, <https://www.dw.com/en/yemen-crisis-tops-agenda-as-arab-league-summit-opens/a-18346872> accessed 24 September 2020Eisenkraft, Arik and Avshalon Falk (2019) ‘The use of chemical warfare agents during the Syrian Civil War’, in Brian Lukey, James Romano and Harry Salem (eds) Chemical warfare agents: biomedical and psychological effects, medical countermeasures, and emergency response (Boca Raton: CRC Press)Ferro Luca and Ruys Tom (2018). The Saudi-led Military Intervention in Yemen's Civil War—2015, in Tom Ruys, Olivier Corten, Alexandra Hofer (eds) The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press)Finlay, C J (2007) ‘Reform intervention and democratic revolution’, European Journal of International Relations, 13:4, 555–81Fitch, Asa (2015) ‘Heavy toll in Yemen conflict draws scrutiny’, The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/heavy-toll-in-yemen-conflict-draws-scrutiny-1449743401> assessed 1 May 2019Gulf Times (2015) ‘Hadi tells UN Iran seeking destruction of his country’, <https://www.gulf-times.com/story/457039/Hadi-tells-UN-Iran-seeking-destruction-of-his-country> accessed 24 September 2020Hughes, Geraint Alun (2014) ‘Syria and the perils of proxy warfare’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25:3, 522–38Hicks, Tyler (2015) ‘Airstrikes take toll on civilians in Yemen War’, The New York Times. <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/world/middleeast/airstrikes-hit-civilians-yemen-war.html> assessed 1 May 2019Human Rights Council (HCHR) (2016). Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General. Thirtieth session Agenda items 2 and 10.High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Situation of human rights in Yemen. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A_HRC_30_31_AEV.pdfHigh Commissioner for Human Rights (2018). Yemen: United Nations Experts point to possible war crimes by parties to the conflict. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/SP/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=23479&LangID=SJones, Seth G (2013) ‘Syria's Growing Jihad’, Survival, 55:4, 53–72 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]Juneau, Thomas (2016) ‘Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment’, International Affairs, 92 :3, 647–63 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]Kinacioglu, Mugi (2005) ‘The principle of non-intervention and the United Nations: the Charter framework and the Legal debate’, <https://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Muge-Kinacioglu.pdf> assessed 1 May 2019Krishnan, Armin (2019) Controlling partners and proxies in pro-insurgency paramilitary operations: the case of Syria, Intelligence and National Security, 34:4, 544–560, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2018.1560605Landry, Carole (2015) ‘Iran arming Yemen's houthi rebels since 2009: UN report’, AFP. <https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-arming-yemens-houthi-rebels-2009-un-report#:∼:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20%2D%20Iran%20has%20been,of%20the%20Shiite%20militia's%20insurgency> accessed 24 September 2020Maher, David and Pieper Moritz (2020) ‘Russian intervention in Syria: exploring the nexus between regime consolidation and energy transnationalisation’, Political Studies, 1–21 [Web of Science ®]McMahan, Jeff and Robert McKim (1993) ‘The just war and the Gulf War’, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 23:4, 501–41 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]McMahan, Jeff (1996) ‘Intervention and collective self‐determination’, Ethics & International Affairs, 10, 1–24 [Crossref]Mill, John Stuart (1859) ‘A few words on non-intervention’, New England Review, 27:3, 252–64Oppenheim, Lassa (1912) International law: a treatise (London: Longman, Green and Co)Orend, B (2000) ‘Michael Walzer on resorting to force’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 33:3, 523–47 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]Orend, Brian (2006) The morality of war (New York: Broadview Press)Paradela-López, Miguel (2019) ‘Self-help test on Michael Walzer’s military intervention theory’, Co-herencia, 16:30, 327–54 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]Pattison, James (2008) ‘Whose responsibility to protect? The duties of humanitarian intervention’, Journal of Military Ethics, 7:4, 262–83 [Taylor & Francis Online]Pattison, James (2010) Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect. Who should intervene (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [Crossref]Popp, Roland (2015) ‘War in Yemen: revolution and Saudi intervention’, CSS Analyses in Security Policy <https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse175-EN.pdf>Reuters (2015) ‘Yemeni militiamen claim capture of Iranian Military Officers’, <https://www.newsweek.com/yemen-militia-claims-iranians-captured-321734> accessed 24 September 2020Saif, Islam (2018) ‘Who are the Iranian Revolutionary Guard officers leading Houthis in Yemen?’ Al Arabiya <https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/01/01/Who-are-the-Iranian-Revolutionary-Guard-officers-leading-Houthis-in-Yemen> accessed 24 September 2020Salisbury, Peter (2015) Yemen and the saudi–iranian ‘cold war’ (Chatham House. The Royal Institute of International Affairs) <https://cdn.mashreghnews.ir/old/files/fa/news/1393/12/10/924869_652.pdf>Shaif, Rawan (2019) ‘Saudi Arabia’s Self-Fulfilling Houthi Prophecy. Foreign Policy’ <https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/02/saudi-arabias-self-fulfilling-houthi-prophecy/> accessed 24 September 2020Schmitt, E (2016) ‘ISIS used chemical weapons in Syria and Iraq at least 52 times, report says’, New York Times, 22Sharp, Jeremy (2019) Yemen: Civil war and regional intervention (Congressional Research Service) <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43960.pdf> USA: Washington DC)Stenslie, S (2015) ‘Decisive Storm: Saudi Arabia’s attack on the Houthis in Yemen’, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, 1–3 (Switzerland: Zurich)United Nations (UN) (1974) Definition of Aggression, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX). University of Minnesota Human Rights Library <http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html>United Nations (2015). Security Council Demands End to Yemen Violence, Adopting Resolution 2216 (2015), with Russian Federation Abstaining. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11859.doc.htmVermeer, Zachary (2015) ‘The Jus ad Bellum and the airstrikes in Yemen: double standards for decamping presidents’, EJIL: Talk!Vincent, R aymond (1971) The principle of non-intervention and the international order. Doctoral Thesis. <https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/132082/4/b10151230_Vincent_Raymond_John.pdf> assessed 1 May 2019Walzer, Michael (1980) ‘The moral standing of states: a response to four critics’, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 9:3, 209–229Walzer, Michael (2004) ‘The Argument about the Humanitarian Intervention’, in Georg Meggle (ed) Ethics of humanitarian interventions (Frankfurt: Ontos)Walzer, Michael ( 2006) Just and unjust wars (New York, USA: Basic Books)Walzer, Michael (2011) ‘How shall we support democracy?’ Dissent Magazine. <https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/how-shall-we-support-democracy>Walzer, Michael (2016) ‘Just & unjust targeted killing & Drone Warfare’, Daedalus, 145:4, 12–24 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®]Walzer, Michael (2018) A foreign policy for the left (New Haven: Yale University Press)Watkins, Ali, Ryan Grim and Akbar Shahid Ahmed (2015) ‘Iran warned Houthis against Yemen Takeover’, The HuffPost. <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/iran-houthis-yemen_n_7101456>Whealey, Robert (2014) Hitler and Spain: the nazi role in the Spanish civil war, 1936-1939 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky)Wikileaks (2009a) ‘Iran in Yemen: Tehran's shadow looms large, but footprint is small’, <https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09SANAA1662_a.html>Wikileaks (2009b) ‘Who are the Houthis, part two: how are they fighting?’ <https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09SANAA2186_a.html>Wikileaks (2016) ‘Yemen files’, https://wikileaks.org/yemen-files/releases/> assessed 1 May 2019Wintour, Patrick (2018) ‘Why is Saudi Arabia in Yemen and what does it mean for Britain?’ <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/08/why-saudi-arabia-in-yemen-what-does-it-mean-for-britain>info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbCounter-interventionYemeni conflictConflicto yemeníContraintervenciónORIGINALThe contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory_ a case study of the Yemeni conflict.jpgThe contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory_ a case study of the Yemeni conflict.jpgimage/jpeg213203https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/2852/1/The%20contradictions%20inherent%20in%20the%20concept%20of%20symmetry%20in%20Michael%20Walzer%e2%80%99s%20counter-intervention%20theory_%20a%20case%20study%20of%20the%20Yemeni%20conflict.jpg0ee35f8762a0e8625b8abed03ac067bcMD51open accessTHUMBNAILThe contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory_ a case study of the Yemeni conflict.jpg.jpgThe contradictions inherent in the concept of symmetry in Michael Walzer’s counter-intervention theory_ a case study of the Yemeni conflict.jpg.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15478https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/bitstream/tdea/2852/2/The%20contradictions%20inherent%20in%20the%20concept%20of%20symmetry%20in%20Michael%20Walzer%e2%80%99s%20counter-intervention%20theory_%20a%20case%20study%20of%20the%20Yemeni%20conflict.jpg.jpgb9e9bc39aa5cfb11a17ee0ccae2e4a9aMD52open accesstdea/2852oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/28522023-05-11 03:02:50.947open accessRepositorio Institucional Tecnologico de Antioquiabdigital@metabiblioteca.com