Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation

The use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas has allowed a fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, this has led to a continuous increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which affect human life and the ecological environment through global warming and climate chang...

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Autores:: Romero Sáez, Manuel
Jaramillo Zapata, Leyla Yamile
Henao Sierra, Wilson Albeiro
De La Torre Larrañaga, Unai

Tipo de recurso:: Part of book

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Tecnológico de Antioquia

Repositorio:: Repositorio Tdea

Idioma:: eng

id	RepoTdea2_284cc1ce9caf0eaef4b94c4e67df19c8
oai_identifier_str	oai:dspace.tdea.edu.co:tdea/3975
network_acronym_str	RepoTdea2
network_name_str	Repositorio Tdea
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
title	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
spellingShingle	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation Nanomaterials Nanomateriales Nanomatériau Carbon monoxide Monóxido de carbono Oxyde de carbone Methanol Metanol Methane Metano Carbon nanotubes Nanotubos de Carbono Nanotubes de carbone Nanoparticles Nanopartículas Nanoparticules CO2 hydrogenation Hidrogenación de CO2 Carbon nanofibers Nanofibras de carbono Graphene oxide Óxido de grafeno Transition metal carbide Carburo de metal de transición
title_short	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
title_full	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
title_fullStr	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
title_full_unstemmed	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
title_sort	Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Romero Sáez, Manuel Jaramillo Zapata, Leyla Yamile Henao Sierra, Wilson Albeiro De La Torre Larrañaga, Unai
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Romero Sáez, Manuel Jaramillo Zapata, Leyla Yamile Henao Sierra, Wilson Albeiro De La Torre Larrañaga, Unai
dc.subject.agrovoc.none.fl_str_mv	Nanomaterials Nanomateriales Nanomatériau Carbon monoxide Monóxido de carbono Oxyde de carbone Methanol Metanol Methane Metano
topic	Nanomaterials Nanomateriales Nanomatériau Carbon monoxide Monóxido de carbono Oxyde de carbone Methanol Metanol Methane Metano Carbon nanotubes Nanotubos de Carbono Nanotubes de carbone Nanoparticles Nanopartículas Nanoparticules CO2 hydrogenation Hidrogenación de CO2 Carbon nanofibers Nanofibras de carbono Graphene oxide Óxido de grafeno Transition metal carbide Carburo de metal de transición
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv	Carbon nanotubes Nanotubos de Carbono Nanotubes de carbone Nanoparticles Nanopartículas Nanoparticules
dc.subject.proposal.none.fl_str_mv	CO2 hydrogenation Hidrogenación de CO2 Carbon nanofibers Nanofibras de carbono Graphene oxide Óxido de grafeno Transition metal carbide Carburo de metal de transición
description	The use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas has allowed a fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, this has led to a continuous increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which affect human life and the ecological environment through global warming and climate changes. There are various strategies to mitigate the atmospheric concentration of CO2, such as capture, separation, and utilization. Among them, CO2 hydrogenation to obtain different products through catalytic processes is a strategy of great interest. Thus, the catalytic combination of CO2 and hydrogen not only mitigates anthropogenic emissions into Earth’s atmosphere, but it also produces carbon compounds that can be used as fuel or precursors for the production of different chemicals. This chapter reviews the use of different nanomaterials for CO2 hydrogenation. Three different processes are distinguished, depending on the final product: (i) CO2 hydrogenation to carbon monoxide, (ii) methanol production by CO2 hydrogenation, and (iii) CO2 hydrogenation to methane. It has been included both nanomaterials that act as support and those that can replace the active metal phase. Concerning CO2 hydrogenation to CO, one-dimensional transition metal carbides have received increasing attention because their unique electronic structure allows similar catalytic properties to the expensive noble metals. Attending the high thermal requirements of CO synthesis, emerging metal oxides nanocatalysts are focused to prevent the metal sintering by increasing the metal-support interactions. Controlling the support’s morphology at nanoscale can enhance both catalytic activity and stability at high temperatures up to twice with respect to those conventional micro-sized catalysts. Regarding to methanol production, the nanomaterials most commonly used as supports are those based on carbon, e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphene oxide. The main advantage of using these materials is their high surface area, which improves metallic phase dispersion, higher thermal and electrical conductivities, and greater mechanical resistance. In addition, the use of intermetallic nanoparticles as an active phase is very promising. The combination of two metals in the same nanoparticle greatly increases the interface between components, which clearly leads to a synergistic effect between them. The use of these nanomaterials improves the activity and selectivity to methanol between 2 and ~50%, compared with classical catalysts. Moreover, similar strategies are equally valid in methane production. Catalysts based on nanoparticles, such as Ni or NiO, supported on traditional metal oxides have been recently reported to improve catalytic activity in CO2 methanation with high resistance to coke deposition. Other supports, such as carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes previously mentioned, have shown excellent results, with CO2 conversions higher than 90% and complete selectivity to methane. Finally, TiO2-based catalysts are a promising solution for methane production by the still undeveloped photocatalytic reduction. This reaction can be performed under mild temperatures and pressure conditions, which is a clear advantage for methane synthesis. Keywords CO2 hydrogenation Nanomaterials Carbon monoxide Methanol Methane Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanofibers Graphene oxide Nanoparticles Transition metal carbide
publishDate	2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-10-19T20:56:27Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-10-19T20:56:27Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Capítulo - Parte de Libro
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/CAP_LIB
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.isbn.spa.fl_str_mv	978-3-030-04473-2
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3975
dc.identifier.eisbn.spa.fl_str_mv	978-3-030-04474-9
identifier_str_mv	978-3-030-04473-2 978-3-030-04474-9
url	https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3975
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartofseries.none.fl_str_mv	Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World;volumen 23
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv	214
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv	173
dc.relation.ispartofbook.spa.fl_str_mv	Emerging Nanostructured Materials for Energy and Environmental Science
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spelling	Romero Sáez, Manuel8e4243e1-7bb8-49ed-89c5-5047c839090bJaramillo Zapata, Leyla Yamile807c25da-7580-489a-aa2e-e2ef132a48b0Henao Sierra, Wilson Albeiro56920ace-08c8-402d-a2fa-a84a5a6d6ad3De La Torre Larrañaga, Unai07a39cfc-2191-42b9-90ae-4497047949ef2023-10-19T20:56:27Z2023-10-19T20:56:27Z2019978-3-030-04473-2https://dspace.tdea.edu.co/handle/tdea/3975978-3-030-04474-9The use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas has allowed a fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, this has led to a continuous increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which affect human life and the ecological environment through global warming and climate changes. There are various strategies to mitigate the atmospheric concentration of CO2, such as capture, separation, and utilization. Among them, CO2 hydrogenation to obtain different products through catalytic processes is a strategy of great interest. Thus, the catalytic combination of CO2 and hydrogen not only mitigates anthropogenic emissions into Earth’s atmosphere, but it also produces carbon compounds that can be used as fuel or precursors for the production of different chemicals. This chapter reviews the use of different nanomaterials for CO2 hydrogenation. Three different processes are distinguished, depending on the final product: (i) CO2 hydrogenation to carbon monoxide, (ii) methanol production by CO2 hydrogenation, and (iii) CO2 hydrogenation to methane. It has been included both nanomaterials that act as support and those that can replace the active metal phase. Concerning CO2 hydrogenation to CO, one-dimensional transition metal carbides have received increasing attention because their unique electronic structure allows similar catalytic properties to the expensive noble metals. Attending the high thermal requirements of CO synthesis, emerging metal oxides nanocatalysts are focused to prevent the metal sintering by increasing the metal-support interactions. Controlling the support’s morphology at nanoscale can enhance both catalytic activity and stability at high temperatures up to twice with respect to those conventional micro-sized catalysts. Regarding to methanol production, the nanomaterials most commonly used as supports are those based on carbon, e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphene oxide. The main advantage of using these materials is their high surface area, which improves metallic phase dispersion, higher thermal and electrical conductivities, and greater mechanical resistance. In addition, the use of intermetallic nanoparticles as an active phase is very promising. The combination of two metals in the same nanoparticle greatly increases the interface between components, which clearly leads to a synergistic effect between them. The use of these nanomaterials improves the activity and selectivity to methanol between 2 and ~50%, compared with classical catalysts. Moreover, similar strategies are equally valid in methane production. Catalysts based on nanoparticles, such as Ni or NiO, supported on traditional metal oxides have been recently reported to improve catalytic activity in CO2 methanation with high resistance to coke deposition. Other supports, such as carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes previously mentioned, have shown excellent results, with CO2 conversions higher than 90% and complete selectivity to methane. Finally, TiO2-based catalysts are a promising solution for methane production by the still undeveloped photocatalytic reduction. This reaction can be performed under mild temperatures and pressure conditions, which is a clear advantage for methane synthesis. 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The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-3-030-04474-9/1?pdf=chapter%20tocNanomaterials for CO2 HydrogenationCapítulo - Parte de Librohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bookParthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/CAP_LIBinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85NanomaterialsNanomaterialesNanomatériauCarbon monoxideMonóxido de carbonoOxyde de carboneMethanolMetanolMethaneMetanoCarbon nanotubesNanotubos de CarbonoNanotubes de carboneNanoparticlesNanopartículasNanoparticulesCO2 hydrogenationHidrogenación de CO2Carbon nanofibersNanofibras de carbonoGraphene oxideÓxido de grafenoTransition metal carbideCarburo de metal de transiciónTHUMBNAILNanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation.jpg.jpgNanomaterials for CO2 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


Nanomaterials for CO2 Hydrogenation

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