Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.

Humanity faces the demands of modernity day by day, and one of those demands is communication in a world that needs to be connected, and where English is the language that connects all the languages of all cultures. Therefore, learning to speak English has become one of the educational challenges of...

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Autores:: Leguizamón Moncaleano, Ana

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad Libre

Repositorio:: RIU - Repositorio Institucional UniLibre

Idioma:

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
title	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
spellingShingle	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy. Aprendizaje cooperativo Habilidad para hablar Cursos de extensión Cooperative Learning Speaking skills Extension courses Cooperative Learning components Lenguas --Enseñanzas Bilinguisimo Lenguas extranjeras -- Enseñanza
title_short	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
title_full	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
title_fullStr	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
title_full_unstemmed	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
title_sort	Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Leguizamón Moncaleano, Ana
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Sánchez, William
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Leguizamón Moncaleano, Ana
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Aprendizaje cooperativo Habilidad para hablar Cursos de extensión
topic	Aprendizaje cooperativo Habilidad para hablar Cursos de extensión Cooperative Learning Speaking skills Extension courses Cooperative Learning components Lenguas --Enseñanzas Bilinguisimo Lenguas extranjeras -- Enseñanza
dc.subject.subjectenglish.spa.fl_str_mv	Cooperative Learning Speaking skills Extension courses Cooperative Learning components
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv	Lenguas --Enseñanzas Bilinguisimo Lenguas extranjeras -- Enseñanza
description	Humanity faces the demands of modernity day by day, and one of those demands is communication in a world that needs to be connected, and where English is the language that connects all the languages of all cultures. Therefore, learning to speak English has become one of the educational challenges of today to train competent people, and the ideal is to achieve it through didactic strategies that allow students to develop communicative competence in a foreign language such as English. Bearing in mind the above, the following research work was based on the use of cooperative learning as a strategy for the strengthening of english speaking in level 1B students of extension courses at the Libre University. This work arises from the observations made, where it was identified that the students presented some difficulties in the ability to express oral expression, these were also evidenced in the diagnostic test performed. Therefore, the proposal seeks to apply the principles of cooperative learning, which contemplates the needs of the student with the aim of strengthening oral expression in English. The applications are developed through teamwork, generating verbal interaction with which the scope of the established objective was sought thanks to the fulfillment of a role and support between teacher-student and student-student.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv	2021-12
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-20T13:10:31Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-20T13:10:31Z
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dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv	Tesis de Pregrado
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10901/20439
url	https://hdl.handle.net/10901/20439
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Altamimi, N., & Altamimi, R. (2014). Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Speaking Skills and Attitudes towards Learning English. International Journal of Linguistics, 27-45. Acevedo, A., and Dueñas, A. (2009) Teaching strategies focused on the development of oral ability in English as a foreign language in children of the Antonio José de Sucre District EducationalInstitution. Thesis of degree. Libre University. Bogota. https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10901/10092/Tesis%20de%20Grade.p df?sequence=2 Anderson, A. (2011) The importance of learning a second language. https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/1B720723B3DE48610CF794BF85CC2A06/nuestros_ ensayos_la_importancia_de_aprender_una_segunda_lengua.pdf Bailey, K.M. (2005). Practical teaching of the English language: Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bartholomew, M. (2000). Metodologies qualitatives orientades cap al canvi i la presa de decisions. Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Baquero, R. (2001) Vigotsky and school learning. Fourth edition. Argentina: Edit. Aique. Braun Casal Madinabeitia, S. (2012). Implications of teaching in schools. Archidona: Ediciones Aljibe. Colombia, Ministry of National Education. Law 1651 of 2014. bilingualBilingualism Act. Colmenares, A., & Piñero, M. (2008)) Action Research. A methodological heuristic tool for the understanding and transformation of socio-educational realities and practices. Laurus vol. 14 no.27 May-August 2008. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/761/76111892006.pdf Cornelius-Ukpepi, Bernedette & Aglazor, Genevieve & Odey, Clarence. (2016). Cooperative Learning Strategy as a Tool for Classroom Management. 2. Chávez, M., Saltos, M., & Saltos, C. (2017) The importance of Learning and Knowledge of the English Language in Higher Education. Dom. One hundred., ISSN: 2477-8818 Vol. 3, No. Mon., Agos., 2017, pp. 759-771. Duplass, J. (2006). Middle and high school education: methods, standards and best practices. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Elliot, J. (2000). Action research in education. Morata, S. L. Farías, P., Iglesia, A., & Martín, M. (2006) Help in the teaching-learning and schooling process. Yearbook of the Faculty of Human Sciences. 2006/2007 http://www.biblioteca.unlpam.edu.ar/pubpdf/anuario_fch/n08a14farias.pdf Fernandez , M. G. (2008, October). Improve the oral production of English as a foreign language students at the UABC-Tijuana language center. Retrieved from uabc repository: Felder, Richard & Brent, Rebecca. (2010). Effective strategies for cooperative learning. Journal of Cooperation and Collaboration in College Teaching. 10. Fonseca, S., Correa, A., Pineda, M. and Lemus, F. (2.011). Oral and Written Communication. First Education, Mexico. Frost, D. (2002). Principles of the action-research cycle. In: Ritchie, R. idr. (ed.), Action Research: A Guide for Teachers. Hot topics in primary education. Birmingham: National Primary Trust. Garavito Pulido, D.M. (2014). Didactic Strategy for the Improvement of Oral Expression. Retrieved from Unilibre repository: https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10901/10193/TESIS%20JURADO%2 0LECTOR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Gomes, R. (2003) Analysis of data in research. In: Social research. Buenos Aires: Lugar editorial S., 2003. p. 55. González, D. (2006). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Repository. Retrieved from http://javeriana.edu.co/biblos/tesis/comunicacion/tesis471.pdf Hanson-Smith, E., & Rilling, S. (2006). Language learning through technologies. Virginia: TESOL. Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education. Hernández, D. G., & Franco, E.M. (2010). Proposal of strategies to improve the learning of English in adolescent students. MEMORIES OF THE VI FORUM OF STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES (FEL 2010). Herianto, And. (2017). The effect of learning strategy, achievement motivation, and learning ability toward learning outcomes in the PMPIPS-SD course at PGS. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences,4(5), 1-11 Hymes, D. (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social life. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Lozano, F., & Tamez, L. (2014). Formative feedback for distance education students. Legutke, M. (2012). The Cambridge guide to: Pedagogy and practice in second language teaching, Cambridge University Press. RIED vol. 17 No. 2 pgs. 197-221 https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3314/331431248010.pdf Martínez L. (2006) Comunicación y Lenguaje Competencia Comunicativa, Centro Editorial Universidad delRosario. McKernan, J. Research and curriculum. 2nd ed. Madrid: Ediciones Morata, 2001 Martínez, L. (2007). Observation and field diary in the definition of a research topic. Magazine profiles liberators, 4(80), 73-80. McKeachie, W. J. (2007). Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers (11th ed.); Houghton Mifflin: Boston, mA, 2002 men. (July 02, 2013). Single Regulatory Information System. Retrieved from LAW 1651 OF 2013: http://www.suinjuriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1685875 Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nunan, D. (2003). Practical teaching of the English language. Boston: McGraw Hill Okyay, P., & Ergin, F. (2012). Physical growth and development in adolescence period. In Eskin M & et.al (Ed.), Youth in Turkey (p. 3-52). Ankara: Turkey association of child and adolescent psychiatry. Ortiz, I. (2013). The importance of the English language in education. The New Journal. Managua, Nicaragua. Available in: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/desde-la- u/305910-importancia-idiomaingles-educacion/ Pacheco, I.M.; Rozo, L.M. & Suárez, E. (2011). Role of cooperative learning strategies in developing the speaking skills of 5th graders at George Washington School. Retrieved from https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/lic_lenguas/330 Palfrey, J.; Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. New York: Basic Books. Papalia D.; Olds, S.; Feldman, R. (2001). Human Development. 8th edition. Mexico: Ed. Mc Graw Hill. Chap. 11 pp. 409-417 and 12 pp. 463-479. Pérez, R., Góngora, A., and Valdés, I. (2020):"El desarrollo de la expresión oral en la formación de profesores de inglés mediante tareas", Revista Atlante: Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo (July 2020). Online: https://www.eumed.net/rev/atlante/2020/07/formacion-profesores-ingles.pdf Pozo, E., Domínguez, M., Gener, A., & Zayas, L. (2006) Development of oral English skills for nursing and medical students. rev. Medical Sciences v.10 n.2 Pinar del Río Mayo- ago. 2006. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-31942006000200003 Ramírez, Z., & Chacón, C. (2007) The argumentation written in the textbooks: definition and purposes. Educere. Refereed research. No. 37. Year 11 No. April - May – June 2007.ULA. Merida Venezuela. Rapoport, R. (1970). Three dilemmas in action-research. Human Relations. Richards, J.C. (1983). Listening comprehension: Focus, design, procedure. TESOL. Rueda, S. (2015). Leveling as a methodological strategy in english learning and its influence on the development of oral skills. Retrieved from Rioja International University Repository: https://reunir.unir.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3300/RUEDA%20%20GARCIA%2C %20SARA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Sampieri, R. (2006). The process of qualitative research. In Research Methodology (p. 562). Mexico City: Mcgraw-Hill. Schmitt, N. (2008). Learning instructed of the vocabulary of the second language. Language Teaching Research, 12(3), 329-363. Schmitt, N., and CarTer, R. (2000). The lexical advantages of narrow reading for second language students. TESOL Journal, 9(1), 4-9. Secretary of District Education. (2009). Obtained from final government audit report with a comprehensive approach – special modality evaluation of the improvement plan, articulation of secondary education with higher education, specialized secondary education, bilingual Bogotá project, snacks, allocation of quotas. Singh, Dr. Yash and Agrawal, Anju. (2011). Introduction to Cooperative Learning. Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN: - 2230-7850. 1. Shipman D., Roa M., Hooten J., et al. Use of the analytical rubric as an assessment tool in nursing education: The positive and the negative. Nurse Education Today, 32 (3) (2012), pp. 246–249 Suaza Mena, M. I. (2014). Proposal based on the speaking model: development of oral production. Amazonia Investiga, 18.teaching Strauss, A and Corbin, J. (2002). Bases of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing an informed theory. Colombia: University of Antioquia. Tarvin, L. (2014). Communicative Competence: Its Definition, Connection with Teaching, and Relationship with Interactional Competence. University of Missouri. Taylor, S. J., & B. (1984). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: AGuidebook and Resource. Teppa, S. (2006). Ivestigacion – Accion Participativa en la praxis pedagogica diaria. Editoial academica espanola. Torres, M., Salazar, F. G., & Paz, K. (2019). Data collection methods for an investigation.
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spelling	Sánchez, WilliamLeguizamón Moncaleano, AnaBogotá2022-01-20T13:10:31Z2022-01-20T13:10:31Z2021-12https://hdl.handle.net/10901/20439Humanity faces the demands of modernity day by day, and one of those demands is communication in a world that needs to be connected, and where English is the language that connects all the languages of all cultures. Therefore, learning to speak English has become one of the educational challenges of today to train competent people, and the ideal is to achieve it through didactic strategies that allow students to develop communicative competence in a foreign language such as English. Bearing in mind the above, the following research work was based on the use of cooperative learning as a strategy for the strengthening of english speaking in level 1B students of extension courses at the Libre University. This work arises from the observations made, where it was identified that the students presented some difficulties in the ability to express oral expression, these were also evidenced in the diagnostic test performed. Therefore, the proposal seeks to apply the principles of cooperative learning, which contemplates the needs of the student with the aim of strengthening oral expression in English. The applications are developed through teamwork, generating verbal interaction with which the scope of the established objective was sought thanks to the fulfillment of a role and support between teacher-student and student-student.Universidad Libre de Colombia - Facultad Ciencias de la Educacion - Lic. En humanidades e IdiomasPDFhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aprendizaje cooperativoHabilidad para hablarCursos de extensiónCooperative LearningSpeaking skillsExtension coursesCooperative Learning componentsLenguas --EnseñanzasBilinguisimoLenguas extranjeras -- EnseñanzaStrengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.Tesis de Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fAltamimi, N., & Altamimi, R. (2014). Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Speaking Skills and Attitudes towards Learning English. International Journal of Linguistics, 27-45.Acevedo, A., and Dueñas, A. (2009) Teaching strategies focused on the development of oral ability in English as a foreign language in children of the Antonio José de Sucre District EducationalInstitution. Thesis of degree. Libre University. Bogota. https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10901/10092/Tesis%20de%20Grade.p df?sequence=2Anderson, A. (2011) The importance of learning a second language. https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/1B720723B3DE48610CF794BF85CC2A06/nuestros_ ensayos_la_importancia_de_aprender_una_segunda_lengua.pdfBailey, K.M. (2005). Practical teaching of the English language: Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill.Bartholomew, M. (2000). Metodologies qualitatives orientades cap al canvi i la presa de decisions. Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Baquero, R. (2001) Vigotsky and school learning. Fourth edition. Argentina: Edit. Aique. BraunCasal Madinabeitia, S. (2012). Implications of teaching in schools. Archidona: Ediciones Aljibe. Colombia, Ministry of National Education. Law 1651 of 2014. bilingualBilingualism Act.Colmenares, A., & Piñero, M. (2008)) Action Research. A methodological heuristic tool for the understanding and transformation of socio-educational realities and practices. Laurus vol. 14 no.27 May-August 2008. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/761/76111892006.pdfCornelius-Ukpepi, Bernedette & Aglazor, Genevieve & Odey, Clarence. (2016). Cooperative Learning Strategy as a Tool for Classroom Management. 2.Chávez, M., Saltos, M., & Saltos, C. (2017) The importance of Learning and Knowledge of the English Language in Higher Education. Dom. One hundred., ISSN: 2477-8818 Vol. 3, No. Mon., Agos., 2017, pp. 759-771.Duplass, J. (2006). Middle and high school education: methods, standards and best practices. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Elliot, J. (2000). Action research in education. Morata, S. L.Farías, P., Iglesia, A., & Martín, M. (2006) Help in the teaching-learning and schooling process. Yearbook of the Faculty of Human Sciences. 2006/2007 http://www.biblioteca.unlpam.edu.ar/pubpdf/anuario_fch/n08a14farias.pdfFernandez , M. G. (2008, October). Improve the oral production of English as a foreign language students at the UABC-Tijuana language center. Retrieved from uabc repository:Felder, Richard & Brent, Rebecca. (2010). Effective strategies for cooperative learning. Journal of Cooperation and Collaboration in College Teaching. 10.Fonseca, S., Correa, A., Pineda, M. and Lemus, F. (2.011). Oral and Written Communication. First Education, Mexico.Frost, D. (2002). Principles of the action-research cycle. In: Ritchie, R. idr. (ed.), Action Research: A Guide for Teachers. Hot topics in primary education. Birmingham: National Primary Trust.Garavito Pulido, D.M. (2014). Didactic Strategy for the Improvement of Oral Expression. Retrieved from Unilibre repository: https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10901/10193/TESIS%20JURADO%2 0LECTOR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGomes, R. (2003) Analysis of data in research. In: Social research. Buenos Aires: Lugar editorial S., 2003. p. 55.González, D. (2006). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Repository. Retrieved from http://javeriana.edu.co/biblos/tesis/comunicacion/tesis471.pdfHanson-Smith, E., & Rilling, S. (2006). Language learning through technologies. Virginia: TESOL.Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education.Hernández, D. G., & Franco, E.M. (2010). Proposal of strategies to improve the learning of English in adolescent students. MEMORIES OF THE VI FORUM OF STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES (FEL 2010).Herianto, And. (2017). The effect of learning strategy, achievement motivation, and learning ability toward learning outcomes in the PMPIPS-SD course at PGS. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences,4(5), 1-11Hymes, D. (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social life. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston.Lozano, F., & Tamez, L. (2014). Formative feedback for distance education students.Legutke, M. (2012). The Cambridge guide to: Pedagogy and practice in second language teaching, Cambridge University Press. RIED vol. 17 No. 2 pgs. 197-221 https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3314/331431248010.pdfMartínez L. (2006) Comunicación y Lenguaje Competencia Comunicativa, Centro Editorial Universidad delRosario.McKernan, J. Research and curriculum. 2nd ed. Madrid: Ediciones Morata, 2001Martínez, L. (2007). Observation and field diary in the definition of a research topic. Magazine profiles liberators, 4(80), 73-80.McKeachie, W. J. (2007). Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers (11th ed.); Houghton Mifflin: Boston, mA, 2002men. (July 02, 2013). Single Regulatory Information System. Retrieved from LAW 1651 OF 2013: http://www.suinjuriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1685875Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nunan, D. (2003). Practical teaching of the English language. Boston: McGraw HillOkyay, P., & Ergin, F. (2012). Physical growth and development in adolescence period. In Eskin M & et.al (Ed.), Youth in Turkey (p. 3-52). Ankara: Turkey association of child and adolescent psychiatry.Ortiz, I. (2013). The importance of the English language in education. The New Journal. Managua, Nicaragua. Available in: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/desde-la- u/305910-importancia-idiomaingles-educacion/Pacheco, I.M.; Rozo, L.M. & Suárez, E. (2011). Role of cooperative learning strategies in developing the speaking skills of 5th graders at George Washington School. Retrieved from https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/lic_lenguas/330Palfrey, J.; Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. New York: Basic Books.Papalia D.; Olds, S.; Feldman, R. (2001). Human Development. 8th edition. Mexico: Ed. Mc Graw Hill. Chap. 11 pp. 409-417 and 12 pp. 463-479.Pérez, R., Góngora, A., and Valdés, I. (2020):"El desarrollo de la expresión oral en la formación de profesores de inglés mediante tareas", Revista Atlante: Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo (July 2020). Online: https://www.eumed.net/rev/atlante/2020/07/formacion-profesores-ingles.pdfPozo, E., Domínguez, M., Gener, A., & Zayas, L. (2006) Development of oral English skills for nursing and medical students. rev. Medical Sciences v.10 n.2 Pinar del Río Mayo- ago. 2006. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-31942006000200003Ramírez, Z., & Chacón, C. (2007) The argumentation written in the textbooks: definition and purposes. Educere. Refereed research. No. 37. Year 11 No. April - May – June 2007.ULA. Merida Venezuela.Rapoport, R. (1970). Three dilemmas in action-research. Human Relations.Richards, J.C. (1983). Listening comprehension: Focus, design, procedure. TESOL.Rueda, S. (2015). Leveling as a methodological strategy in english learning and its influence on the development of oral skills. Retrieved from Rioja International University Repository: https://reunir.unir.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3300/RUEDA%20%20GARCIA%2C %20SARA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=ySampieri, R. (2006). The process of qualitative research. In Research Methodology (p. 562). Mexico City: Mcgraw-Hill.Schmitt, N. (2008). Learning instructed of the vocabulary of the second language. Language Teaching Research, 12(3), 329-363.Schmitt, N., and CarTer, R. (2000). The lexical advantages of narrow reading for second language students. TESOL Journal, 9(1), 4-9.Secretary of District Education. (2009). Obtained from final government audit report with a comprehensive approach – special modality evaluation of the improvement plan, articulation of secondary education with higher education, specialized secondary education, bilingual Bogotá project, snacks, allocation of quotas.Singh, Dr. Yash and Agrawal, Anju. (2011). Introduction to Cooperative Learning. Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN: - 2230-7850. 1.Shipman D., Roa M., Hooten J., et al. Use of the analytical rubric as an assessment tool in nursing education: The positive and the negative. Nurse Education Today, 32 (3) (2012), pp. 246–249Suaza Mena, M. I. (2014). Proposal based on the speaking model: development of oral production. Amazonia Investiga, 18.teachingStrauss, A and Corbin, J. (2002). Bases of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing an informed theory. Colombia: University of Antioquia.Tarvin, L. (2014). Communicative Competence: Its Definition, Connection with Teaching, and Relationship with Interactional Competence. University of Missouri.Taylor, S. J., & B. (1984). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: AGuidebook and Resource.Teppa, S. (2006). Ivestigacion – Accion Participativa en la praxis pedagogica diaria. Editoial academica espanola.Torres, M., Salazar, F. G., & Paz, K. (2019). 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Strengthening the students’ speaking skill of the 1B level from the extension courses at Libre University through the cooperative learning strategy.

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