Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3
The present work reports the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of a material composed of kaolin, diatomite and calcium carbonate reinforcement (CaCO3). The ceramic prototypes were shaped by the slip casting method and sintered at temperatures between 800 °C and 1100 °C. The morpholo...
- Autores:
-
ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, KAROL LIZETH
Vera López, Enrique
FONSECA PÁEZ, LUIS ALEJANDRO
Peña Rodriguez, Gabriel
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1440
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1440
https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.77450
- Palabra clave:
- composite material
ceramic membranes
mechanical properties
kaolin clays
SEM
materiales compuestos
membranas cerámicas
propiedades mecánicas
arcillas caolinitas
MEB
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv |
Microestructura, propiedades físicas y mecánicas del compuesto caolín-diatomita reforzado con CaCO3 |
| title |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| spellingShingle |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 composite material ceramic membranes mechanical properties kaolin clays SEM materiales compuestos membranas cerámicas propiedades mecánicas arcillas caolinitas MEB |
| title_short |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| title_full |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| title_fullStr |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
| title_sort |
Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3 |
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ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, KAROL LIZETH Vera López, Enrique FONSECA PÁEZ, LUIS ALEJANDRO Peña Rodriguez, Gabriel |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, KAROL LIZETH Vera López, Enrique FONSECA PÁEZ, LUIS ALEJANDRO Peña Rodriguez, Gabriel |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
composite material ceramic membranes mechanical properties kaolin clays SEM |
| topic |
composite material ceramic membranes mechanical properties kaolin clays SEM materiales compuestos membranas cerámicas propiedades mecánicas arcillas caolinitas MEB |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
materiales compuestos membranas cerámicas propiedades mecánicas arcillas caolinitas MEB |
| description |
The present work reports the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of a material composed of kaolin, diatomite and calcium carbonate reinforcement (CaCO3). The ceramic prototypes were shaped by the slip casting method and sintered at temperatures between 800 °C and 1100 °C. The morphology and average pore size was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the mineralogical phases were determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The apparent density was established by the mercury immersion method according to the E – 8B Standard of the Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC); the percentage of absorption was determined by the boiling method according to ISO 10545-3 standard; linear contraction was studied in three directions: long, wide and high. The study of the mechanical resistance to compression followed the procedure established at ASTM C773–88 standard and the breaking modulus was calculated by the three-point bending test, according to ISO 10545–4. Results show that the material structure is affected with increasing temperature reporting a decrease in quartz phase from 51.16 % to 33.81 %. Percentage of absorption revealed its most significant variation between 950 °C and 1100 °C with a decrease of 21 % approximately. Mechanical resistance values showed wide dispersion which was attributed to the different orientations in which the material failed during each test. According to the pore diameters found, the compound is characterized by being macro and mesoporous facilitating its application in catalysis, photochemistry, microelectronics and other microfiltration media |
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2019 |
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2019-07-01 |
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2021-11-25T22:04:19Z |
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2021-11-25T22:04:19Z |
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ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, K. L., VERA LÓPEZ, E., FONSECA PÁEZ, L. A., & PEÑA RODRÍGUEZ, G. (2019). Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin–diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3•. DYNA, 86(210), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.77450 |
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openAccess |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, KAROL LIZETHb5fffeb107529d0c27092bdb075e0d74600Vera López, Enrique62ea7ee84bb14ffebacc75f0745d92b7600FONSECA PÁEZ, LUIS ALEJANDRO272286f11b761aada12f177fbc36073a600Peña Rodriguez, Gabriel4eaba0408a3f49f82929dc957fa8eee16002021-11-25T22:04:19Z2021-11-25T22:04:19Z2019-07-01http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1440https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.77450The present work reports the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of a material composed of kaolin, diatomite and calcium carbonate reinforcement (CaCO3). The ceramic prototypes were shaped by the slip casting method and sintered at temperatures between 800 °C and 1100 °C. The morphology and average pore size was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the mineralogical phases were determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The apparent density was established by the mercury immersion method according to the E – 8B Standard of the Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC); the percentage of absorption was determined by the boiling method according to ISO 10545-3 standard; linear contraction was studied in three directions: long, wide and high. The study of the mechanical resistance to compression followed the procedure established at ASTM C773–88 standard and the breaking modulus was calculated by the three-point bending test, according to ISO 10545–4. Results show that the material structure is affected with increasing temperature reporting a decrease in quartz phase from 51.16 % to 33.81 %. Percentage of absorption revealed its most significant variation between 950 °C and 1100 °C with a decrease of 21 % approximately. Mechanical resistance values showed wide dispersion which was attributed to the different orientations in which the material failed during each test. According to the pore diameters found, the compound is characterized by being macro and mesoporous facilitating its application in catalysis, photochemistry, microelectronics and other microfiltration mediaEl presente trabajo reporta la microestructura, propiedades físicas y mecánicas de un material compuesto de caolín, diatomita y refuerzo de carbonato de calcio (CaCO3). Los prototipos cerámicos se conformaron por el método de slip casting o colado y se sinterizaron a temperaturas entre 800 °C y 1100 °C. La morfología y tamaño promedio de poro se analizó mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB) y las fases mineralógicas se determinaron por Difracción de Rayos X (DRX). La densidad aparente se estableció por el método de inmersión en mercurio de acuerdo a la Norma E – 8B del Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica (ITC); el porcentaje de absorción se determinó por el método de ebullición según la norma ISO 10545–3; la contracción lineal se estudió en tres direcciones: largo, ancho y alto. El estudio de la resistencia mecánica a la compresión siguió el procedimiento establecido en la norma ASTM C773–88 y el módulo de rotura se calculó por el ensayo de flexión a tres puntos, según norma ISO 10545–4. Los resultados revelan que el aumento de temperatura afecta la estructura del material, reportando una disminución de la fase cuarzo de 51.16 % a 33.81 %. La variación más significativa del porcentaje de absorción se presentó entre 950 °C y 1100 °C con una disminución de 21 % aproximadamente. Los valores de resistencia mecánica mostraron una amplia dispersión, la cual se atribuyó a las distintas orientaciones en las que el material falló durante cada ensayo. De acuerdo a los diámetros de poros encontrados, el compuesto se caracteriza por ser macro y mesoporoso facilitando su aplicación en catálisis, fotoquímica, microelectrónica y otros medios microfiltrantes.application/pdfspaDYNADYNAVol.86 No.210.(2019)332210 (2019)32386ROA BOHÓRQUEZ, K. L., VERA LÓPEZ, E., FONSECA PÁEZ, L. A., & PEÑA RODRÍGUEZ, G. (2019). Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin–diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3•. DYNA, 86(210), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.77450DYNAEsta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/dyna/article/view/77450Microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of kaolin - diatomite composite reinforced with CaCO3Microestructura, propiedades físicas y mecánicas del compuesto caolín-diatomita reforzado con CaCO3Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85composite materialceramic membranesmechanical propertieskaolin claysSEMmateriales compuestosmembranas cerámicaspropiedades mecánicasarcillas caolinitasMEBFerrer, M., Peña, G. y Dulce, H., Construcción y caracterización de cerámicas porosas a partir de espumas de poliuretano y barbotinas de arcillas rojas. Revista Colombiana de Física, [en línea]. 43(2), pp. 446-450, 2011. Disponible en: http://revcolfis.org/ojs/index.php/rcf/Fonseca, L., Trujillo, E. y Peña, G., Tortuosidad y permeabilidad de materiales cerámicos mesoporosos de caolín y diatomita. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 18(2), pp. 111-118, 2018. DOI: 10.18273/revuin.v18n1-2019009Rosa, D., Salvini, V. and Pandolfelli, V., Processamento e avaliação das propriedades de tubos cerâmicos porosos para microfiltração de emulsões. Cerâmica, 52(322), pp. 167-171, 2006. DOI: 10.1590/s0366-69132006000200008Danil-de Namor, A., El Gamouz, A., Frangie, S., Martinez, V., Valiente, L. and Webb, O., Turning the volume down on heavy metals using tuned diatomite. A review of diatomite and modified diatomite for the extraction of heavy metals from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 14-31, pp. 241-242, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.030Ha, J., Oh, E. and Song, I., The fabrication and characterization of sintered diatomite for potential microfiltration applications. Ceramics International, 39(7), pp. 7641-7648, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.02.102Ha, J., Oh, E., Bae, B. and Song, I., The effect of kaolin addition on the characteristics of a sintered diatomite composite support layer for potential microfiltration applications. Ceramics International, 39(8), pp. 8955-8962, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.092Hubadillah, S., Othman, M., Matsuura, T., Ismail, A., Rahman, M. and Harun, Z., Fabrications and applications of low cost ceramic membrane from kaolin: A comprehensive review. Ceramics International, 44(5), pp. 4538-4560, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.215Vafai, K., Lage, J. and Narasimhan, A., Handbook of Porous Media. Abingdon: CRC Press, 2000.Huang, S., Huang, C., Lu, S. and Chou, K., Ceramic/polyaniline composite porous membranes. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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