Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media
Determining the constitutive properties that describe the incipient hydraulic behavior of the materials, including the matrix domains and the distribution of macro and micropores, is crucial to analyzing the preferential water flow in saturated soils, ks, and unsaturated, ku. This study focused on d...
- Autores:
-
Piero Rojas, Jhan
Ruge, Juan Carlos
Carrillo, Gustavo Adolfo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6524
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6524
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189058
- Palabra clave:
- unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
permeability
suction
diatomaceous soils
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2022 by the authors.
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media unsaturated hydraulic conductivity permeability suction diatomaceous soils |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
| title_full |
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media |
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Piero Rojas, Jhan Ruge, Juan Carlos Carrillo, Gustavo Adolfo |
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Piero Rojas, Jhan Ruge, Juan Carlos Carrillo, Gustavo Adolfo |
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Applied Sciences |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
unsaturated hydraulic conductivity permeability suction diatomaceous soils |
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unsaturated hydraulic conductivity permeability suction diatomaceous soils |
| description |
Determining the constitutive properties that describe the incipient hydraulic behavior of the materials, including the matrix domains and the distribution of macro and micropores, is crucial to analyzing the preferential water flow in saturated soils, ks, and unsaturated, ku. This study focused on determining the hydraulic conductivity in porous media under total and partial saturation conditions. The infiltration characteristics of three reconstituted soils were evaluated using five suction ranges employing conventional permeameters, an automated dual system, and mini-disk infiltrometers. The experimental cycles were carried out in granular soils with mixtures of diatomaceous soils, iron oxide (Fe2O3 ), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) in 5–40% proportions. The differences between the granular microstructures of each material and the different hydraulic interaction mechanisms (suctione levels) significantly affected the values of ks and ku and the coupling between the pore domains and the defined water regime. Additionally, a lower impact was observed in the data set exposed to higher percentages of Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in different suction ranges, mainly due to a tension effect (meniscus) generated by suction in the granular skeleton. Since both parameters are mutually correlated and have a similar impact between methods and soil cores, ks and ku must be optimized simultaneously in each mechanism analyzed. The main findings of this work result in the confirmation that the unsaturated permeability decreases as suction is imposed on the sample. As well as the addition of different materials with Particle Size Distribution finer than the base sample, it also reveals a reduction in hydraulic conductivity, both saturated and unsaturated. |
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2022 |
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2022-11-17T21:02:07Z |
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2022-09-09 |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189058 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6524 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189058 |
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eng |
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Applied Sciences |
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vol. 12 No° 18 [2022] |
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13 |
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: Rojas, J.P.; Ruge, J.C.; Carrillo, G.A. Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ app12189058 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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© 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Piero Rojas, Jhan4d6d222ad831ddb0466f694a6ad71757Ruge, Juan Carlos1b6b666b9b90227568724386a6cfe01bCarrillo, Gustavo Adolfo7a64cc427cec5f93d3fa26e0b753bcdfApplied Sciences2022-11-17T21:02:07Z2022-11-17T21:02:07Z2022-09-09https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6524https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189058Determining the constitutive properties that describe the incipient hydraulic behavior of the materials, including the matrix domains and the distribution of macro and micropores, is crucial to analyzing the preferential water flow in saturated soils, ks, and unsaturated, ku. This study focused on determining the hydraulic conductivity in porous media under total and partial saturation conditions. The infiltration characteristics of three reconstituted soils were evaluated using five suction ranges employing conventional permeameters, an automated dual system, and mini-disk infiltrometers. The experimental cycles were carried out in granular soils with mixtures of diatomaceous soils, iron oxide (Fe2O3 ), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) in 5–40% proportions. The differences between the granular microstructures of each material and the different hydraulic interaction mechanisms (suctione levels) significantly affected the values of ks and ku and the coupling between the pore domains and the defined water regime. Additionally, a lower impact was observed in the data set exposed to higher percentages of Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in different suction ranges, mainly due to a tension effect (meniscus) generated by suction in the granular skeleton. Since both parameters are mutually correlated and have a similar impact between methods and soil cores, ks and ku must be optimized simultaneously in each mechanism analyzed. The main findings of this work result in the confirmation that the unsaturated permeability decreases as suction is imposed on the sample. As well as the addition of different materials with Particle Size Distribution finer than the base sample, it also reveals a reduction in hydraulic conductivity, both saturated and unsaturated.13application/pdfengApplied SciencesSuizaApplied Sciencesvol. 12 No° 18 [2022]1318[2022]112: Rojas, J.P.; Ruge, J.C.; Carrillo, G.A. Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ app12189058Applied Sciences© 2022 by the authors.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85138602423&doi=10.3390%2fapp12189058&origin=inward&txGid=9897a8a8302b67f7fb75c898285ccb97Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous MediaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85unsaturated hydraulic conductivitypermeabilitysuctiondiatomaceous soilsDurner, W.; Flühler, H. Soil Hydraulic Properties. In Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences; Wiley Online Library: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2006; Volume HS077, pp. 1–32.Hunt, A.G.; Ghanbarian, B.; Saville, K.C. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity modeling for porous media with two fractal regimes. Geoderma 2013, 207, 268–278.Brooks, R.; Corey, A. Hydraulic properties of porous media. In Hydrology Papers 3; Colorado State University: Fort Collins, CO, USA, 1964; pp. 1–27.van Genuchten, M. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1980, 8, 892–898.Fredlund, D.G.; Xing, A. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Can. Geotech. J. 1994, 31, 512–532.Gallage, C.; Kodikara, J.; Uchimura, T. Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes. Soils Found. 2013, 53, 417–430Hall, K.D. Comparison of falling-head and constant-head techniques: Estimating field permeability of hot-mix asphalt pavements. Transp. Res. Rec. 2004, 1891, 23–31.. Andres-Valeri, V.C.; Juli-Gandara, L.; Jato-Espino, D.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. 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J. 1971, 35, 3–8.Durner, W. Hydraulic conductivity estimation for soils with heterogeneous pore structure. Water Resour. Res. 1994, 30, 211–223Arya, L.M.; Leij, F.J.; Shouse, P.J.; Van Genuchten, M.T. Relationship between the hydraulic conductivity function and the particle-size distribution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1999, 3, 1063–1070.Fredlund, M.D.; Wilson, G.W.; Fredlund, D.G. Use of the grain-size distribution for estimation of the soil-water characteristic curve. Can. Geotech. J. 2002, 39, 1103–1117.Chapuis, R.P. Estimating the in-situ porosity of sandy soils sampled in boreholes. Eng. Geol. 2012, 141, 57–64.Klute, A. The determination of the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. 1972, 113, 264–276Baker, F.G.; Veneman, P.L.; Bouma, J. Limitations of the instantaneous profile method for field measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1974, 38, 885–888.Fredlund, D.G.; Xing, A.; Huang, S. 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Four methods to determine sorptivity and conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 1272–1284.Zhang, R. Infiltration models for the disk infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1997, 61, 1597–1603.Schacht, K.; Marschner, B. Treated wastewater irrigation effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability of loamy soils in Israel. J. Hydrol. Hydromech. 2015, 63, 47–54Gadi, V.K.; Tang, Y.R.; Das, A.; Monga, C.; Garg, A.; Berretta, C.; Sahoo, L. Spatial and temporal variation of hydraulic conductivity and vegetation growth in green infrastructures using infiltrometer and visual technique. Catena 2017, 155, 20–29.Warrick, A.W. Models for disc infiltrometers. Water Resour. Res. 1992, 28, 1319–1327.Haverkamp, R.; Ross, P.J.; Smettem, K.R.J.; Parlange, J.Y. Three-dimensional analysis of infiltration from the disc infiltrometer: 2. Physically based infiltration equation. Water Resour. Res. 1994, 30, 2931–2935.Palomino, A.; Kim, S.; Summit, A.; Frata, D. 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Beuth Verlag GmbH: Berlin, Germany, 1998.DIN 18130; Foundation Ground: Investigation of Soil Samples; Determination of the Hydraulic Conductivity—Part 1. Beuth Verlag GmbH: Berlin, Germany, 1998.Klute, A.; Dirksen, C. Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. Methods Soil Anal. Part 1 Phys. Miner. Methods 1986, 5, 687–734.Dirksen, C. Soil Physics Measurements; Catena Verlag: Reiskirchen, Germany, 1999.Zhang, R. Determination of soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity from the disk infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1997, 61, 1024–1030.Carsel, R.F.; Parrish, R.S. Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics. Water Resour. Res. 1988, 24, 755–769.Dane, J.H.; Topp, G.C. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 4—Physical Methods; Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA, 2002. 53. Terzaghi, K.; Peck, R.B. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1948.Lambe, T.W.; Lambe, R.V. Soil Mechanics; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA; MIT: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1991. Kenney, T.C.; Lau, D.; Ofoegbu, G.I. Permeability of compacted granular materials. Can. Geotech. J. 1984, 21, 726–729.. Ahmed, A.; Hossain, S. Field Determination of Unsaturated Permeability and Flow Properties through Subgrade Instrumentation. Geosciences 2022, 12, 95.Fattah, M.; Mahmood, A.; Nawar, A. Prediction of Coefficient of Permeability of Unsaturated Soil. J. Eng. 2014, 20, 33–48.Kai, L.; Xu, L.; Stroeven, P.; Shi, C. Water permeability of unsaturated cementitious materials: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 302, 124168.Mualem, Y. Anisotropy of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1984, 48, 505–509.Dabney, S.M.; Selim, H.M. Anisotropy of a fragipan soil: Vertical vs. horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1987, 51, 3–6.Bronswijk, J.J.B. Shrinkage geometry of a heavy clay soil at various stresses. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1990, 54, 1500–1502.Pagliai, M.; Vignozzi, N.; Pellegrini, S. Soil Structure and the effect of management practices. Soil Tillage Res. 2004, 79, 131–143.Dörner, J.; Horn, R. Anisotropy of pore functions in structured Stagnic Luvisols in the Weichselian moraine region in N. Germany. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2006, 169, 213–220.Peng, X.; Horn, R. Anisotropic shrinkage and swelling of some organic and inorganic soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2007, 58, 98–107.Peng, X.; Horn, R. Time-dependent, anisotropic pore structure and soil strength in a 10-year period after intensive tractor wheeling under conservation and conventional tillage. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2008, 171, 936–944.Zhou, C.; Chen, R. Modelling the water retention behaviour of anisotropic soils. J. Hydrol. 2021, 599, 126361.Gutierrez, H.; de la Vara, R. Analisis y Diseño de Experimentos, 3rd ed.; McGrawHill: Mexico City, Mexico, 2012.Nazari, S.; Hassanlourad, E.; Chavoshi, E.; Mirzaii, A. Experimental Investigation of Unsaturated Silt-Sand Soil Permeability. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018, 2018, 4946956.Galvis-Velasco, L.C.; Ruge, J.C.; Galvis-Salamanca, L.C.; Pulgarín-Morales, L.; Bastidas-Martínez, J.G.; Olarte, M.C. Permeability measurement in porous media under unsaturated paths. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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