Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics

In this paper, the effects of some empirical scale up criteria (Reynold´s number and Impeller power per bioreactor volume) on gas-liquid mass transfer and microbial growth rates are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics simulations in a stirred tank bioreactor. The effects of turbulence, fluid...

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Autores:
Gelves, German
Niño, Lilibeth
Hernandez, S
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1496
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1496
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
spellingShingle Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title_short Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title_full Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title_fullStr Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title_full_unstemmed Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
title_sort Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gelves, German
Niño, Lilibeth
Hernandez, S
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gelves, German
Niño, Lilibeth
Hernandez, S
description In this paper, the effects of some empirical scale up criteria (Reynold´s number and Impeller power per bioreactor volume) on gas-liquid mass transfer and microbial growth rates are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics simulations in a stirred tank bioreactor. The effects of turbulence, fluid flow and bubbles dynamics were simulated by using a two equation turbulence model, a multiple reference frame and a population balance, respectively. The impeller power per bioreactor volume scale up criterion showed better microbial growth rates than Reynold´s number scale up criterion. However, high cellular damage due to turbulence in animal cell culturing are still challenges in large scale up bioreactor prototyping.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-27T16:42:09Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-27T16:42:09Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1496
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109
url http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1496
identifier_str_mv 10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 6, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 1655, 012109 (2020)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 6
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 1655
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Hernandez, S., Niño, L. y Gelves, G. (2020). Simulating of microbial growth scale up in a stirred tank bioreactor for aerobic processes using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655, Artículo 012109. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics: Conference Series
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 6 páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics: Conference Series
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Reino Unido
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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spelling Gelves, German7446587450ae5fc4984fae3331a66538600Niño, Lilibethfe424d07e145b419adb1d1597b49fd4f600Hernandez, Sbdea92a607dc1cf76e3f9ed0927588aa2021-11-27T16:42:09Z2021-11-27T16:42:09Z2020-11-04http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/149610.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109In this paper, the effects of some empirical scale up criteria (Reynold´s number and Impeller power per bioreactor volume) on gas-liquid mass transfer and microbial growth rates are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics simulations in a stirred tank bioreactor. The effects of turbulence, fluid flow and bubbles dynamics were simulated by using a two equation turbulence model, a multiple reference frame and a population balance, respectively. The impeller power per bioreactor volume scale up criterion showed better microbial growth rates than Reynold´s number scale up criterion. However, high cellular damage due to turbulence in animal cell culturing are still challenges in large scale up bioreactor prototyping.6 páginasapplication/pdfengJournal of Physics: Conference SeriesReino UnidoJournal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 6, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109Vol. 1655, 012109 (2020)611655Hernandez, S., Niño, L. y Gelves, G. (2020). Simulating of microbial growth scale up in a stirred tank bioreactor for aerobic processes using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655, Artículo 012109. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109Journal of Physics: Conference SeriesContent from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltdinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012109Simulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid DynamicsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Niño L, Gelves R, Ali H, Solsvik J and Jakobsen H 2019 Applicability of a modified breakage and coalescence model based on the complete turbulence spectrum concept for CFD simulation of gas-liquid mass transfer in a stirred tank reactor Chemical Engineering Science 211 1Gelves R, Benavides A and Quintero J C F D 2013 prediction of hydrodynamic behavior in the scale-up of a stirred tank reactor for aerobic processes Ingeniare Revista Chilena de ingeniería 21 347Gelves G 2020 Simulating hydrodynamics in a Rushton turbine at different stirring velocities applied to non-Newtonian fluids Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1587 012012Rutherford K, Lee, Mahmoudi K and Yianneskis M 1996 Hydrodynamic characteristics of dual Rushton impeller stirred vessels American Intitute of Chemical Engineering 42 332Kerdouss F, Bannari A, Proulx P, Bannari R, Skrga M and Labrecque Y 2012 Two-phase mass transfer coefficient prediction in a stirred vessel with a CFD model Computers and Chemical Engineering 32 1943Luo J, Issaand R and Gosman A 1994 Prediction of impeller induced flow in mixing vessels using multiple frames of reference Chemical Engineering Symposium Series. Institution of Chemical Engineers 136 549Micale G, Brucato and A Grisafi F 1999 Prediction of flow fields in a dual-impeller stirred tank American Intitute of Chemical Engineering 45(3) 445Tabor A, Gosman G and Issa R 1996 Numerical simulation of the flow in a mixing vessel stirred by a Rushton Turbine American Intitute of Chemical Engineering Symposium Series 140 25Solsvik J and Jakobsen H 2016 A review of the statistical turbulence theory required extending the population balance closure models to the entire spectrum of turbulence American Intitute of Chemical Engineering 62(5) 1795ORIGINALSimulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid Dynamics.pdfSimulating of Microbial Growth Scale Up in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Aerobic Processes using Computational Fluid 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
