Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context
Science education should promote the development of competent students in science and develop their interest in science; however, although the role and relevance of science within society is evident; the interest towards it is not conscious, being the negative attitudes of the students the main prob...
- Autores:
-
Hernánez-Suarez, C A
Gamboa-Suárez, A A
Suarez, O J
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6634
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6634
- Palabra clave:
- Employment
Colombia
Colombians
Educational institutions
High school students
Higher School
Learning process
Likert scale
Research designs
Science education
Students
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context Employment Colombia Colombians Educational institutions High school students Higher School Learning process Likert scale Research designs Science education Students |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Attitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian context |
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Hernánez-Suarez, C A Gamboa-Suárez, A A Suarez, O J |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Hernánez-Suarez, C A Gamboa-Suárez, A A Suarez, O J |
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Employment Colombia Colombians Educational institutions High school students Higher School Learning process Likert scale Research designs Science education Students |
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Employment Colombia Colombians Educational institutions High school students Higher School Learning process Likert scale Research designs Science education Students |
| description |
Science education should promote the development of competent students in science and develop their interest in science; however, although the role and relevance of science within society is evident; the interest towards it is not conscious, being the negative attitudes of the students the main problem in the teaching of physics, which translates into a deficient knowledge and lack of scientific vocation. This report aims to diagnose the attitudes of students in high school physics courses. The study was developed through a non-experimental, descriptive research design, obtained from the application of a Likert scale that evaluates attitudes towards physics, adapted and validated to the context of students in an educational institution in Colombia. The results indicate that the attitudes of the students are slightly favorable, which is an empirical precedent to continue with the studies on attitudes towards physic. This should be considered to enhance the learning processes in these students, especially for those who have their first approach to physical concepts and give importance to attitudes when teaching. |
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2021 |
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2022-12-04T23:37:30Z |
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2118 |
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1 |
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series |
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© Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. |
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openAccess |
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Hernánez-Suarez, C A27283b99020a404396af66ba934e8a50Gamboa-Suárez, A Ab6358892d8f49485bec3c91c27842f52Suarez, O J9e806aa3bbeb5cfbd73ce15c557adc902022-12-04T23:37:30Z2022-12-04T23:37:30Z2021-09-0317426588https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6634Science education should promote the development of competent students in science and develop their interest in science; however, although the role and relevance of science within society is evident; the interest towards it is not conscious, being the negative attitudes of the students the main problem in the teaching of physics, which translates into a deficient knowledge and lack of scientific vocation. This report aims to diagnose the attitudes of students in high school physics courses. The study was developed through a non-experimental, descriptive research design, obtained from the application of a Likert scale that evaluates attitudes towards physics, adapted and validated to the context of students in an educational institution in Colombia. The results indicate that the attitudes of the students are slightly favorable, which is an empirical precedent to continue with the studies on attitudes towards physic. This should be considered to enhance the learning processes in these students, especially for those who have their first approach to physical concepts and give importance to attitudes when teaching.application/pdfeng© Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2118/1/012019/pdfAttitudes towards physics. A study with high school students from the Colombian contextArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85211812021Journal of Physics: Conference SeriesEmploymentColombiaColombiansEducational institutionsHigh school studentsHigher SchoolLearning processLikert scaleResearch designsScience educationStudentsMatus M 2013 Actitud hacia la ciencia en estudiantes de una universidad estatal de Valparaíso Revista de Psicología 2(4) 57Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico 2008 Informe PISA 2006. Competencias Científicas para el Mundo del Mañana (Madrid: Santillana)Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico 2006 Evaluación de la Competencia Científica, Lectora y Matemática: Un Marco Teórico para PISA 2006 (Madrid: INECSE/MEC)García-Ruíz M, Sánchez B 2006 Las actitudes relacionadas con las ciencias naturales y sus repercusiones en la práctica docente de profesores de primaria Perfiles Educativos 28(114) 61Garritz A 2009 La afectividad en la enseñanza de la ciencia Educación Química 20(Supl. 1) 212Ojeda E, Delgado C, Ascanio A, Pérez M E 2011 Emociones: su impacto en la modificación de concepciones de docentes en formación en educación integral del Instituto Pedagógico de Caracas Revista de Investigación 35(74) 139Cervantes R D, Reséndiz E, Correa S 2019 Análisis de los componentes actitudinales hacia la ciencia en maestros participantes en el programa de enseñanza de la ciencia Innovación en Enfoques de Contextos Escolarizados ed Reséndiz E, Cappello H M, García H M (Ciudad de México: Colofón)Ruiz F J 2007 Modelos didácticos para la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos 3(2) 41Solbes J, Montserrat R, Furió C 2007 Desinterés del alumnado hacia el aprendizaje de la ciencia: implicaciones en su enseñanza Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales (21) 91Torres M 2010 La enseñanza tradicional de las ciencias versus las nuevas tendencias educativas Revista Electrónica Educare 14(1) 131Jurado F 2019 Retos para la transición entre la educación media, la educación posmedia y la educación superior Ruta Maestra 27 136Ministerio de Educación Nacional 2004 Estándares Básicos de Competencias en Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Sociales (Bogotá: Ministerio de Educación Nacional)Parra H, Santos R 2014 Actitud de los Estudiantes Hacia el Aprendizaje de la Física en el Tercer Año de Educación Media General. Caso: Unidad Educativa Casa Don Bosco del Municipio Naguanagua. Año Escolar 2013-2014 (Naguanagua: Universidad de Carabobo)Tecpan S, Zavala G 2015 Actitudes de profesores de Física de secundaria sobre ciencia, tecnología y sociedad Lat. Am. J. Phys. Educ. 9(1) S1202:1Gómez A G 2011 Las Actitudes Hacia la Clase de Física del Estudiantado de Secundaria; un Estudio Exploratorio Descriptivo en Instituciones Educativas de Santiago y Concepción (Concepción: Universidad de Concepción)Boixaderas N, De la Vila J,Sanmartí N 1990 Test de Actitudes Relacionadas con la Asignatura de Física y Química (Barcelona: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona)Munoz D, Quintanilla M R, Manzanilla M A 2019 Construcción y validación preliminar de un instrumento de evaluación de actitudes hacia la clase de química para estudiantes de educación secundaria Educación Química 30(1) 121Hernández R, Fernández, C Baptista M P 2010 Metodología de la Investigación (México; Mc Graw Hill)Pinto F 2015 Un estudio de las actitudes hacia la física de los estudiantes cursantes del quinto año de educación media general mención ciencias de los liceos públicos y privados municipio Naguanagua ARJÉ Revista de Postgrado FACE-UC 9(16) 103Arandia E, Zuza K, Guisasola J 2016 Actitudes y motivaciones de los estudiantes de ciencias en Bachillerato y Universidad hacia el aprendizaje de la Física Revista Eureka Sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias 13(3) 558Guevara J C 2018 Actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios hacia el aprendizaje de la física Anales Científicos 79(1) 1Torres N, Bolívar A, Solbes J, Parada M 2018 Percepciones de estudiantes universitarios sobre su formación en física en educación secundaria Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica 21(2) 599Zeballos R M A 2019 Estudio de las Actitudes Hacia la Física y su Relación con el Rendimiento Académico de los Estudiantes de las Escuelas Profesionales de Ingenierías, Física y Facultad de Educación de la UNSA, 2017 (Arequipa: Universidad Nacional de San Agustín)Prada R, Hernández C A, Gamboa A A 2021 Active learning, and knowledge in physics: a reading from classroom work Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1981(1) 012007:1Santana J L 2018 Ganancia en el aprendizaje del concepto de fuerza y cambio en las actitudes hacia la física en estudiantes de la escuela preparatoria de Tonalá Ciencia UAT 13(1) 65ORIGINALHernánez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019 (1).pdfHernánez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019 (1).pdfMain articleapplication/pdf545939https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6634/1/Hern%c3%a1nez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019%20%281%29.pdfe53ce22e8af543e8a2c968b81488e680MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6634/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTHernánez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019 (1).pdf.txtHernánez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019 (1).pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain23118https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6634/3/Hern%c3%a1nez-Suarez_2021_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2118_012019%20%281%29.pdf.txt977209fa4c332ae0c56bbf4527e34181MD53open 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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