Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia

The production of biofuels using wastewater as a microalgae culture medium is a little explored technology, but with potential for success. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these technologies and their technical feasibility for microalgae growth, in this work the Chlorella sp. strain was c...

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Autores:
Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
López Barrera, German Luciano
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6983
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6983
Palabra clave:
biofuel
Chlorella
lipids
microalgae
wastewater
Rights
openAccess
License
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
title Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
spellingShingle Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
biofuel
Chlorella
lipids
microalgae
wastewater
title_short Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
title_full Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
title_fullStr Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
title_sort Cultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
López Barrera, German Luciano
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres
Barajas Solano, andres F
García-Martinez, Janet
López Barrera, German Luciano
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv biofuel
Chlorella
lipids
microalgae
wastewater
topic biofuel
Chlorella
lipids
microalgae
wastewater
description The production of biofuels using wastewater as a microalgae culture medium is a little explored technology, but with potential for success. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these technologies and their technical feasibility for microalgae growth, in this work the Chlorella sp. strain was cultivated in two types of effluents generated in an experimental farm located in eastern Colombia, before and after a biological treatment process. The consumption of the main nutrients that regulate growth and lipid production was evaluated, in order to extract, quantify, characterize and convert them into biodiesel. The results showed that Chlorella sp. growth and lipid production is more favourable in R2 medium of treated water than in R1 medium of raw water, mainly due to phosphorus limitation and higher N-NO3 concentration in R2 compared to R1. In the R2 medium culture, a percentage of 42.54% of long-chain fatty acids was found, which is necessary to obtain a high quality biodiesel. Finally, the best transesterification experiment allowed reaching a fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) percentage of 90.1 ± 2.7%. In general, the results demonstrated the potential viability of using the wastewater generated in the San Pablo farm to produce biomass with lipid content to obtain biodiesel, finding that where the concentration of nutrients, mainly nitrogen, has a great influence on the microalgal metabolism for lipid accumulation.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-01
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-19T16:09:47Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-19T16:09:47Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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url https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6983
identifier_str_mv 10.24425/jwld.2021.138169
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT ISSN: 2083-4535, 2021 vol:50 fasc: págs: 141 - 149, DOI:10.24425/jwld.2021.138169
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol.50 No. (2021)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 149
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv (2021)
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 10 Páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Water and Land Development
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Polonia
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377630171_Cultivation_of_Chlorella_sp_for_biodiesel_production_using_two_farming_wastewaters_in_eastern_Colombia
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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spelling Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres3e8ce1897f5d9382bb88755e9ec9cb96600Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600García-Martinez, Janet80edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d600López Barrera, German Luciano332ac6b52127580d0633e118d7f54cb8600González-Delgado, Angel Darío0102ed6cc17aae314ed4ababae07d17c6002024-04-19T16:09:47Z2024-04-19T16:09:47Z2021-08-01https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/698310.24425/jwld.2021.138169The production of biofuels using wastewater as a microalgae culture medium is a little explored technology, but with potential for success. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these technologies and their technical feasibility for microalgae growth, in this work the Chlorella sp. strain was cultivated in two types of effluents generated in an experimental farm located in eastern Colombia, before and after a biological treatment process. The consumption of the main nutrients that regulate growth and lipid production was evaluated, in order to extract, quantify, characterize and convert them into biodiesel. The results showed that Chlorella sp. growth and lipid production is more favourable in R2 medium of treated water than in R1 medium of raw water, mainly due to phosphorus limitation and higher N-NO3 concentration in R2 compared to R1. In the R2 medium culture, a percentage of 42.54% of long-chain fatty acids was found, which is necessary to obtain a high quality biodiesel. Finally, the best transesterification experiment allowed reaching a fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) percentage of 90.1 ± 2.7%. In general, the results demonstrated the potential viability of using the wastewater generated in the San Pablo farm to produce biomass with lipid content to obtain biodiesel, finding that where the concentration of nutrients, mainly nitrogen, has a great influence on the microalgal metabolism for lipid accumulation.10 Páginasapplication/pdfengJournal of Water and Land DevelopmentPoloniaJOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT ISSN: 2083-4535, 2021 vol:50 fasc: págs: 141 - 149, DOI:10.24425/jwld.2021.138169Vol.50 No. (2021)149(2021)14150This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377630171_Cultivation_of_Chlorella_sp_for_biodiesel_production_using_two_farming_wastewaters_in_eastern_ColombiaCultivation of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production using two farming wastewaters in eastern ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85biofuelChlorellalipidsmicroalgaewastewaterALADE O.S., AMJED H., MOHAMED M., DHAFER A., ABDULAZIZ A. 2020. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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