Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is used by traditional medicine for human infection treatments such as gastric cancer, hypertension, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and hypocholesterolemia. However, the conventional production of Ganoderma in a solid phase on a large scale is costly and requi...
- Autores:
-
Gelves, German
Niño, Lilibeth
Araque, J
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1499
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1499
- Palabra clave:
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
spellingShingle |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title_short |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title_full |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title_fullStr |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title_full_unstemmed |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
title_sort |
Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Gelves, German Niño, Lilibeth Araque, J |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Gelves, German Niño, Lilibeth Araque, J |
description |
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is used by traditional medicine for human infection treatments such as gastric cancer, hypertension, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and hypocholesterolemia. However, the conventional production of Ganoderma in a solid phase on a large scale is costly and requires excessive processing times, which hinders its technical-economic viability. Based on the preceding, engineering studies are needed to predict their large-scale production, to identify the necessary industrial equipment and costs to propose strategies that reduce operating costs. The SuperPro Designer computational tool is a very versatile simulator used in a wide variety of industrial applications. That is why the purpose of this research is to evaluate the production of the Ganoderma lucidum fungus in large-scale growth culture from a computational approach. The latter, by performing simulations using SuperPro Designer software to identify process yields and propose improvements aimed at increasing productivity. The software was calibrated with experimental data reported from literature and different strategies were intended to determine the economic viability. It was found that the volume of the bioreactor significantly affects production costs compared to exopolysaccharides yields, obtaining values of 6.82 USD/g in a 2 m3 bioreactor while in a production volume of 20 m3 the costs are significantly reduced to 0.8 USD/g. The findings found here demonstrate the importance of predicting a large-scale bioprocess to improve the overall productivity of a biotechnological product. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-11-04 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-11-27T17:00:14Z |
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2021-11-27T17:00:14Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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eng |
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eng |
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 9, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077 |
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Vol. 1655, 012077 (2020) |
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9 |
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Araque, J., Niño, L. y Gelves, G. (2020). Industrial scale bioprocess simulation for ganoderma lucidum production using superpro designer. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655, Artículo 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077 |
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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openAccess |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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10 páginas |
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application/pdf |
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Reino Unido |
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https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077 |
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Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander |
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Gelves, German7446587450ae5fc4984fae3331a66538600Niño, Lilibethfe424d07e145b419adb1d1597b49fd4f600Araque, J598ecadc49b7622cfea040485ef5f1e82021-11-27T17:00:14Z2021-11-27T17:00:14Z2020-11-04http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1499The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is used by traditional medicine for human infection treatments such as gastric cancer, hypertension, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and hypocholesterolemia. However, the conventional production of Ganoderma in a solid phase on a large scale is costly and requires excessive processing times, which hinders its technical-economic viability. Based on the preceding, engineering studies are needed to predict their large-scale production, to identify the necessary industrial equipment and costs to propose strategies that reduce operating costs. The SuperPro Designer computational tool is a very versatile simulator used in a wide variety of industrial applications. That is why the purpose of this research is to evaluate the production of the Ganoderma lucidum fungus in large-scale growth culture from a computational approach. The latter, by performing simulations using SuperPro Designer software to identify process yields and propose improvements aimed at increasing productivity. The software was calibrated with experimental data reported from literature and different strategies were intended to determine the economic viability. It was found that the volume of the bioreactor significantly affects production costs compared to exopolysaccharides yields, obtaining values of 6.82 USD/g in a 2 m3 bioreactor while in a production volume of 20 m3 the costs are significantly reduced to 0.8 USD/g. The findings found here demonstrate the importance of predicting a large-scale bioprocess to improve the overall productivity of a biotechnological product.10 páginasapplication/pdfengJournal of Physics: Conference SeriesReino UnidoJournal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 9, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077Vol. 1655, 012077 (2020)911655Araque, J., Niño, L. y Gelves, G. (2020). Industrial scale bioprocess simulation for ganoderma lucidum production using superpro designer. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655, Artículo 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077Journal of Physics: Conference SeriesContent from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltdinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012077Industrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro DesignerArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Wan A, Mohtar Q, Latif N, Harvey M and McNeil B 2016 Production of exopolysaccharide by Ganoderma lucidum in a repeated-batch fermentation Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 6 91Torres M, Quintero C and Atehortua L 2011 Effect of nutrients in the biomass production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 13(1) 1039Chen H, Yan M, Zhu J and Xu X 2011 Enhancement of exopolysaccharide production and antioxidant activity in submerged cultures of Inonotus obliquus by lignocellulose decomposition Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 38(2) 291Fang Q and Zhong J 2002 Submerged fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum for production of valuable bioactive metabolites-ganoderic acid and polysaccharide Biochemical Engineering Journal 10(1) 61Gao H and Gu Y 2007 Optimization of polysaccharide and ergosterol production from Agaricusbrasiliensis by fermentation process Biochemical Engineering Journal 33(3) 202Zhang B and Cheung P 2011 Use of Stimulatory Agents To Enhance the Production of Bioactive Exopolysaccharide from Pleurotus tuber-regium by Submerged Fermentation Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(4) 1210López X, Arboleda C, Segura F and Sanchez F 2015 Producción de polisacáridos a partir de Ganoderma sp aislado en la región Andina Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 17(2) 44La T, Gao Y and Zhou S 2004 Products and Safety Concerns International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 6 1Agudelo L, Gutiérrez Y and Urrego S 2017 Effects of aeration, agitation and pH on the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide from the filamentous fungus Ganoderma lucidum1 DYNA 84(200) 72Niño L, Peñuela M and Gelves R 2016 CFD simulations for improving gas-liquid mass transfer in a spin filter bioreactor International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 11(9) 6097Niño L, Gelves R, Ali H, Solsvik J and Jakobsen H 2019 Applicability of a modified breakage and coalescence model based on the complete turbulence spectrum concept for CFD simulation of gas-liquid mass transfer in a stirred tank reactor Chemical Engineering Science 211 1Pineda J, Soto C and Beltrán L 2014 Stoichiometry equation to describe the growth of the Pleurotus ostreatus ceba-gliie-po-010606 strain Biotecnología Aplicada 31(1) 48Maarleveld T, Khandelwal R, Olivier B, Teusink B and Bruggeman F 2013 Basic concepts and principles of stoichiometric modeling of metabolic networks Biotechnology journal 8(9) 997Li H, Zhang D, Yue T, Jiang L, Yu X, Zhao and Xu W 2016 Improved polysaccharide production in a submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum by the heterologous expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene Journal of Biotechnology 217 132Xu J, Ji S, Li H, Zhou J, Duan Y, Dang Z and Mo M 2015 Increased polysaccharide production and biosynthetic gene expressions in a submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum by the overexpression of the homologous α-phosphoglucomutase gene Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 38(2) 399ORIGINALIndustrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro Designer.pdfIndustrial Scale Bioprocess Simulation for Ganoderma Lucidum Production using Superpro 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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