In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective
Anthracnose, caused by the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum spp., poses a significant threat to table tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. This study delves into the potential of plant extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. as an alternative biocontrol strategy to combat this disease. Rich in se...
- Autores:
-
Carrillo, Maria Fernanda
Mora Estupiñan, Daniela Alejandra
Ortiz, Luz
Chaves-Bedoya, Giovanni
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6768
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6768
https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2023v17i2.16283
- Palabra clave:
- Agar dilution method
Secondary metabolites
In Vitro inhibition
Anthracnose biocontrol
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| title |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| spellingShingle |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective Agar dilution method Secondary metabolites In Vitro inhibition Anthracnose biocontrol |
| title_short |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| title_full |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| title_fullStr |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| title_sort |
In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Carrillo, Maria Fernanda Mora Estupiñan, Daniela Alejandra Ortiz, Luz Chaves-Bedoya, Giovanni |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Carrillo, Maria Fernanda Mora Estupiñan, Daniela Alejandra Ortiz, Luz Chaves-Bedoya, Giovanni |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Agar dilution method Secondary metabolites In Vitro inhibition Anthracnose biocontrol |
| topic |
Agar dilution method Secondary metabolites In Vitro inhibition Anthracnose biocontrol |
| description |
Anthracnose, caused by the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum spp., poses a significant threat to table tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. This study delves into the potential of plant extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. as an alternative biocontrol strategy to combat this disease. Rich in secondary metabolites like terpenes, which are instrumental in plant defense, these extracts also comprise esters and fatty acids. Although the latter are not classified as secondary metabolites, they contribute significantly to the plant's biochemical makeup. Our objective was to gauge the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of ethanolic extracts derived from the leaves and stems of Cnidoscolus urens L. against Colletotrichum spp. To achieve this, an agar dilution method with varying extract concentrations was employed. The results showed that concentrations ranging from treatment 3 to treatment 8 effectively inhibited fungal mycelial growth. Interestingly, the extracts' origin, whether from leaves or stems, did not show any significant differential impact on their inhibitory activity. These insights emphasize the consistent effect of Cnidoscolus urens L. extracts in stalling Colletotrichum spp. growth, underscoring their potential as biological antifungal agents in agriculture. Given the pronounced in vitro effectiveness of both leaf and stem extracts, they beckon further exploration as part of sustainable agricultural strategies to combat prominent diseases like anthracnose. |
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2023 |
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2023-05-01 |
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2024-03-22T17:02:21Z |
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2024-03-22T17:02:21Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2023v17i2.16283 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6768 https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2023v17i2.16283 |
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eng |
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eng |
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M. F. Carrillo, D. A. Mora-Estupiñan, L. Y. Ortiz-Rojas, and G. Chaves-Bedoya, “In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective”, Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortic, vol. 17, no. 2, p. e16283, May 2023. |
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Vol.17 N°.2 (2023) |
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11 |
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2 (2023) |
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11 Páginas |
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Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas |
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Carrillo, Maria Fernanda06761c49a9142aa4f6cead9032e12948600Mora Estupiñan, Daniela Alejandra9d47dcb40d82c6833576b9f413d2966c600Ortiz, Luz7c275e40169a0e47ccae034effc159b3Chaves-Bedoya, Giovannia2ff1d1930ac907c3572b5d3c6e10b646002024-03-22T17:02:21Z2024-03-22T17:02:21Z2023-05-01https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6768https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2023v17i2.16283Anthracnose, caused by the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum spp., poses a significant threat to table tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. This study delves into the potential of plant extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. as an alternative biocontrol strategy to combat this disease. Rich in secondary metabolites like terpenes, which are instrumental in plant defense, these extracts also comprise esters and fatty acids. Although the latter are not classified as secondary metabolites, they contribute significantly to the plant's biochemical makeup. Our objective was to gauge the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of ethanolic extracts derived from the leaves and stems of Cnidoscolus urens L. against Colletotrichum spp. To achieve this, an agar dilution method with varying extract concentrations was employed. The results showed that concentrations ranging from treatment 3 to treatment 8 effectively inhibited fungal mycelial growth. Interestingly, the extracts' origin, whether from leaves or stems, did not show any significant differential impact on their inhibitory activity. These insights emphasize the consistent effect of Cnidoscolus urens L. extracts in stalling Colletotrichum spp. growth, underscoring their potential as biological antifungal agents in agriculture. Given the pronounced in vitro effectiveness of both leaf and stem extracts, they beckon further exploration as part of sustainable agricultural strategies to combat prominent diseases like anthracnose.11 Páginasapplication/pdfengRevista Colombiana de Ciencias HorticolasM. F. Carrillo, D. A. Mora-Estupiñan, L. Y. Ortiz-Rojas, and G. Chaves-Bedoya, “In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspective”, Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortic, vol. 17, no. 2, p. e16283, May 2023.Vol.17 N°.2 (2023)112 (2023)117This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencias_horticolas/article/view/16283In Vitro antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. in controlling Colletotrichum spp. in Lycopersicum esculentum: a sustainable agricultural perspectiveArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Agar dilution methodSecondary metabolitesIn Vitro inhibitionAnthracnose biocontrolAlarcon, J., D.C. Recharte, F. Yanqui, S.M. Moreno, and M.A. Buendía. 2020. Fertilizar con microorganismos eficientes autóctonos tiene efecto positivo en la fenología, biomasa y producción de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill). Sci. Agropecu. 11(1), 67-73. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.01.08Álvarez, E., C.A. Ospina, J.F. Mejía de los Ríos, and G.A. Llano. 2004. Caracterización morfológica, patogénica y genética del agente causal de la antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) en guanábana (Annona muricata) en el Valle del Cauca. Fitopatol. Colomb. 28(1), 1-8. Doi: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/44257Barnett, H.L., and Hunter, B. B. 1986. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. 4th ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, NY.Benson, D.A., I, Karsch., D.J. Lipman, J. Ostell, and D.L. Wheeler. 2005. GenBank. NAR. 1(33), 34-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki063Carvalho Neto, M.F., R.C.R.G. Gervásio, E.C.C. Araújo, J.C. Almeida, and A.P. Oliveira. 2018. Bioactivity of the organic extracts of Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur (Euphorbiaceae) on the cabbage-caterpillar. Comun. Sci. 9(3), 402-411. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i1.2556Chaves-Bedoya, G. 2022. Study on Croton sp. genetic diversity in the department of Norte de Santander using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortic. 16(1), e13592. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2022v16i1.13592Chaves-Bedoya, G. and L. Ortiz-Rojas. 2022. Estudio fitoquímico de Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur procedente de la región de Cúcuta (Colombia). Inf. Tecnol. 33(6), 21-30. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642022000600021Ciofini, A., F. Negrini, R. Baroncelli, and E. Baraldi. 2022. Management of post-harvest anthracnose: current approaches and future perspectives. Plants 11(14), 1856, Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141856El Khetabi, A., R. Lahlali, S. Ezrari, N. Radouane, N. Lyousfi, H. Banani, L. Askarne, A. Tahiri, L. El Ghadraoui, S. Belmalha, and E.A. Barka. 2022. Role of plant extracts and essential oils in fighting against postharvest fruit pathogens and extending fruit shelf life: a review. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 120, 402-417. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.009Elhamouly, N.A., O.A. Hewedy, A. Zaitoon, A. Miraples, O.T. Elshorbagy, S. Hussien, A. El-Tahan, and D. Peng. 2022. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 1044896. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896Figueiredo Junior, E.C., Y.W. Cavalcanti, A.B. Lira, H.L.F. Pessoa, W.S. Lopes, D.R. Silva, I.A. Freires, P.L. Rosalen, E.M.M.B. Costa, and J.V. Pereira. 2021. Phytochemical composition, antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels leaves extract. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat. 20(5), 536-557. Doi: https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.21.20.5.40Kong, W.L., L. Rui, H. Ni, and X.Q. Wu. 2020. Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01114Martínez-Culebras, P.V. 1999. Caracterización y diagnóstico molecular de las cepas de Colletotrichum patógenas de plantas de fresa. PhD thesis. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.Panno, S., S. Davino, A.G. Caruso, S. Bertacca, A. Crnogorac, A. Mandić, E. Noris, and S. Matić. 2021. A review of the most common and economically important diseases that undermine the cultivation of tomato crop in the Mediterranean basin. Agronomy 11(11), 2188. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112188Percival, G.C. and S. Graham. 2021. Evaluation of inducing agents and synthetic fungicide combinations for management of foliar pathogens of urban trees. Arboric. Urban For. 47(2), 85-95. Doi: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.008Quiroz-Lobo, Y., G. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0009-0007-3299-147706761c49a9142aa4f6cead9032e129486000009-0008-0663-70929d47dcb40d82c6833576b9f413d2966c6000000-0003-1013-614Xa2ff1d1930ac907c3572b5d3c6e10b64600 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