The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries

During the Covid-19 pandemic, rich countries employed lockdown and physical distancing policies for transmission control. However, the question still remains whether these measures are also suitable in countries with a fragile economy, which rests mainly on the informal sector. The impacts of lockdo...

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Autores:
Chackalackal, Dhia Joseph
Ad Al-Aghbari, Ahmed Asa
Yeon Jang, Su
Rivera Ramirez, Tatiana
Anand Joshi, Jose Vincentc
Banjara, Megha Raj
Peter Asaga
Cardenas Sanchez, Rocio
Carrillo, Maria Angelica
Villa, Juan Manuel
Diaz Monsalve, Sonia
Kroeger, Axel
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/7065
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/7065
Palabra clave:
COVID-19
corona virus
lowand middle-income
countries
socio-economic impac
Rights
openAccess
License
Está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
title The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
spellingShingle The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
COVID-19
corona virus
lowand middle-income
countries
socio-economic impac
title_short The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
title_full The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
title_fullStr The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
title_full_unstemmed The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
title_sort The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Chackalackal, Dhia Joseph
Ad Al-Aghbari, Ahmed Asa
Yeon Jang, Su
Rivera Ramirez, Tatiana
Anand Joshi, Jose Vincentc
Banjara, Megha Raj
Peter Asaga
Cardenas Sanchez, Rocio
Carrillo, Maria Angelica
Villa, Juan Manuel
Diaz Monsalve, Sonia
Kroeger, Axel
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Chackalackal, Dhia Joseph
Ad Al-Aghbari, Ahmed Asa
Yeon Jang, Su
Rivera Ramirez, Tatiana
Anand Joshi, Jose Vincentc
Banjara, Megha Raj
Peter Asaga
Cardenas Sanchez, Rocio
Carrillo, Maria Angelica
Villa, Juan Manuel
Diaz Monsalve, Sonia
Kroeger, Axel
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv COVID-19
corona virus
topic COVID-19
corona virus
lowand middle-income
countries
socio-economic impac
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv lowand middle-income
countries
socio-economic impac
description During the Covid-19 pandemic, rich countries employed lockdown and physical distancing policies for transmission control. However, the question still remains whether these measures are also suitable in countries with a fragile economy, which rests mainly on the informal sector. The impacts of lockdown measures in disadvantaged population strata in six low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) were reviewed using i) 93 media reports and ii) 17 published scientific papers. This review showed that those who suffered the most from the lockdown were migrants, workers in the large informal sector, small businesses, slum dwellers, women and elderly, revealing the social, cultural and economic inequalities of societies. Financial and food support for the poor was inadequate and sometimes mismanaged. In the better organized societies, the resilience was stronger (South Korea, Kerala/India) but here also the poor had to suffer the most. It is strongly recommended that outbreak response strategies should particularly focus on the poor and vulnerable population.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-03-04
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-26T16:51:22Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-04-26T16:51:22Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1080/20477724.2021.1878446
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv PATHOGENS AND GLOBAL HEALTH https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2021.1878446
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dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 3 (2021)
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dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 115
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Dhia Joseph Chackalackal, Ahmed Asa’Ad Al-Aghbari, Su Yeon Jang, Tatiana Rivera Ramirez, Jose Vincent, Anand Joshi, Megha Raj Banjara, Peter Asaga, Rocio Cardenas Sanchez, Maria Angelica Carrillo, Juan Manuel Villa, Sonia Diaz Monsalve & Axel Kroeger (2021): The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries, Pathogens and Global Health, DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1878446
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 12 Páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Pathogens and Global Health
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spelling Chackalackal, Dhia Joseph8899235a3fd3cbc64dcab3ead92f3b1f600Ad Al-Aghbari, Ahmed Asabb4afdeb72b7a81bdbb25b4eec42c7c9Yeon Jang, Su50dafba46664c59e771a0c8c2966f4faRivera Ramirez, Tatianaa46642fbad37fcd53e17e7f28e8202ea600Anand Joshi, Jose Vincentc38a2dc6cf0192f726f19ed505ff6c35cBanjara, Megha Raj31f54d31afb3f6e3fd053d387e299fbfPeter Asaga5a645338e5ee88f88441fd28644346f8Cardenas Sanchez, Rocio01dd9b1abca87990ac35372895b02b67Carrillo, Maria Angelica04c3105e785ffc50e3ada0510030b53f600Villa, Juan Manuel28126f57dceee174cba7b5cfab50dc1cDiaz Monsalve, Sonia2b24da693e68d92b5d13fd6f6895b542Kroeger, Axelcbd343e8655fa16ded5dd3d017e420652024-04-26T16:51:22Z2024-04-26T16:51:22Z2021-03-04https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/706510.1080/20477724.2021.1878446During the Covid-19 pandemic, rich countries employed lockdown and physical distancing policies for transmission control. However, the question still remains whether these measures are also suitable in countries with a fragile economy, which rests mainly on the informal sector. The impacts of lockdown measures in disadvantaged population strata in six low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) were reviewed using i) 93 media reports and ii) 17 published scientific papers. This review showed that those who suffered the most from the lockdown were migrants, workers in the large informal sector, small businesses, slum dwellers, women and elderly, revealing the social, cultural and economic inequalities of societies. Financial and food support for the poor was inadequate and sometimes mismanaged. In the better organized societies, the resilience was stronger (South Korea, Kerala/India) but here also the poor had to suffer the most. It is strongly recommended that outbreak response strategies should particularly focus on the poor and vulnerable population.12 Páginasapplication/pdfengPathogens and Global HealthPATHOGENS AND GLOBAL HEALTH https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2021.1878446Vol.115 No.3 (2021)123 (2021)1115Dhia Joseph Chackalackal, Ahmed Asa’Ad Al-Aghbari, Su Yeon Jang, Tatiana Rivera Ramirez, Jose Vincent, Anand Joshi, Megha Raj Banjara, Peter Asaga, Rocio Cardenas Sanchez, Maria Angelica Carrillo, Juan Manuel Villa, Sonia Diaz Monsalve & Axel Kroeger (2021): The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries, Pathogens and Global Health, DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1878446Está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349820484_The_Covid-19_pandemic_in_low-_and_middle-income_countries_who_carries_the_burden_Review_of_mass_media_and_publications_from_six_countriesThe Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countriesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85COVID-19corona viruslowand middle-incomecountriessocio-economic impacGonzález-Jaramillo V, González-Jaramillo N, GómezRestrepo C, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian population according to mitigation measures. preliminary data from epidemiological models for the period Mar 18to April 18, 2020. Rev Salud Pública 2020; published online Apr 7. https:// dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v22.85789.Hale T, Webster S, Petherick A, et al. COVID-19 government response tracker. Blavatnik school of government. 2020 April 25 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/ research-projects/coronavirus-government-responsetracker. Data use policy: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY standard. Accessed 2020 May 04.Ozili Peterson K COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis: the Nigerian experience and structural causes. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Apr 3. 10.2139/ssrn.3567419. Accessed 2020 May 04Schwarz R Nächstenliebe im Souterrain. Neuesdeutschland. 2020 April 21 [cited 2020 May 06]. Available from: https://www.neues-deutschland.de/ artikel/1135762.obdachlose-und-coronanaechstenliebe-im-souterrain.html.Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339(jul21 1):b2535.Krieg C Ausgegrenzte hochrisikogruppe. Neuesdeutschland. 2020 April 25 [cited 2020 May 06]. Available from: https://www.neues-deutschland.de/ artikel/1135913.coronavirus-ausgegrenztehochrisikogruppe.html.Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G et al. Report 9: impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial college COVID-19 response team. Imperial College London. 2020 March 16. http://10.25561/ 77482. Accessed 2020 May 04Auerbach A, Thachil T. How clients select brokers. Competition and choice in India’s slums. American political science review. Cambridge UniversityPress:2018. Vol. 112: 4. 775–791. doi:10.1017/ S000305541800028XMcKibbin W, Fernando R The global macroeconomic impacts of Covid-19: seven scenarios. CAMA Working Paper. 2020 April 19. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3547729.Koirala J, Acharya S, Neupane M, et al. Government preparedness and response for 2020 pandemic disaster in Nepal: A Case Study of COVID-19. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Mar 31. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3564214 DOI:10.2139/ ssrn.3564214. Accesses 2020 April 29Koirala J, Acharya S Impact of novel corona virus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) on Nepalese economy. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Mar 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3560638. Accessed 2020 April 29.Barkur G, Vibha KGB Sentiment analysis of nationwide lockdown due to COVID 19 outbreak: evidence from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;published online ahead of print Apr 12. 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102089. Accessed 2020 May 06.Chaurasiya P, Pandey P, Rajak U, et al. Epidemic and challenges of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): India response. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Apr 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 3569665. Accessed 2020 May 05.Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Choisy M, Garcia-Calavaro C, et al. Social interventions can lower COVID-19 deaths in middle-income countries. MedRxiv 2020; published online ahead of print Apr 23. 10.1101/2020.04.16. 20063727. Accessed 2020 May 06Park SW, Sun K, Viboud C, et al. Potential roles of social distancing in mitigating the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea. MedRxiv 2020; published online ahead of print Mar 30. 10. 1101/2020.03.27.20045815. Accessed 2020 May 04.Contraloria General de la Nacion [Controller General of the Nations]. Por presuntos sobrecostos en contratación de emergencia por Covid-19: Contraloría abre proceso de responsabilidad fiscal por $1.050 millones contra gobernador de arauca y ordena 27 indagaciones preliminares en otros casos [for alleged cost overruns in emergency contracting for Covid-19: CGR opens $ 1.05 billion fiscal responsibility process against Governor of Arauca and orders 27 preliminary inquiries in other cases]. In: Boletin de prensa-2020 [Internet]. 2020 April 24 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.con traloria.gov.co/contraloria/sala-de-prensa/boletinesde-prensa/boletines-de-prensa-2020/-/asset_pub lisher/9IOzepbPkrRW/content/por-presuntos-sobre costos-en-contratacion-de-emergencia-por-covid19-contraloria-abre-proceso-de-responsabilidad-fis cal-por-1-050-millones-contra-gobeDattilo W, Castro ESA, Guevara R. MacGregor-Fors I, Pontes RS. COVID-19 most vulnerable Mexican cities lack the public health infrastructure to face the pandemic: a new temporally-explicit model. MedRxiv. 2020; Apr 14. published online ahead of print. DOI:10.1101/2020.04.10.20061192Eligon J, Burch ADS, Searcey D, et al. Black American face alarming rates of coronavirus infection in some states. The New York Times. 2020 April 07 [cited 2020 May 06]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/ 2020/04/07/us/coronavirus-race.html.Olapegba PO, Ayandele O, Kolawole SO, et al. Preliminary assessment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) knowledge and perceptions in Nigeria. MedRxiv. 2020; Apr 19 published online ahead of print. DOI:10.1101/2020.04.11.20061408.Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Colombia [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia]. Informe oficial 29 de Abril 2020 [Official report 2020 Apr 29].[cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.migracioncolom bia.gov.co/noticias/265-abril-2020/no-podemospermitir-que-la-salida-desordenada-de-venezolanosponga-en-riesgo-al-paisKoshle H, Kaur R, Basista R Breakdown of business and workers in India: impact of Corona Virus. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Mar 20. 10. 2139/ssrn.3557544. Accessed 2020 May 05.Hale T, Angrist N, Kira B, et al. Variation in government responses to COVID-19. Version 5.0. Blavatnik school of government working paper. 2020 April 29 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/ research/publications/variation-governmentresponses-covid-19.Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, et al. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; Apr 8;51. published online ahead of print. DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083Koirala J, Acharya S, Neupane M perceived stress in pandemic disaster: a case study from India and Nepal (April 4, 2020). Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Mar 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3568388. Accessed 2020 April 29Nwafor JI, Aniukwu JK, Anozie BO, et al. Knowledge and practice of preventive measures against COVID-19 infection among pregnant women in a low-resource African setting. MedRxiv. 2020; Apr 20. published online ahead of print. DOI:10.1101/ 2020.04.15.20066894Avila A Los saqueos y los problemas de seguridad con la cuarentena [looting and security problems with quarantine]. Revista Semana. 2020 April 02 [cited2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www. semana.com/opinion/articulo/los-saqueos-y-los-pro blemas-de-seguridad-con-la-cuarentena–columna-deopinion-ariel-avila/660859 Accessed from: 2020 Apr 30Saenz JC orrupción, la pandemia en el COVID-19 que se busca frenar a tiempo [corruption, the pandemic in COVID-19 that seeks to stop in time]. Diario El Espectador. 2020 April 19 [cited 2020 May 05]. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/corona virus/corrupcion-la-pandemia-en-el-covid-19-que-sebusca-frenar-tiempo-articulo-915484.World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19). 2020 February 16–24 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coro naviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-finalreport.pdf.Umoh JM, Nseobot IR, Hamid Y, et al. COVID-19 city locked down: implications on human welfare in developing countries. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Apr 17. https://ssrn.com/abstract= 3578134. Accesses 2020 May 05El Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), Colombia [The National Administrative Department of Statistics, Colombia]. Comunicado de prensa del 16 de abril, 2020: Deficit Habitacional [Press release of April 16, 2020: Housing Deficit]2020 April 16. [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/en/estadis ticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/deficithabitacional.Koirala J, Acharya S Economic impact of COVID-19 in Nepal: a question of bad or worst. Social Science Research Network 2020; published online Apr 21. 10. 2139/ssrn.3580840. Accessed 2020 April 30.Adhikari A, Narayanan R, Dhorajiwala S, et al. 21 days and counting: COVID-19 lockdown, migrant workers, and the inadequacy of welfare measures in India. Stranded Workers Action Network. 2020 April 15 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://ruralindiaonline.org/library/resource/21- days-and-counting-covid-19-lockdown-migrantworkers-and-the-inadequacy-of-welfare-measuresin-india/.Avila A Los saqueos y los problemas de seguridad con la cuarentena [looting and security problems with quarantine]. Revista Semana. 2020 April 02 [cited 2020 May 04]. Available from: https://www.semana. com/opinion/articulo/los-saqueos-y-los-problemasde-seguridad-con-la-cuarentena–columna-de-opi nion-ariel-avila/660859The New York Times. The pandemic’s uneven economic toll [Internet]. 2020 April 23 [cited 2020 May 06]. Available from: https://uk.news.yahoo.com/coro navirus-lockdown-250000-left-london-141501319. html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer= aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_refer rer_sig=AQ.Gura D Another 5 million people filed jobless claims last week, bringing total to almost 22 million in one month. NBC News. 2020 April 16 [cited 2020 May 06]. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/ business-news/another-5-million-people-filed-joblessclaims-last-week-bringing-n1185056.Martin G UK Coronavirus: nearly 250,000 people left London for rural areas ahead of lockdown. Yahoo News UK. 2020 April 19 [cited 2020 May 06]. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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