Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes
Phycocyanin is a high-value chromo-protein used in various industries. In this research, a simulation study of kinetics is carried out to identify different light spectra effects on microbial growth and phycocyanin production from the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. The results are compared with...
- Autores:
-
Niño, Lilibeth
Gelves, German
Rivera, Christian
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2017
- Institución:
- UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1493
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1493
- Palabra clave:
- Simulation
Spectrum
Phycocyanin
Biomass
Concentration
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| title |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| spellingShingle |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes Simulation Spectrum Phycocyanin Biomass Concentration |
| title_short |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| title_full |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| title_fullStr |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| title_sort |
Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Niño, Lilibeth Gelves, German Rivera, Christian |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Niño, Lilibeth Gelves, German Rivera, Christian |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Simulation Spectrum Phycocyanin Biomass Concentration |
| topic |
Simulation Spectrum Phycocyanin Biomass Concentration |
| description |
Phycocyanin is a high-value chromo-protein used in various industries. In this research, a simulation study of kinetics is carried out to identify different light spectra effects on microbial growth and phycocyanin production from the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. The results are compared with experimental data obtained from previous studies, and an acceptable accuracy is achieved in all the evaluated light spectra. Particular emphasis was placed on determining axial kinetic velocities simulated at different spectra regarding the latency, exponential and stationary microbial growth phases. According to the results obtained, cells grown in exponential phase lighted with red spectrum tend to resist the photo-limitation to a greater degree than cell exposure to white, green and yellow light. The latter is because phycocyanin allows a more excellent wavelength absorption from the red light. Contrarily, the light intensity for all spectra is reduced by around 80% at the inner bioreactor area regarding the intensity reached on the equipment surface during the stationary phase. Also, cell growth and phycocyanin production kinetic rates tend to be close to zero for all spectra, considering more than 50% of the inner bioreactor zone. This finding found in this research may be a key factor for the design of new photobioreactors so that these dark areas could be overcome by installing rotating internal lighting systems to guarantee the photosynthesis process of cyanobacteria in all regions of the bioreactor and thus avoid the phenomenon of photo-limitation due to low light intensities. |
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2017 |
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2017-07 |
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2021-11-27T16:10:56Z |
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2021-11-27T16:10:56Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1493 |
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10.1016/j.sajce.2021.05.005 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1493 |
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10.1016/j.sajce.2021.05.005 |
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eng |
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eng |
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South African Journal of Chemical Engineering ISSN: 1026-9185, 2021 vol:37 fasc: N/A págs: 167 - 178 |
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Vol. 37, (2021) |
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178 |
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167 |
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37 |
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Rivera, C., Niño, L., & Gelves, G. (2021). Modeling of Phycocyanin Production from Spirulina platensis using Different Light-Emitting Diodes. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. |
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South African Journal of Chemical Engineering |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
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openAccess |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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12 páginas |
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application/pdf |
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South African Journal of Chemical Engineering |
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Países Bajos |
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Niño, Lilibethfe424d07e145b419adb1d1597b49fd4f600Gelves, German7446587450ae5fc4984fae3331a66538600Rivera, Christianfb2ef48c17c17f3453457b8d2dbd75ee2021-11-27T16:10:56Z2021-11-27T16:10:56Z2017-07http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/149310.1016/j.sajce.2021.05.005Phycocyanin is a high-value chromo-protein used in various industries. In this research, a simulation study of kinetics is carried out to identify different light spectra effects on microbial growth and phycocyanin production from the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. The results are compared with experimental data obtained from previous studies, and an acceptable accuracy is achieved in all the evaluated light spectra. Particular emphasis was placed on determining axial kinetic velocities simulated at different spectra regarding the latency, exponential and stationary microbial growth phases. According to the results obtained, cells grown in exponential phase lighted with red spectrum tend to resist the photo-limitation to a greater degree than cell exposure to white, green and yellow light. The latter is because phycocyanin allows a more excellent wavelength absorption from the red light. Contrarily, the light intensity for all spectra is reduced by around 80% at the inner bioreactor area regarding the intensity reached on the equipment surface during the stationary phase. Also, cell growth and phycocyanin production kinetic rates tend to be close to zero for all spectra, considering more than 50% of the inner bioreactor zone. This finding found in this research may be a key factor for the design of new photobioreactors so that these dark areas could be overcome by installing rotating internal lighting systems to guarantee the photosynthesis process of cyanobacteria in all regions of the bioreactor and thus avoid the phenomenon of photo-limitation due to low light intensities.12 páginasapplication/pdfengSouth African Journal of Chemical EngineeringPaíses BajosSouth African Journal of Chemical Engineering ISSN: 1026-9185, 2021 vol:37 fasc: N/A págs: 167 - 178Vol. 37, (2021)17816737Rivera, C., Niño, L., & Gelves, G. (2021). Modeling of Phycocyanin Production from Spirulina platensis using Different Light-Emitting Diodes. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering.South African Journal of Chemical Engineering2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026918521000275?via%3Dihub#!Modeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85SimulationSpectrumPhycocyaninBiomassConcentrationAiba, 1982 S. Aiba Growth kinetics of photosynthetic microorganisms Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 23 (1982), p. 85Bekirogullari et al., 2017 M. Bekirogullari, I.S. Fragkopoulos, J.K. Pittman, C. Theodoropoulos Production of lipid-based fuels and chemicals from microalgae: an integrated experimental and model-based optimization study Algal Res, 23 (2017), pp. 78-87Caicedo et al., 2020 Y. Caicedo, C. Suarez, G. Gelves Evaluation of preliminary plant design for Chlorella vulgaris microalgae production focused on cosmetics purposes J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1655 (2020), pp. 1-9Chen et al., 2010 H. Chen, J. Wu, C. Wang, C. Fu, C. Shieh, C. Chen, Y. Liu Modeling on chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin production by Spirulina platensis under various light-emitting diodes Biochem. Eng. J., 53 (1) (2010), pp. 52-56Chisti, 2020 Y. Chisti Microalgae biotechnology: a brief introduction Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products (2020), pp. 3-23, 10.1016/b978-0-12-818536-0.00001-4Contois, 1959 D. Contois Kinetics of bacterial growth—Relationship between population density and specific growth rate of continuous cultures J. Gen. Microbiol., 21 (1) (1959), pp. 40-50Del Rio-Chanona and Zhang, 2018 E. Del Rio-Chanona, D. Zhang A bilevel programming approach to optimize C-phycocyanin bio-production under uncertainty IFAC-Papers OnLine, 51 (18) (2018), pp. 209-214Eriksen, 2008 N. Eriksen Production of phycocyanin–a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80 (2008), pp. 1-14Fernández et al., 1998 F. Fernández, F. Camacho, J. Pérez, J. Sevilla, E. Grima Modeling of biomass productivity in tubular photobioreactors for microalgal cultures: effects of dilution rate, tube diameter, and solar irradiance Biotechnol. Bioeng., 58 (6) (1998), pp. 605-616Fratelli et al., 2021 C. Fratelli, M. Burck, M. Assumpção de Amarante, A.C.avalcante Braga Antioxidant potential of nature’s “something blue”: something new in the marriage of biological activity and extraction methods applied to C-phycocyanin Trends Food Sci. Technol., 107 (2021), pp. 309-323Hu and Sato, 2017 J. Hu, T. Sato A photobioreactor for microalgae cultivation with internal illumination considering flashing light effect and optimized light-source arrangement Energy Convers. Manag., 133 (2017), pp. 558-565Huang et al., 2012 Q. Huang, L. Yao, T. Liu, J. Yang Simulation of the light evolution in an annular photobioreactor for the cultivation of Porphyridium cruentum Chem. Eng. Sci., 84 (2012), pp. 718-726Jiang et al., 2018 L. Jiang, Y. Wang, G. Liu, H. Liu, F. Zhu, H. Ji, B. Li C-Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer effects via the MAPK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells Cancer Cell Int, 18 (1) (2018), pp. 1-14Kandilian et al., 2016 R. Kandilian, A. Soulies, J. Pruvost, B. Rousseau, J. Legrand, L. Pilon Simple method for measuring the spectral absorption cross-section of microalgae Chem. Eng. Sci., 146 (2016), pp. 357-368Kasiri et al., 2015 S. Kasiri, A. Ulrich, V. Prasad Kinetic modeling and optimization of carbon dioxide fixation using microalgae cultivated in oil-sands process water Chem. Eng. Sci., 137 (2015), pp. 697-711Kilimtzidi et al., 2019 E. Kilimtzidi, S.C.uellar Bermudez, G. Markou, K. Goiris, D. Vandamme, K. Muylaert Enhanced phycocyanin and protein content of Arthrospira by applying neutral density and red light shading filters: a small-scale pilot experiment J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 94 (6) (2019), pp. 2047-2054Luo et al., 2003 P. Luo, A. Kemoun, M. Al-Dahhan, M. Fernández, J. Garcı́a, F. Garcı́a, E. Molina Analysis of photobioreactors for culturing high-value microalgae and cyanobacteria via an advanced diagnostic technique: CARPT Chem. Eng. Sci., 58 (12) (2003), pp. 2519-2527Moles et al., 2013 C. Moles, P. Mendes, J. Banga Parameter estimation in biochemical pathways: a comparison of global optimization methods Genome Res, 13 (2013), pp. 2467-2474Monod, 1949 J. Monod The growth of bacterial cultures Annu. Rev. 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Lu, K. Jing Fed-batch strategy for enhancing cell growth and C-phycocyanin production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis under phototrophic cultivation Bioresour. Technol., 180 (2015), pp. 281-287Yousuf, 2020 A. Yousuf Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Microalgae Cultivation. Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production (2020), pp. 1-9, 10.1016/b978-0-12-817536-1.00001-1Zhang et al., 2015a D. Zhang, P. Dechatiwongse, K. Hellgardt Modelling light transmission, cyanobacterial growth kinetics and fluid dynamics in a laboratory scale multiphase photo-bioreactor for biological hydrogen production Algal Res, 8 (2015), p. 99Zhang et al., 2015b D. Zhang, N. Xiao, K. Mahbubani, E. del Rio-Chanona, N. Slater, V. Vassiliadis Bioprocess modelling of biohydrogen production by rhodopseudomonas palustris: model development and effects of operating conditions on hydrogen yield and glycerol conversion efficiency Chem. Eng. Sci., 130 (2015), pp. 68-78ORIGINALModeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes.pdfModeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes.pdfapplication/pdf3553456https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/1493/1/Modeling%20of%20phycocyanin%20production%20from%20Spirulina%20platensis%20using%20different%20light-emitting%20diodes.pdfba734b99b9f1a1461d98d9c119732468MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/1493/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTModeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes.pdf.txtModeling of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis using different light-emitting diodes.pdf.txtExtracted 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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