Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production

This study evaluated the environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of biomass for animal feed grown in inland fisheries effluents as a culture medium using the ReCiPe method. Four scenarios with two downstream alternatives were modeled using the life cycle assessment method: Algal Life Feed (ALF), Alg...

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Autores:
ZUORRO, Antonio
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Solano, andres F
Rodriguez Lizcano, Adriana
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6737
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6737
https:// doi.org/10.3390/pr11113255
Palabra clave:
microalga
sustainable development
feed sustainability
fish production
Rights
openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
title Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
spellingShingle Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
microalga
sustainable development
feed sustainability
fish production
title_short Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
title_full Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
title_fullStr Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
title_full_unstemmed Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
title_sort Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production
dc.creator.fl_str_mv ZUORRO, Antonio
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Solano, andres F
Rodriguez Lizcano, Adriana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv ZUORRO, Antonio
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Solano, andres F
Rodriguez Lizcano, Adriana
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv microalga
sustainable development
feed sustainability
fish production
topic microalga
sustainable development
feed sustainability
fish production
description This study evaluated the environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of biomass for animal feed grown in inland fisheries effluents as a culture medium using the ReCiPe method. Four scenarios with two downstream alternatives were modeled using the life cycle assessment method: Algal Life Feed (ALF), Algal Life Feed with Recycled nutrients (ALF+Rn), Pelletized Biomass (PB), and Pelletized Biomass with Recycled nutrients (PB+Rn). The findings reveal a substantial reduction in environmental impacts when wastewater is employed as a water source and nutrient reservoir. However, the eutrophication and toxicity-related categories reported the highest normalized impacts. ALF+Rn emerges as the most promising scenario due to its reduced energy consumption, highlighting the potential for further improvement through alternative energy sources in upstream and downstream processes. Therefore, liquid waste from fish production is a unique opportunity to implement strategies to reduce the emission of nutrients and pollutants by producing microalgae rich in various high-value-added metabolites.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-11-20
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-03-19T15:35:02Z
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dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Zuorro A, García-Martínez JB, Barajas-Solano AF, Rodríguez-Lizcano A, Kafarov V. Environmental footprint of inland fisheries: Integrating LCA analysis to assess the potential of wastewater-based microalga cultivation as a promising solution for animal feed production. Processes (Basel) [Internet]. 2023;11(11):3255. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113255
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spelling ZUORRO, Antonio1d9ebb9bdc0d09156364b9fd1169276a600García-Martinez, Janet80edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d600Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600Rodriguez Lizcano, Adriana33d644e8f658fb3f5ffb75c46f11d1116002024-03-19T15:35:02Z2024-03-19T15:35:02Z2023-11-20https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6737https:// doi.org/10.3390/pr11113255This study evaluated the environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of biomass for animal feed grown in inland fisheries effluents as a culture medium using the ReCiPe method. Four scenarios with two downstream alternatives were modeled using the life cycle assessment method: Algal Life Feed (ALF), Algal Life Feed with Recycled nutrients (ALF+Rn), Pelletized Biomass (PB), and Pelletized Biomass with Recycled nutrients (PB+Rn). The findings reveal a substantial reduction in environmental impacts when wastewater is employed as a water source and nutrient reservoir. However, the eutrophication and toxicity-related categories reported the highest normalized impacts. ALF+Rn emerges as the most promising scenario due to its reduced energy consumption, highlighting the potential for further improvement through alternative energy sources in upstream and downstream processes. Therefore, liquid waste from fish production is a unique opportunity to implement strategies to reduce the emission of nutrients and pollutants by producing microalgae rich in various high-value-added metabolites.15 Páginasapplication/pdfengProcesses© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/11/3255Environmental Footprint of Inland Fisheries: Integrating LCA Analysis to Assess the Potential of Wastewater-Based Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed ProductionArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Vol.11 (2023)15(2023)111Zuorro A, García-Martínez JB, Barajas-Solano AF, Rodríguez-Lizcano A, Kafarov V. Environmental footprint of inland fisheries: Integrating LCA analysis to assess the potential of wastewater-based microalga cultivation as a promising solution for animal feed production. Processes (Basel) [Internet]. 2023;11(11):3255. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113255Processesmicroalgasustainable developmentfeed sustainabilityfish productionCarballeira Braña, C.B.; Cerbule, K.; Senff, P.; Stolz, I.K. Towards Environmental Sustainability in Marine Finfish Aquaculture. Front. Mar. Sci. 2021, 8, 666662. [CrossRef]Rossignoli, C.M.; Manyise, T.; Shikuku, K.M.; Nasr-Allah, A.M.; Dompreh, E.B.; Henriksson, P.J.G.; Lam, R.D.; Lozano Lazo, D.; Tran, N.; Roem, A.; et al. Tilapia Aquaculture Systems in Egypt: Characteristics, Sustainability Outcomes and Entry Points for Sustainable Aquatic Food Systems. Aquaculture 2023, 577, 739952. [CrossRef]Kibria, G. Impacts of Microplastic on Fisheries and Seafood Security—Global Analysis and Synthesis. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 904, 166652. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Zhang, J.; Akyol, Ç.; Meers, E. Nutrient Recovery and Recycling from Fishery Waste and By-Products. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 348, 119266. [CrossRef]Sarasini, F.; Tirillò, J.; Zuorro, A.; Maffei, G.; Lavecchia, R.; Puglia, D.; Dominici, F.; Luzi, F.; Valente, T.; Torre, L. Recycling Coffee Silverskin in Sustainable Composites Based on a Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3- Hydroxyvalerate) Matrix. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 118, 311–320. [CrossRef]Degieter, M.; Gellynck, X.; Goyal, S.; Ott, D.; De Steur, H. Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Agri-Food Products: A Systematic Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 850, 158012. [CrossRef]Ubando, A.T.; Anderson, S.; Ng, E.; Chen, W.-H.; Culaba, A.B.; Kwon, E.E. Life Cycle Assessment of Microalgal Biorefinery: A State-of-the-Art Review. Bioresour. Technol. 2022, 360, 127615. [CrossRef]Kumar, B.; Verma, P. Life Cycle Assessment: Blazing a Trail for Bioresources Management. 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Microalga Cultivation as a Promising Solution for Animal Feed Production.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16441https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6737/4/Environmental%20Footprint%20of%20Inland%20Fisheries%20Integrating%20LCA%20Analysis%20to%20Assess%20the%20Potential%20of%20Wastewater-Based%20Microalga%20Cultivation%20as%20a%20Promising%20Solution%20for%20Animal%20Feed%20Production.pdf.jpg5ae2d13a699dbc5add61ac9b34c4f7c2MD54open accessufps/6737oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/67372024-03-20 03:00:41.067An error occurred on the license name.|||https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad Francisco de Paula 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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