Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803
This study investigates distillery wastewater, commonly known as vinasse, as a potential culture medium for the production of Chlorella vulgaris and its most relevant metabolites. The effect of vinasse concentration on the composition of the biomass (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) was evaluate...
- Autores:
-
García-Martinez, Janet
Quintero, viviana
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
Barajas Solano, andres F
Barajas, Crisostomo
Lavecchia, Roberto
ZUORRO, Antonio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/521
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/521
- Palabra clave:
- Distillery wastewater
Vinasse
Heterotrophic cultures
Biorefinery
Chlorella vulgaris
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| title |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| spellingShingle |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 Distillery wastewater Vinasse Heterotrophic cultures Biorefinery Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_short |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| title_full |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| title_fullStr |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| title_sort |
Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
García-Martinez, Janet Quintero, viviana Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo Barajas Solano, andres F Barajas, Crisostomo Lavecchia, Roberto ZUORRO, Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
García-Martinez, Janet Quintero, viviana Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo Barajas Solano, andres F Barajas, Crisostomo Lavecchia, Roberto ZUORRO, Antonio |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Distillery wastewater Vinasse Heterotrophic cultures Biorefinery Chlorella vulgaris |
| topic |
Distillery wastewater Vinasse Heterotrophic cultures Biorefinery Chlorella vulgaris |
| description |
This study investigates distillery wastewater, commonly known as vinasse, as a potential culture medium for the production of Chlorella vulgaris and its most relevant metabolites. The effect of vinasse concentration on the composition of the biomass (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) was evaluated in treatments performed in 6-L tubular air-lift reactors. The reactors were operated at 25 ◦C for 18 days, in total darkness, under a continuous flow of air. Results showed a rapid growth of microalgae in the first ten days, when an average production of 0.87 g/L was reached. Then, the daily biomass productivity began to decrease, up to an average value of 11.8 g/L at the 16th day. For all treatments, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of most metabolites in the first eight days. This was likely due to the adaptation of the biomass to the new conditions, with a transition from autotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism. From the 10th day, the concentration of metabolites in the biomass began to increase, reaching a nearly constant value at the 16th day. The observed maximum concentrations (%w/w) were: 48.95% proteins, 2.88% xylose, 7.82% glucose, 4.54% arabinose, 8.28% fructose, and 4.82% lipids. These values were only marginally affected by the type of treatment. Overall, the results obtained suggest that vinasse is a promising and sustainable medium for the growth of C. vulgaris and the production of valuable metabolites. |
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2019 |
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2019-07-24 |
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2021-10-30T20:38:49Z |
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2021-10-30T20:38:49Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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10.3390/w11081526 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/521 |
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10.3390/w11081526 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Water ISSN: 2073-4441, 2019 vol:11 fasc: 8 págs: 1 - 14, DOI:10.3390/w11081526 |
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Vol. 11, No. 8 (2019) |
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14 |
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8 (2019) |
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Quintero-Dallos, V., García-Martínez, J. B., Contreras-Ropero, J. E., Barajas-Solano, A. F., Barajas-Ferrerira, C., Lavecchia, R. y Zuorro, A. (2019). Vinasse as a sustainable medium for the production of chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803. Water, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081526 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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14 páginas |
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García-Martinez, Janet80edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d600Quintero, vivianade2ce23a283d00c7799f5b63c3fa4d4f600Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo14643edabc8451f3e53932a0a299b372600Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600Barajas, Crisostomod9d03c345cd70f727ed947d147a01accLavecchia, Roberto8033d5a4f3e830d04dbedcb031c65dc7ZUORRO, Antonio1d9ebb9bdc0d09156364b9fd1169276a6002021-10-30T20:38:49Z2021-10-30T20:38:49Z2019-07-24http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/52110.3390/w11081526This study investigates distillery wastewater, commonly known as vinasse, as a potential culture medium for the production of Chlorella vulgaris and its most relevant metabolites. The effect of vinasse concentration on the composition of the biomass (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) was evaluated in treatments performed in 6-L tubular air-lift reactors. The reactors were operated at 25 ◦C for 18 days, in total darkness, under a continuous flow of air. Results showed a rapid growth of microalgae in the first ten days, when an average production of 0.87 g/L was reached. Then, the daily biomass productivity began to decrease, up to an average value of 11.8 g/L at the 16th day. For all treatments, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of most metabolites in the first eight days. This was likely due to the adaptation of the biomass to the new conditions, with a transition from autotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism. From the 10th day, the concentration of metabolites in the biomass began to increase, reaching a nearly constant value at the 16th day. The observed maximum concentrations (%w/w) were: 48.95% proteins, 2.88% xylose, 7.82% glucose, 4.54% arabinose, 8.28% fructose, and 4.82% lipids. These values were only marginally affected by the type of treatment. Overall, the results obtained suggest that vinasse is a promising and sustainable medium for the growth of C. vulgaris and the production of valuable metabolites.14 páginasapplication/pdfengWaterSuizaWater ISSN: 2073-4441, 2019 vol:11 fasc: 8 págs: 1 - 14, DOI:10.3390/w11081526Vol. 11, No. 8 (2019)148 (2019)111Quintero-Dallos, V., García-Martínez, J. B., Contreras-Ropero, J. E., Barajas-Solano, A. F., Barajas-Ferrerira, C., Lavecchia, R. y Zuorro, A. (2019). Vinasse as a sustainable medium for the production of chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803. Water, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081526Water2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/8/1526Vinasse as a Sustainable Medium for the Production of Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Distillery wastewaterVinasseHeterotrophic culturesBiorefineryChlorella vulgarisAslan, S.; Kapdan, I. Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae. Ecol. Eng. 2006, 28, 64–70.Boursier, H.; Béline, F.; Paul, E. Piggery wastewater characterization for biological nitrogen removal process design. Bioresour. Technol. 2005, 96, 351–358.Olguin, E.J.; Galicia, S.; Angulo-Guerrero, O.; Hernandez, E. The effect of low light flux and nitrogen deficiency on the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) grown on digested pig waste. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 77, 19–24.Sheng, A.L.K.; Bilad, M.R.; Osman, N.B.; Arahman, N. Sequencing batch membrane photobioreactor for real secondary effluent polishing using native microalgae: Process performance and full-scale projection. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 168, 708–715.Leme, R.M.; Seabra, J.E.A. Technical-economic assessment of different biogas upgrading routes from vinasse anaerobic digestion in the Brazilian bioethanol industry. Energy 2017, 119, 754–766.Tapie, W.A.D.; Prato-García, D.; Guerrero, H. Biodegradation of sugarcane vinasses by the white-rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus in a packed bed reactor. Trop. Subtrop. 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Lipid production by a mixed culture of oleaginous yeast and microalga from distillery and domestic mixed wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 173, 132–139.Olguín, E.J.; Dorantes, E.; Castillo, O.S.; Hernández-Landa, V.J. Anaerobic digestates from vinasse promote growth and lipid enrichment in Neochloris oleoabundans cultures. J. Appl. Phychol. 2015, 27, 1813–1822.Pérez-García, O.; Escalante, F.; de-Bashan, L.; Bashan, Y. Heterotrophic cultures of microalgae: Metabolism and potential products. Water Res. 2011, 45, 11–36.Demirbas, M.F. Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical review. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 151–161.Bhatt, A.K.; Bhatia, R.K.; Thakur, S.; Rana, N.; Sharma, V.; Rathour, R.K. Fuel from waste: A review on scientific solution for waste management and environment conservation. In Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels; Singh, A.P., Agarwal, R.A., Agarwal, A.K., Dhar, A., Shukla, M.K., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2018; pp. 205–233.Roversi, R.; Cumo, F.; D’Angelo, A.; Pennacchia, E.; Piras, G. Feasibility of municipal waste reuse for building envelopes for near zero-energy buildings. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2017, 224, 115–125.De Santoli, L.; Basso, G.L.; Garcia, D.A.; Piras, G.; Spiridigliozzi, G. Dynamic simulation model of trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pump application for boosting low temperature distribution networks in dwellings. Energies 2019, 12, 484.D’Souza, F.M.L.; Kelly, G.J. Effects of a diet of a nitrogen-limited alga (Tetraselmis suecica) on growth, survival and biochemical composition of tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) larvae. Aquaculture 2000, 181, 311–329.Chen, F. High cell density culture of microalgae in heterotrophic growth. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0000-0001-6719-740880edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d6000000-0002-6617-600414643edabc8451f3e53932a0a299b3726000000-0003-2765-91317237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f6000000-0002-8173-38091d9ebb9bdc0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