Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents
In this work, a UV/H2O2 system in real tannery wastewater was evaluated by an experimental design with optimal stage 2-level I-optimal reaction surface using Design Expert software to analyze the effects of temperature, pH, UV lamp power (W), and H2O2 concentration on COD removal and nitrification....
- Autores:
-
Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres
López Barrera, German Luciano
García-Martinez, Janet
Barajas Solano, andres F
Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman
ZUORRO, Antonio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6739
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6739
https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091
- Palabra clave:
- tannery wastewater
advanced oxidation processes
COD
nitrification
photocatalysis
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| title |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| spellingShingle |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents tannery wastewater advanced oxidation processes COD nitrification photocatalysis |
| title_short |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| title_full |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| title_fullStr |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| title_sort |
Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres López Barrera, German Luciano García-Martinez, Janet Barajas Solano, andres F Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman ZUORRO, Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres López Barrera, German Luciano García-Martinez, Janet Barajas Solano, andres F Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman ZUORRO, Antonio |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
tannery wastewater advanced oxidation processes COD nitrification photocatalysis |
| topic |
tannery wastewater advanced oxidation processes COD nitrification photocatalysis |
| description |
In this work, a UV/H2O2 system in real tannery wastewater was evaluated by an experimental design with optimal stage 2-level I-optimal reaction surface using Design Expert software to analyze the effects of temperature, pH, UV lamp power (W), and H2O2 concentration on COD removal and nitrification. It was found that pH and temperature were the variables that affected the process the most. It was found that an acidic pH of 4.5–5.5 and temperatures between 50 and 70 ◦C favored improved COD and ammonium oxidation. The process conditions—temperature 54.6 ◦C, pH 4, pW-UV 60 W and hydrogen peroxide 0.5—were confirmed in the next phase of the study using a one-way statistical analysis ANOVA. Under these conditions, the nitrite removal rate was 98.4%, ammonium 94.53%, chromium 92.3%, chlorides 62.4%, BOD 67.4%, COD 44.5%, and color 48%. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-10-27 |
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2024-03-20T14:20:28Z |
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2024-03-20T14:20:28Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6739 |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6739 https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Urbina-Suarez, N.A.; López-Barrera, G.L.; García-Martínez, J.B.; Barajas-Solano, A.F.; MachucaMartínez, F.; Zuorro, A. Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents. Processes 2023, 11, 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091 |
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Vol.11 (2023) |
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15 |
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(2023) |
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1 |
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11 |
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Processes |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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15 Páginas |
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Urbina-Suarez, Nestor Andres3e8ce1897f5d9382bb88755e9ec9cb96600López Barrera, German Luciano332ac6b52127580d0633e118d7f54cb8600García-Martinez, Janet80edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d600Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman9a1fd86dddd0f27fd5ac46364f0a3a8d600ZUORRO, Antonio1d9ebb9bdc0d09156364b9fd1169276a6002024-03-20T14:20:28Z2024-03-20T14:20:28Z2023-10-27https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6739https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091In this work, a UV/H2O2 system in real tannery wastewater was evaluated by an experimental design with optimal stage 2-level I-optimal reaction surface using Design Expert software to analyze the effects of temperature, pH, UV lamp power (W), and H2O2 concentration on COD removal and nitrification. It was found that pH and temperature were the variables that affected the process the most. It was found that an acidic pH of 4.5–5.5 and temperatures between 50 and 70 ◦C favored improved COD and ammonium oxidation. The process conditions—temperature 54.6 ◦C, pH 4, pW-UV 60 W and hydrogen peroxide 0.5—were confirmed in the next phase of the study using a one-way statistical analysis ANOVA. Under these conditions, the nitrite removal rate was 98.4%, ammonium 94.53%, chromium 92.3%, chlorides 62.4%, BOD 67.4%, COD 44.5%, and color 48%.15 Páginasapplication/pdfengProcessesUrbina-Suarez, N.A.; López-Barrera, G.L.; García-Martínez, J.B.; Barajas-Solano, A.F.; MachucaMartínez, F.; Zuorro, A. Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery Effluents. Processes 2023, 11, 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11113091Vol.11 (2023)15(2023)111Processes© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/11/3091Enhanced UV/H2O2 System for the Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Ammonia Transformation from Tannery EffluentsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85tannery wastewateradvanced oxidation processesCODnitrificationphotocatalysisSivagami, K.; Sakthivel, K.P.; Nambi, I.M. Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 3656–3663. [CrossRef]Urbina-Suarez, N.A.; Machuca-Martínez, F.; Barajas-Solano, A.F. Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biotechnological Alternatives for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater. Molecules 2021, 26, 3222. [CrossRef]Hansen, É.; de Aquim, P.M.; Hansen, A.W.; Cardoso, J.K.; Ziulkoski, A.L.; Gutterres, M. Impact of Post-Tanning Chemicals on the Pollution Load of Tannery Wastewater. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 269, 110787. [CrossRef]Chhikara, S.; Hooda, A.; Rana, L.; Dhankhar, R. Chromium (VI) Biosorption by Immobilized Aspergillus Niger in Continuous Flow System with Special Reference to FTIR Analysis. J. Environ. Biol. 2010, 31, 561–566.Daneshvar, E.; Zarrinmehr, M.J.; Kousha, M.; Hashtjin, A.M.; Saratale, G.D.; Maiti, A.; Vithanage, M.; Bhatnagar, A. Hexavalent Chromium Removal from Water by Microalgal-Based Materials: Adsorption, Desorption and Recovery Studies. Bioresour. Technol. 2019, 293, 122064. [CrossRef]Zhao, J.; Wu, Q.; Tang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Guo, H. Tannery Wastewater Treatment: Conventional and Promising Processes, an Updated 20-Year Review. J. Leather Sci. Eng. 2022, 4, 1–22. [CrossRef]Achouri, O.; Panico, A.; Bencheikh-Lehocine, M.; Derbal, K.; Pirozzi, F. Effect of Chemical Coagulation Pretreatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Tannery Wastewater. J. Environ. Eng. 2017, 143, 04017039. [CrossRef]Achouri, O.; Panico, A.; Bencheikh-Lehocine, M.; Derbal, K.; Pirozzi, F. Effect of Chemical Coagulation Pretreatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Tannery Wastewater. J. Environ. Eng. 2017, 143, 04017039. [CrossRef]Lofrano, G.; Meriç, S.; Zengin, G.E.; Orhon, D. Chemical and Biological Treatment Technologies for Leather Tannery Chemicals and Wastewaters: A Review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2013, 461–462, 265–281. [CrossRef]Urbina-Suarez, N.A.; Ayala-González, D.D.; Rivera-Amaya, J.D.; Barajas-Solano, A.F.; Machuca-Martínez, F. 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Comparison of UV-Cl and UV-H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Processes in the Degradation of Contaminants from Water and Wastewater: A Review. Water Environ. J. 2023, 37, 1–11. [CrossRef]. Nidheesh, P.V.; Couras, C.; Karim, A.V.; Nadais, H. A Review of Integrated Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biological Processes for Organic Pollutant Removal. Chem. Eng. Commun. 2021, 209, 390–432. [CrossRef]Saranya, D.; Shanthakumar, S. An Integrated Approach for Tannery Effluent Treatment with Ozonation and Phycoremediation: A Feasibility Study. Environ. Res. 2020, 183, 109163. [CrossRef]Hussain, Z.; Arslan, M.; Shabir, G.; Malik, M.H.; Mohsin, M.; Iqbal, S.; Afzal, M. Remediation of Textile Bleaching Effluent by Bacterial Augmented Horizontal Flow and Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands: A Comparison at Pilot Scale. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019, 685, 370–379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Sauer, T.P.; Casaril, L.; Oberziner, A.L.B.; José, H.J.; Moreira, R.d.F.P.M. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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