Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process
Powders Nb2 O5 were prepared by two different synthesis method, Sol-Gel and polymeric precursors (Pechini). In the Pechini method before adding the citric acid in the process, four different solutions were used to get the samples. For Sol-gel method, two different processes were also used in obtaini...
- Autores:
-
Raba, Angela
Rincón Joya, Miryam
Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2016
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1048
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1048
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0733
- Palabra clave:
- comparative study
sol-gel
Inelastic light scattering
Nb2 O5
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| title |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| spellingShingle |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process comparative study sol-gel Inelastic light scattering Nb2 O5 |
| title_short |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| title_full |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| title_fullStr |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| title_sort |
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth Process |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Raba, Angela Rincón Joya, Miryam Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Raba, Angela Rincón Joya, Miryam Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
comparative study sol-gel Inelastic light scattering Nb2 O5 |
| topic |
comparative study sol-gel Inelastic light scattering Nb2 O5 |
| description |
Powders Nb2 O5 were prepared by two different synthesis method, Sol-Gel and polymeric precursors (Pechini). In the Pechini method before adding the citric acid in the process, four different solutions were used to get the samples. For Sol-gel method, two different processes were also used in obtaining powders. The precursor was completely solubilized in ethanol and then hydrolyzed with ammonia and water. The calcination of the samples was between 500 and 750°C. The resulting powders were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area measurements, UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy. The formation of T−Nb2 O5 orthorhombic took place upon calcination at 7500C. Crystallite sizes were determined using the Scherrer method which resulted in an uniformed size of about 25 − 65nm. Ultraviolet-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicated a variation in the optical band gap values (3.32-3.40 eV) in crystal growth process. The Raman vibrational modes indicate the presence of the orthorhombic phase of the material. |
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2016 |
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2016-10-10 |
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2021-11-17T15:52:08Z |
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2021-11-17T15:52:08Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0733 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1048 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0733 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Materials Research |
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Vol.19 No.6.(2016) |
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7 |
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6 (2016) |
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1 |
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19 |
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Raba, A. M., Bautista-Ruíz, J., & Joya, M. R. (2016). Synthesis and structural properties of niobium pentoxide powders: a comparative study of the growth process. Materials Research, 19, 1381-1387. |
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Materials Research |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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openAccess |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Materials Research |
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Brasilia , Brasil |
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https://www.scielo.br/j/mr/a/n4bgPM5KYHVtGrKp3CktDdF/?lang=en |
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Raba, Angelab0f49e94494cfd0b31d200ab57002927600Rincón Joya, Miryamc0b8ca13fba2cb3b97bde3a3b5f95b0c600Bautista-Ruiz, Jorged2ad76c1874f15a36c3360ca84fbcb666002021-11-17T15:52:08Z2021-11-17T15:52:08Z2016-10-10http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1048https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0733Powders Nb2 O5 were prepared by two different synthesis method, Sol-Gel and polymeric precursors (Pechini). In the Pechini method before adding the citric acid in the process, four different solutions were used to get the samples. For Sol-gel method, two different processes were also used in obtaining powders. The precursor was completely solubilized in ethanol and then hydrolyzed with ammonia and water. The calcination of the samples was between 500 and 750°C. The resulting powders were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area measurements, UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy. The formation of T−Nb2 O5 orthorhombic took place upon calcination at 7500C. Crystallite sizes were determined using the Scherrer method which resulted in an uniformed size of about 25 − 65nm. Ultraviolet-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicated a variation in the optical band gap values (3.32-3.40 eV) in crystal growth process. The Raman vibrational modes indicate the presence of the orthorhombic phase of the material.application/pdfengMaterials ResearchBrasilia , BrasilMaterials ResearchVol.19 No.6.(2016)76 (2016)119Raba, A. M., Bautista-Ruíz, J., & Joya, M. R. (2016). Synthesis and structural properties of niobium pentoxide powders: a comparative study of the growth process. Materials Research, 19, 1381-1387.Materials ResearchThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.scielo.br/j/mr/a/n4bgPM5KYHVtGrKp3CktDdF/?lang=enSynthesis and Structural Properties of Niobium Pentoxide Powders: A Comparative Study of the Growth ProcessArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85comparative studysol-gelInelastic light scatteringNb2 O5Wang YD, Yang LF, Zhou ZL, Li YF, Wu XH. Effects of calcining temperature on lattice constants and gas-sensing properties of Nb2O5. Materials Letters 2001;49(5):277-281.Mujawar SH, Inamdar AI, Patil SB, Patil PS. Electrochromic properties of spray-deposited niobium oxide thin films. Solid State Ionics 2006;177(37-38):3333-3338.Jose R, Thavasi V, Ramakhrisna S. Metal Oxides for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2009;92(2):289-301.Lira-Cantu M, Krebs FC. Hybrid solar cells based on MEH-PPV and thin film semiconductor oxides (TiO2, Nb2O5, ZnO, CeO2 and CeO2-CTiO2): Performance improvement during long-time irradiation. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2006;90(14):2076-2086.Ahn KS, Kang MS, Lee JK, Shin BC, Lee JW. Enhanced electron diffusion length of mesoporous TiO2 film by using Nb2O5 energy barrier for dye-sensitized solar cells. Applied Physics Letters 2006;89:013103.Hashemzadeh F, Gaffarimejad A, Rahimi R. Porous p-NiO/n-Nb2O5 nanocomposites prepared by an EISA route with enhanced photocatalytic activity in simultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and methyl orange decoloration under visible light irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2015;286:64-74.Carniti P, Gervasini A, Marzo M. Dispersed NbOx Catalytic Phases in Silica Matrixes: Influence of Niobium Concentration and Preparative Route. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008;112(36):14064-14074.Sreethawong T, Ngamsinlapasathian S, Lim SH, Yoshikawa S. Investigation of thermal treatment effect on physicochemical and photocatalytic H2 production properties of mesoporous-assembled Nb2O5 nanoparticles synthesized via a surfactant-modified sol-gel method. Chemical Engineering Journal 2013;215-216:322-330.Marin ML, Hallett-Tapley GL, Impellizzeri S, Fasciani C, Simoncelli S, Netto-Ferreira JC, et al. Synthesis, acid properties and catalysis by niobium oxide nanostructured materials. Catalysis Science & Technology 2014;4:3044-3052.Zhao Y, Zhou X, Ye L, Tsang SCE. Nanostructured Nb2O5 catalysts. Nano Reviews 2012;3:17631.Soares MRN, Leite S, Nico C, Peres M, Fernandes AJS, Graça MPF, et al. Effect of processing method on physical properties of Nb2O5. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2011;31(4):501-506.Rani RA, Zoolfakar AS, O'Mullane AP, Austin MW, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Thin films and nanostructures of niobium pentoxide: fundamental properties, synthesis methods and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014;2(38):15683-15703.Rosario AV, Pereira EC. Influence of the crystallinity on the Li+ intercalation process in Nb2O5 films. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2005;9(10):665-673.Lopes OF, Paris EC, Ribeiro C. Synthesis of Nb2O5 nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method applied to organic pollutant photodegradation: A mechanistic study. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2014;144:800-808.Graça MPF, Meireles A, Nico C, Valente MA. Nb2O5 nanosize powders prepared by sol-gel Structure, morphology and dielectric properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2013;553:177-182.Ristic M, Popovic S, Music S. Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Nb2O5 powders. Materials Letters 2004;58(21):2658-2663.Uekawa N, Kudo T, Mori F, Wu YJ, Kakegawa K. Low-temperature synthesis of niobium oxide nanoparticles from peroxo niobic acid sol. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2003;264(2):378-384.Raba AM, Barba-Ortega J, Joya MR. The effect of the preparation method of Nb2O5 oxide influences the performance of the photocatalytic activity. Applied Physics A 2015;119(3):923-928.Bouquet V, Longo E, Leite ER, Varela JA. Influence of heat treatment on LiNbO3 thin films prepared on Si(111) by the polymeric precursor method. Journal of Materials Research 1999;14(7):3115-3121.Pechini MP, inventor; Sprague Electric Co, assignee. Method of preparing lead and alkaline earth titanates and niobates and coating method using the same to form a capacitor. United States patent US 3330697 A. 1967 Jul 11.Galceran M, Pujol MC, Aguillo´ M, Díaz F. Sol- gel modified Pechini method for obtaining nanocrystalline KRE(WO4)2 (RE = Gd and Yb). Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 2007;42(1):79-88.Kato K, Tamura S. Die Kristallstruktur von T-Nb2O5. Acta Crystallographica Section B 1975;B31:673-677.Ikeya T, Senna M. Change in the structure of niobium pentoxide due to mechanical and thermal treatments. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1988;105(3):243-250.Liu J, Xue D, Li K. Single-crystalline nanoporous Nb2O5 nanotubes. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011;6:138.Cavalcante LS, Marques VS, Sczancoski JC, Escote MT, Joya MR, Varela JA, et al. Synthesis, structural refinement and optical behavior of CaTiO3 powders: A comparative study of processing in different furnaces. Chemical Engineering Journal 2008;143(1-3):299-307.Jehng JM, Wachs IE. Structural chemistry and Raman spectra of niobium oxides. Chemistry of Materials 1991;3(1):100-107.Bormanis K, Palatnikov M, Shcherbina O, Frolov A, Chufyrev P, Sidorov N. Physical Properties and Structure of Niobium Pentoxide Ceramics Treated by Concentrated Light Flow. Integrated Ferroelectrics 2011;123(1):137-143.Brayner R, Bozon-Verduraz F. Niobium pentoxide prepared by soft chemical routes: morphology, structure, defects and quantum size effect. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2003;5:1457-1466.Mickova I. Photoelectrochemical Study of Anodically Formed Oxide Films on Niobium Surfaces. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0000-0003-3430-2173d2ad76c1874f15a36c3360ca84fbcb66600 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