Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers

In rivers, longitudinal walls are protective structures that are directly supported on the riverbank are frequently used as hydraulic prevent the current from eroding the bank and causing scouring. However, these structures have the potential to block flow and produce erosive processes that progress...

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Autores:
calixto, nelson javier
CORTÉS ZAMBRANO, MELQUISEDEC
Galvis-Castaño, Alberto
Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6749
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6749
https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002682
Palabra clave:
Flow-3D software
Granular bed
longitudinal wall
scour
three
dimensional numerical modeling
Rights
openAccess
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
title Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
spellingShingle Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
Flow-3D software
Granular bed
longitudinal wall
scour
three
dimensional numerical modeling
title_short Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
title_full Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
title_fullStr Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
title_sort Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers
dc.creator.fl_str_mv calixto, nelson javier
CORTÉS ZAMBRANO, MELQUISEDEC
Galvis-Castaño, Alberto
Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv calixto, nelson javier
CORTÉS ZAMBRANO, MELQUISEDEC
Galvis-Castaño, Alberto
Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Flow-3D software
Granular bed
longitudinal wall
scour
three
dimensional numerical modeling
topic Flow-3D software
Granular bed
longitudinal wall
scour
three
dimensional numerical modeling
description In rivers, longitudinal walls are protective structures that are directly supported on the riverbank are frequently used as hydraulic prevent the current from eroding the bank and causing scouring. However, these structures have the potential to block flow and produce erosive processes that progressively worsen scour in their area, leading to faulting and other problems. The current study used Flow-3D software to understand the scour process at the base of longitudinal walls in rivers with a well-graded granular bed. Experimental data from a physical model replicating a river with a longitudinal wall and a well-graded granular bed were used to validate the model. The investigation examined the average flow velocity and its effects on scour behavior along the longitudinal wall using the Flow-3D program. The findings showed that the Flow-3D model could improve the evaluation of debugging processes, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model. Validation with a 0.07 m mesh demonstrated that the Flow-3D model could faithfully simulate the scour process along the longitudinal wall. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the Flow-3D software can be a useful tool for predicting the scouring process in rivers with well-graded granular beds and longitudinal walls. This is particularly important for engineers and researchers who are interested in designing and optimizing hydraulic structures to mitigate the effects of scouring, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-07-27
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-03-21T16:43:15Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-03-21T16:43:15Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv N. C. Calixto, M. C. Zambrano, A. G. Castaño, and G. C. Soto, “Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers”, Eureka: PE, no. 4, pp. 168-179, Jul. 2023.
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol.4 (2023)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 179
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 4 (2023)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 168
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 12 Páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv EUREKA: Physics and Engineering
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Estonia
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://journal.eu-jr.eu/engineering/article/view/2682
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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spelling calixto, nelson javier1b1c54c0164cb75e102a975426a97880600CORTÉS ZAMBRANO, MELQUISEDEC9b01755d1b462dee8a59303a7b2956d5600Galvis-Castaño, Alberto52ab868467aeede484c683eb11d7a7e6600Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A9f0bdf54d830286b6e18ffcbfb4b42dd6002024-03-21T16:43:15Z2024-03-21T16:43:15Z2023-07-27https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6749https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002682In rivers, longitudinal walls are protective structures that are directly supported on the riverbank are frequently used as hydraulic prevent the current from eroding the bank and causing scouring. However, these structures have the potential to block flow and produce erosive processes that progressively worsen scour in their area, leading to faulting and other problems. The current study used Flow-3D software to understand the scour process at the base of longitudinal walls in rivers with a well-graded granular bed. Experimental data from a physical model replicating a river with a longitudinal wall and a well-graded granular bed were used to validate the model. The investigation examined the average flow velocity and its effects on scour behavior along the longitudinal wall using the Flow-3D program. The findings showed that the Flow-3D model could improve the evaluation of debugging processes, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model. Validation with a 0.07 m mesh demonstrated that the Flow-3D model could faithfully simulate the scour process along the longitudinal wall. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the Flow-3D software can be a useful tool for predicting the scouring process in rivers with well-graded granular beds and longitudinal walls. This is particularly important for engineers and researchers who are interested in designing and optimizing hydraulic structures to mitigate the effects of scouring, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model12 Páginasapplication/pdfengEUREKA: Physics and EngineeringEstoniaN. C. Calixto, M. C. Zambrano, A. G. Castaño, and G. C. Soto, “Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers”, Eureka: PE, no. 4, pp. 168-179, Jul. 2023.Vol.4 (2023)1794 (2023)168This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://journal.eu-jr.eu/engineering/article/view/2682Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding riversArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Flow-3D softwareGranular bedlongitudinal wallscourthreedimensional numerical modelingPereira Mendonça, I. S., Daniel Leitão Canilho, H., Maria Senafael, C. (2019). Flow-3D modelling of the debris effect on maximum scour hole depth at bridge piers. 38th IAHR World Congress - “Water: Connecting the World.” doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1850Toapaxi, J., Galiano, L., Castro, M., Hidalgo, X., Valencia, N. (2015). Analisis de la Socavacion en Cauces Naturales. Revista Politecnica, 35 (3). Available at: https://revistapolitecnica.epn.edu.ec/ojs2/index.php/revista_politecnica2/article/view/368/pdfBento, A. M., Gomes, A., Viseu, T., Couto, L., Pêgo, J. P. (2020). Risk-based methodology for scour analysis at bridge foundations. Engineering Structures, 223, 111115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111115Xiang, Q., Wei, K., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Qin, S. (2020). Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Local Scour for Suspended Square Caisson under Steady Flow. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24 (9), 2682–2693. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-2343-9Alemi, M., Maia, R. (2016). Numerical Simulation of the Flow and Local Scour Process around Single and Complex Bridge Piers. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 16 (5), 475–487. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0137-8Gupta, L. K., Pandey, M., Raj, P. A., Pu, J. H. (2023). Scour Reduction around Bridge Pier Using the Airfoil-Shaped Collar. Hydrology, 10 (4), 77. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040077Coronación, S. (2017). Evaluación de impactos por la extracción de agregados para la construcción en el cauce del río Achamayo, Concepción - Junín. Huancayo. Available at: https://repositorio.upla.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12848/279Illidge-Araujo, J., Chacon Velasco, J. L., Chacon Velasco, A. J., Romero Piehadraita, C. A. (2020). Diseño y simulación de un sistema pico-hydro para la generación de energía eléctrica en zonas rurales, mediante un software de mecánica de fluidos computacional. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 19 (1), 155–170. doi: https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n1-2020015Liu, M., Wang, H., Tang, G., Shao, F., Jin, X. (2022). Investigation of local scour around two vertical piles by using numerical method. Ocean Engineering, 244, 110405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110405Delgado-Mejia, A. L., Olmos-Villalba, L. C., Rivero-Mejia, A. E. (2014) Estudio comparativo del ciclo indicado de un motor diesel mediante simulación CFD y datos experimentales. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 13 (1), 23–31. Available at: https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistauisingenierias/article/view/23-31Basante-Bolaños, E. A., Villacrés-Martinez, M. A., Cruz-Velasco, L. G. (2021). Simulación numérica 2D subrasantes de baja resistencia, estabilizadas con material granular de sobretamaño (rajón). Revista UIS Ingenierías, 20 (3). doi: https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v20n3-2021004Taha, N., El-Feky, M. M., El-Saiad, A. A., Fathy, I. (2020). Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59 (5), 3503–3513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.032Monroy-González, H. (2021). Evaluación de eficiencia hidráulica en rejillas de sumideros mediante investigación numérica tridimensional y verificación de resultados de experimentación física de prototipos. Universidad Santo Tomás. Available at: https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/3680967Kaurav, R., Mohapatra, P. (2019). Effect of rheology on earthen embankment breaching. 38th IAHR World Congress - “Water: Connecting the World.” doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1505Cevallos Cevallos, P. E., Ochoa Rodriguez, D. M. (2020). Modelación numérica (CFD) del lavado de sedimentos en el embalse de la presa Toachi. Programa FLOW-3D. Quito: EPN. Available at: https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/21320Ghasemi, M., Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, S. (2017). The scour bridge simulation around a cylindrical pier using Flow-3D. Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment, 1 (2), 46–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.22111/JHE.2017.3357Di Pietro, P., Mahajan, R. R. (2021). Erosion Control Solutions with Case Studies. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 71–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4783-3_6Yamaguchi, S., Kyuka, T. (2019). A hydraulic model experiment on the relationship between sediment transport characteristics and changes inwatercourses arounda low-water revetment or spur dikes. 38th IAHR World Congress - “Water: Connecting the World.” doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-0245Ho, D. K. H., Riddette, K. M. (2010). Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in australia. Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 6 (1), 81–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2010.11463946Jalal, H. K., Hassan, W. H. (2020). Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour around circular bridge pier using Flow-3D software. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 745, 012150. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/745/1/012150Shamohamadi, B., Mehboudi, A. (2016). Analyzing Parameters Influencing Scour Bed in Confluence Channels Using Flow3D Numerical Model. Civil Engineering Journal, 2 (10), 529–537. doi: https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000055Al-Zubaidy, R. A., Hilo, A. N. (2022). Numerical investigation of flow behavior at the lateral intake using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 1914–1926. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.172ORIGINALAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdfAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdfapplication/pdf1682986https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6749/1/Analysis%20of%20a%20three-dimensional%20numerical%20modeling%20approach%20for%20predicting%20scour%20processes%20in%20longitudinal%20walls%20of%20granular%20bedding%20rivers.pdfdbe5d24ba8e2c23a06a3162a4adb0d47MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6749/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdf.txtAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain37919https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/6749/3/Analysis%20of%20a%20three-dimensional%20numerical%20modeling%20approach%20for%20predicting%20scour%20processes%20in%20longitudinal%20walls%20of%20granular%20bedding%20rivers.pdf.txt8c3df256c185b41cebab4cb0e5b10aadMD53open accessTHUMBNAILAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdf.jpgAnalysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers.pdf.jpgGenerated 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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