Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility
This paper evaluates residential smart photovoltaic (PV) inverters’ responses to cyberattacks and assesses the performance of an intrusion detection strategy for smart grid devices by comparing timeseries power flow results from a simulation application called Faster Than Real-Time (FTRT) Simulator...
- Autores:
-
Kaewnukultorn, Thunchanok
Sepúlveda, Sergio
Broadwater, Robert
Tsoutsos, Nektarios Georgios
Hegedus, Steven
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6809
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6809
- Palabra clave:
- Smart inverters
cyberattacks
hardware-in-the-loop laboratory
grid supporting function
cyberattack detection
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
| title |
Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
| spellingShingle |
Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility Smart inverters cyberattacks hardware-in-the-loop laboratory grid supporting function cyberattack detection |
| title_short |
Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
| title_full |
Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
| title_fullStr |
Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
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Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
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Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Facility |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Kaewnukultorn, Thunchanok Sepúlveda, Sergio Broadwater, Robert Tsoutsos, Nektarios Georgios Hegedus, Steven |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Kaewnukultorn, Thunchanok Sepúlveda, Sergio Broadwater, Robert Tsoutsos, Nektarios Georgios Hegedus, Steven |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Smart inverters cyberattacks hardware-in-the-loop laboratory grid supporting function cyberattack detection |
| topic |
Smart inverters cyberattacks hardware-in-the-loop laboratory grid supporting function cyberattack detection |
| description |
This paper evaluates residential smart photovoltaic (PV) inverters’ responses to cyberattacks and assesses the performance of an intrusion detection strategy for smart grid devices by comparing timeseries power flow results from a simulation application called Faster Than Real-Time (FTRT) Simulator to measurements from a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (P-HIL) laboratory as a testbed. Twenty different cyberattacks from three classes - Denial of Service (DoS), Intermittent attack, and Modification - were designed and tested with grid-tied smart inverters in order to study the inverters’ responses to malicious activities. The intrusion detection strategy was developed using a comparison between the predicted PV power output from FTRT and the power flows measured from P-HIL laboratory through the API interface. Real and reactive power thresholds were assigned based on a number of repeated experiments to ensure the applicability of the thresholds. The results showed that inverters from different manufacturers have their own unique responses which could be detected by the power flow measurements. Our detection method could identify over 94% of actual malicious actions and 7.4% of no-attack hours are detected as false positives. Out of 38 under-attack hours, 2 undetected hours are due to the intermittent attacks. Different attacks can be detected based on the targeted components of the complex power that attackers are aiming to cause disturbances. Our findings additionally show that DoS can be noticed immediately after the devices have been sabotaged, and they can be detected from the active power analysis. However, modification attack detection will depend more on the reactive power measurements, while intermittent attacks remain the most challenging for the proposed detection method since the objective of intermittent attacks is to create an oscillation of the complex power components which need a relatively high time resolution for the measurement. |
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2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-23 |
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2024-04-04T14:00:49Z |
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2024-04-04T14:00:49Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6809 |
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10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3308052 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6809 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Feras Alasali, Awni Itradat, Salah Abu Ghalyon, Mohammad Abudayyeh, Naser El-Naily, Ali M. Hayajneh, Anas AlMajali, "Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats", Smart Cities, vol.7, no.1, pp.51, 2023. |
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90779 |
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(2023) |
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Kaewnukultorn, Thunchanok209d5b5666c371c2ad6b1781d571a121600Sepúlveda, Sergiof9ae22ff86139103bcba4c4de3e5c280600Broadwater, Robert1dd56ff4fb66c7f023c283e472142216600Tsoutsos, Nektarios Georgios22930d646e373f627e4f889be01787b9600Hegedus, Stevenaa536381c3b32013689a4e96be47fec76002024-04-04T14:00:49Z2024-04-04T14:00:49Z2023-08-23https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/680910.1109/ACCESS.2023.3308052This paper evaluates residential smart photovoltaic (PV) inverters’ responses to cyberattacks and assesses the performance of an intrusion detection strategy for smart grid devices by comparing timeseries power flow results from a simulation application called Faster Than Real-Time (FTRT) Simulator to measurements from a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (P-HIL) laboratory as a testbed. Twenty different cyberattacks from three classes - Denial of Service (DoS), Intermittent attack, and Modification - were designed and tested with grid-tied smart inverters in order to study the inverters’ responses to malicious activities. The intrusion detection strategy was developed using a comparison between the predicted PV power output from FTRT and the power flows measured from P-HIL laboratory through the API interface. Real and reactive power thresholds were assigned based on a number of repeated experiments to ensure the applicability of the thresholds. The results showed that inverters from different manufacturers have their own unique responses which could be detected by the power flow measurements. Our detection method could identify over 94% of actual malicious actions and 7.4% of no-attack hours are detected as false positives. Out of 38 under-attack hours, 2 undetected hours are due to the intermittent attacks. Different attacks can be detected based on the targeted components of the complex power that attackers are aiming to cause disturbances. Our findings additionally show that DoS can be noticed immediately after the devices have been sabotaged, and they can be detected from the active power analysis. However, modification attack detection will depend more on the reactive power measurements, while intermittent attacks remain the most challenging for the proposed detection method since the objective of intermittent attacks is to create an oscillation of the complex power components which need a relatively high time resolution for the measurement.14 Páginasapplication/pdfengIEEE AccessFeras Alasali, Awni Itradat, Salah Abu Ghalyon, Mohammad Abudayyeh, Naser El-Naily, Ali M. Hayajneh, Anas AlMajali, "Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats", Smart Cities, vol.7, no.1, pp.51, 2023.Vol.11. (2023)90779(2023)9076611This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10227258Smart PV Inverter Cyberattack Detection Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Test FacilityArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Smart inverterscyberattackshardware-in-the-loop laboratorygrid supporting functioncyberattack detectionRenewable Energy World. (2013). Breakdown: Penetration of Renewable Energy in Selected Markets. [Online]. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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