CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool based on mathematical applications for modeling transient and spatial transport modes such as mass, momentum and heat transfer in multiphase fluids. Currently, CFD has been applied for biological engineering processes. In this paper, a review of...

Full description

Autores:
Niño, Lilibeth
Gelves, German
Peñuela, Mariana
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1575
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1575
Palabra clave:
Bioreactor
Scale up
Multiple reference frame (MRF)
Population balance model (PBM)
Rights
openAccess
License
Research India Publications
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
title CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
spellingShingle CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
Bioreactor
Scale up
Multiple reference frame (MRF)
Population balance model (PBM)
title_short CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
title_full CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
title_fullStr CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
title_full_unstemmed CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
title_sort CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Niño, Lilibeth
Gelves, German
Peñuela, Mariana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Niño, Lilibeth
Gelves, German
Peñuela, Mariana
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Bioreactor
Scale up
Multiple reference frame (MRF)
Population balance model (PBM)
topic Bioreactor
Scale up
Multiple reference frame (MRF)
Population balance model (PBM)
description Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool based on mathematical applications for modeling transient and spatial transport modes such as mass, momentum and heat transfer in multiphase fluids. Currently, CFD has been applied for biological engineering processes. In this paper, a review of Bioprocess engineering applications in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented, including important steps such as sterilization, mixing in CSTR, mass transfer and biochemical reactions applications.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-30T16:53:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-30T16:53:13Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1575
url http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1575
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN: 0973-4562, 2018 vol:113 fasc: 16 págs: 12553 - 12559
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 13, No. 16 (2018)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 12559
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 16 (2018)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 12553
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 13
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Niño, L., Peñuela, M. y Gelves, G. (2018). CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(16 (2018)), 12553–12559. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n16_22.pdf
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv International Journal of Applied Engineering Research
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv Research India Publications
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Research India Publications
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 7 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv International Journal of Applied Engineering Research
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv India
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n16_22.pdf
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/1575/1/CFD%20A%20New%20Challenge%20in%20Bioprocess%20Engineering.pdf
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spelling Niño, Lilibethfe424d07e145b419adb1d1597b49fd4f600Gelves, German7446587450ae5fc4984fae3331a66538600Peñuela, Marianaaad6186e0c1383b902b4827a1731e6b02021-11-30T16:53:13Z2021-11-30T16:53:13Z2018http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1575Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool based on mathematical applications for modeling transient and spatial transport modes such as mass, momentum and heat transfer in multiphase fluids. Currently, CFD has been applied for biological engineering processes. In this paper, a review of Bioprocess engineering applications in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented, including important steps such as sterilization, mixing in CSTR, mass transfer and biochemical reactions applications.7 páginasapplication/pdfengInternational Journal of Applied Engineering ResearchIndiaInternational Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN: 0973-4562, 2018 vol:113 fasc: 16 págs: 12553 - 12559Vol. 13, No. 16 (2018)1255916 (2018)1255313Niño, L., Peñuela, M. y Gelves, G. (2018). CFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(16 (2018)), 12553–12559. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n16_22.pdfInternational Journal of Applied Engineering ResearchResearch India Publicationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n16_22.pdfCFD: A New Challenge in Bioprocess EngineeringArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85BioreactorScale upMultiple reference frame (MRF)Population balance model (PBM)Xia, J.-Y., S.-J. Wang, et al. 2008. "Computational investigation of fluid dynamics in a recently developed centrifugal impeller bioreactor." Biochemical Engineering Journal 38(3): 406-413.Martínez López, David. 2007. “Simulación de una turbina radial mediante CFD FLUENT: caso de una turbina Rushton”. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.Abdul Ghania, A.G., Farid, M.M., Chen, X.D., Richards, P., (2001). Thermal sterilization of canned food in a 3-D pouch using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Food Engineering 48 (2), 147– 156.Krisna, V. “Evaluation of the Scale-up potential of the mammalian cell fermentors within NovoNordisk”. Master Thesis Report in Chemical Engineering. Denmarks Technical University. Food Production and Process Engineering Group. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007Mousave M. 2007. Experiments and CFD simulation of ferrous biooxidation in a bubble column bioreactor. Computers and Chemical Engineering 32 ., 62, 7107.Bakker, A., Ahmad, H.H., Lanre, M.O., 2001. Realize greater benefits from CFD. Fluid/Solids Handling March, pp. 45–53.Wanot, J., 1996. Computational fluid dynamics methods in ship design. R&D projects (1996), Germany.Abdul Ghania, A.G., Farid, M.M., Chen, X.D., Richards, P., (1999). An investigation of deactivation of bacteria in a canned liquid food during sterilization using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Journal of Food Engineering 42 (4), 207– 214.Krishna, R., & van Baten, J. M. 2001. Eulerian simulations of bubble columns operating at elevated pressures in the churn turbulent flow regime. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 6249–6258.Krishna, R., Urseanu, M. I., van Baten, J. M., & Ellenberger, J. 2000. Liquid phase dispersion in bubble columns operating in the churn-turbulent flow regime. Chemical Engineering Journal, 78, 43–51.Sokolichin, A., & Eigenberger, G. 1999. Applicability of the standard turbulence model to the dynamic simulation of bubble columns. Part I. Detailed numerical simulations. Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 2273–2284.Van Baten, J. M., & Krishna, R. 2001. Eulerian simulations for determination of the axial dispersion of liquid and gas phases in bubble columns operating in the churn-turbulent regime. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 503–512.Alexei Lapin, Joachim Schmid, Matthias Reuss. Modeling the dynamics of E. coli populations in the three-dimensional turbulent field of a stirred-tank bioreactor—A structured–segregated approach. 2006. Chemical Engineering Science 61 4783 – 4797Bezzo, F., Macchietto, S., Pantelides, C.C., 2003. General hybrid multizonal/CFD approach for bioreactor modeling. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 49 (8), 2133– 2148.Niño L., Peñuela M., Gelves G.R. CFD simulations for improving gas liquid mass transfer in a spin filter bioreactor. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9, pp 6097-6108. 2016.Nemati, M., &Webb, C. 1997. A kinetic model for biological oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 53, 478–486.Bauer, M., Eigenberger, G., 1999. A concept for multi-scale modeling of bubble columns and loop reactors. Chemical Engineering Science 54 (21), 5109–5117.Lapin, A., J. Schmid, et al. 2006. "Modeling the dynamics of E. coli populations in the threedimensional turbulent field of a stirred-tank bioreactor--A structured-segregated approach." Chemical Engineering Science 61(14): 4783-4797.Jenne, M., Reuss, M., 1999. A critical assessment of k–e turbulence models for simulation of the turbulent liquid flow induced by a Rushton turbine in baffled stirred tank reactors. Chemical Engineering Science 54, 3921–3941.Reuss, M., Schmalzriedt, S., Jenne, M., 2000. Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to modeling stirred tank bioreactors. In: Schügerl, K., Bellgardt, K. (Eds.), Bioreaction Engineering— Modeling and Control. Springer, Berlin, pp. 207– 246.Schmalzriedt, S., Jenne, M., Mauch, K., Reuss, M., 2003. Integration of physiology and fluid Dynamics. Advances in Biochemical Engineering 80, 18–68.Chassagnole, C., Noisommit-Rizzi, N., Schmid, J., Mauch, K., Reuss, M., 2002. Dynamic modeling of central carbon metabolism of Escherichia coli. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 79, 53–73.B. Xia and D.-W. Sun. 2002. Applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the food industry: a review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 34: 5–24.L. Niño, M. Penuela, R. Gelves, A. Benavides, J. Quintero. “CFD prediction of hydrodynamic behavior in the scale up of a stirred tank reactor for aerobic processes”. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. Vol. 11. N° 21. pp 10665- 10680. 2016.M. Jenne and M. Reuss. “A critical assessment on the use of k–e turbulence models for simulation of the turbulent liquid flow induced by Rushton turbine in baffled stirred-tank reactors”. Chemical Engineering Science. Vol. 54 N° 17, pp. 3921–3941. September 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0009- 2509(99)00093-7.Niño L., Peñuela M., Gelves G.R. CFD simulations for improving gas liquid mass transfer in a spin filter bioreactor. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9, pp 6097-6108 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com. 2016.Niño L., Peñuela M., Gelves G.R. 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accessTHUMBNAILCFD A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering.pdf.jpgCFD A New Challenge in Bioprocess Engineering.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg17346https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/1575/4/CFD%20A%20New%20Challenge%20in%20Bioprocess%20Engineering.pdf.jpg7fd11c41b60894e163ca4cf06c947135MD54metadata only accessufps/1575oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/15752022-05-23 10:39:23.457metadata only accessRepositorio Universidad Francisco de Paula 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


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