CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine
The contact between the piston rings and the cylinder liner is an interface with a strong influence on the tribological behavior and, therefore, directly affects the useful life of the engine components and fuel consumption. Due to this importance, the present investigation carried out an analysis o...
- Autores:
-
Orjuela Abril, Martha Sofia
FONSECA VIGOYA, MARLEN DEL SOCORRO
Pabón León, Jhon
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/6536
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6536
https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061
- Palabra clave:
- engine piston
surface dimples
honing groove
cylinder liner
coefficient friction
tribology
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2022 by the authors
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CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| title |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| spellingShingle |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine engine piston surface dimples honing groove cylinder liner coefficient friction tribology |
| title_short |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| title_full |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| title_fullStr |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| title_full_unstemmed |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| title_sort |
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Orjuela Abril, Martha Sofia FONSECA VIGOYA, MARLEN DEL SOCORRO Pabón León, Jhon |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Orjuela Abril, Martha Sofia FONSECA VIGOYA, MARLEN DEL SOCORRO Pabón León, Jhon |
| dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv |
Lubricants |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
engine piston surface dimples honing groove cylinder liner coefficient friction tribology |
| topic |
engine piston surface dimples honing groove cylinder liner coefficient friction tribology |
| description |
The contact between the piston rings and the cylinder liner is an interface with a strong influence on the tribological behavior and, therefore, directly affects the useful life of the engine components and fuel consumption. Due to this importance, the present investigation carried out an analysis of the effects of dimples and the honing groove in the cylinder liner on the tribological characteristics. A tribological model was developed to study the friction forces, minimum film thickness, and friction coefficient for the present investigation. Similarly, a computational fluid dynamics model was built to determine the dynamic movement of the piston. The validation of the numerical model showed a close similarity with the real behavior of the engine, obtaining an average relative error of 14%. The analysis of the results showed that a 3% increase in dimples’ density leads to a 3.79% increase in the minimum lubricant film and a 2.76% decrease in friction force. Additionally, it was shown that doubling the radius and depth of the dimple produces an increase of 3.86% and 1.91% in the thickness of the lubrication film. The most suitable distribution of the dimples on the surface of the cylinder liner corresponds to a square array. In general, the application of dimples and honing grooves in the cylinder liner are promising alternatives to reduce energy losses and minimize wear of engine components. |
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2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-11-18T14:46:51Z |
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2022-11-18T14:46:51Z |
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2022-04-07 |
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Artículo de revista |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061 |
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https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6536 https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Lubricants. vol 10 No°4[2022] |
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Vol. 10 No° 4[2022] |
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22 |
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4[2022] |
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Abril, S.O.; Del Socorro Fonseca-Vigoya, M.; Pabón-León, J. CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine. Lubricants 2022, 10, 61. https:// doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061 |
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Lubricants |
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© 2022 by the authors |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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© 2022 by the authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Suiza |
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Orjuela Abril, Martha Sofia c7eb007995ff675aa1fb2ed07939a53e600FONSECA VIGOYA, MARLEN DEL SOCORROba71e3dc4b659fd507087394d14d36c3600Pabón León, Jhon076125ff20b98661a4a45387a7c8c715Lubricants2022-11-18T14:46:51Z2022-11-18T14:46:51Z2022-04-07https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/6536https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061The contact between the piston rings and the cylinder liner is an interface with a strong influence on the tribological behavior and, therefore, directly affects the useful life of the engine components and fuel consumption. Due to this importance, the present investigation carried out an analysis of the effects of dimples and the honing groove in the cylinder liner on the tribological characteristics. A tribological model was developed to study the friction forces, minimum film thickness, and friction coefficient for the present investigation. Similarly, a computational fluid dynamics model was built to determine the dynamic movement of the piston. The validation of the numerical model showed a close similarity with the real behavior of the engine, obtaining an average relative error of 14%. The analysis of the results showed that a 3% increase in dimples’ density leads to a 3.79% increase in the minimum lubricant film and a 2.76% decrease in friction force. Additionally, it was shown that doubling the radius and depth of the dimple produces an increase of 3.86% and 1.91% in the thickness of the lubrication film. The most suitable distribution of the dimples on the surface of the cylinder liner corresponds to a square array. In general, the application of dimples and honing grooves in the cylinder liner are promising alternatives to reduce energy losses and minimize wear of engine components.22application/pdfengLubricantsSuizaLubricants. vol 10 No°4[2022]Vol. 10 No° 4[2022]224[2022]110Abril, S.O.; Del Socorro Fonseca-Vigoya, M.; Pabón-León, J. CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement Engine. Lubricants 2022, 10, 61. https:// doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040061Lubricants© 2022 by the authorshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128992946&doi=10.3390%2flubricants10040061&origin=inward&txGid=c1ea85d83404d9ddd54717b73182bfc4CFD Analysis of the Effect of Dimples and Cylinder Liner Honing Groove on the Tribological Characteristics of a Low Displacement EngineArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85engine pistonsurface dimpleshoning groovecylinder linercoefficient frictiontribologyGurt, A.; Khonsari, M. The Use of Entropy in Modeling the Mechanical Degradation of Grease. Lubricants 2019, 7, 82.Chong, W.W.F.; Hamdan, S.H.; Wong, K.J.; Yusup, S. Modelling Transitions in Regimes of Lubrication for Rough Surface Contact. Lubricants 2019, 7, 77.Tung, S.C.; McMillan, M.L. Automotive Tribology Overview of Current Advances and Challenges for the Future. Tribol. Int. 2004, 37, 517–536.Holmberg, K.; Andersson, P.; Erdemir, A. Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Passenger Cars. Tribol. Int. 2012, 47, 221–234.Söderfjäll, M.; Herbst, H.M.; Larsson, R.; Almqvist, A. Influence on Friction from Piston Ring Design, Cylinder Liner Roughness and Lubricant Properties. Tribol. Int. 2017, 116, 272–284.Rahmani, R.; Rahnejat, H.; Fitzsimons, B.; Dowson, D. The Effect of Cylinder Liner Operating Temperature on Frictional Loss and Engine Emissions in Piston Ring Conjunction. Appl. Energy 2017, 191, 568–581.Furuhama, S.; Sumi, T. A Dynamic Theory of Piston-Ring Lubrication: 3rd Report, Measurement of Oil Film Thickness. Bull. 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Wear Behavior of Al-Si Alloy Cylinder Liner Prepared by Laser Finishing. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2018, 232, 1944–1949.Senatore, A.; Risitano, G.; Scappaticci, L.; D’Andrea, D. Investigation of the Tribological Properties of Different Textured Lead Bronze Coatings under Severe Load Conditions. Lubricants 2021, 9, 34.Shum, P.W.; Zhou, Z.F.; Li, K.Y. Investigation of the Tribological Properties of the Different Textured DLC Coatings under Reciprocating Lubricated Conditions. Tribol. Int. 2013, 65, 259–264.Wang, X.; Liu, W.; Zhou, F.; Zhu, D. Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Dimple Size on Friction in Line Contacts. Tribol. Int. 2009, 42, 1118–1123.Kligerman, Y.; Etsion, I.; Shinkarenko, A. Improving Tribological Performance of Piston Rings by Partial Surface Texturing. J. Trib. 2005, 127, 632–638.Spencer, A. Optimizing Surface Texture for Combustion Engine Cylinder Liners. Ph.D. Thesis, Luleåtekniska Universitet, Luleå, Sweden, 2010.Lu, P.; Wood, R.J.K. 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The Effect of Selected Parameters of the Honing Process on Cylinder Liner Surface Topography. Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop. 2014, 2, 25004.Jeng, Y.-R. Impact of Plateaued Surfaces on Tribological Performance. Tribol. Trans. 1996, 39, 354–361.Vlădescu, S.-C.; Ciniero, A.; Tufail, K.; Gangopadhyay, A.; Reddyhoff, T. Looking into a Laser Textured Piston Ring-Liner Contact. Tribol. Int. 2017, 115, 140–153.Guo, Y.; Lu, X.; Li, W.; He, T.; Zou, D. A Mixed-Lubrication Model Considering Elastoplastic Contact for a Piston Ring and Application to a Ring Pack. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2015, 229, 174–188.Patir, N.; Cheng, H.S. An Average Flow Model for Determining Effects of Three-Dimensional Roughness on Partial Hydrodynamic Lubrication. J. Lubricants Technol. 1978, 100, 12–17.Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. A Numerical Solution to the Elasto-Hydrodynamic Problem. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1959, 1, 6–15.Houpert, L. New Results of Traction Force Calculations in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts. J. Tribol. 1985, 107, 241–245.Gu, C.; Meng, X.; Xie, Y.; Kong, X. Performance of Surface Texturing during Start-up under Starved and Mixed Lubrication. J. Tribol. 2017, 139, 11702.Ronen, A.; Etsion, I.; Kligerman, Y. Friction-Reducing Surface-Texturing in Reciprocating Automotive Components. Tribol. Trans. 2001, 44, 359–366.Spencer, A.; Almqvist, A.; Larsson, R. A Semi-Deterministic Texture-Roughness Model of the Piston Ring–Cylinder Liner Contact. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2011, 225, 325–333.Rahmani, R.; Theodossiades, S.; Rahnejat, H.; Fitzsimons, B. Transient Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Rough New or Worn Piston Compression Ring Conjunction with an Out-of-Round Cylinder Bore. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2012, 226, 284–305.Zavos, A.; Nikolakopoulos, P.G. Investigation of the Top Compression Ring Power Loss and Energy Consumption for Different Engine Conditions. Tribol. Surfaces Interfaces 2021, 1, 1–13.Greenwood, J.A.; Tripp, J.H. The Contact of Two Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1970, 185, 625–633.Teodorescu, M.; Balakrishnan, S.; Rahnejat, H. Integrated Tribological Analysis within a Multi- Physics Approach to System Dynamics. Tribol. Interface Eng. Ser. 2005, 48, 725–737.Popoola, O.; Cao, Y. The Influence of Turbulence Models on the Accuracy of CFD Analysis of a Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loop. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 2016, 8, 277–290.Koch, F.; Decker, P.; Gülpen, R.; Quadflieg, F.J.; Loeprecht, M. Cylinder Liner Deformation Analysis—Measurements and Calculations. SAE Trans. 1998, 107, 838–847.Zavos, A.; Nikolakopoulos, P.G. Tribology of New Thin Compression Ring of Fired Engine under Controlled Conditions-A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study. Tribol. Int. 2018, 128, 214–230.Tsujiuchi, N.; Koizumi, T.; Hamada, K.; Okamura, M.; Tsukijima, H. Optimization of Profile for Reduction of Piston Slap Excitation. In Proceedings of the Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition, Graz, Austria, 27–30 September 2004; SAE: Warrendale, PA, USA, 2004.Gore, M.; Theaker, M.; Howell-Smith, S.; Rahnejat, H.; King, P.D. Direct Measurement of Piston Friction of Internal-Combustion Engines Using the Floating-Liner Principle. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0000-0002-9742-8673c7eb007995ff675aa1fb2ed07939a53e600 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