Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer

Itaconic acid is a metabolite produced from biotechnological pathway using the microorganism Aspergillus terreus. It is used in a wide number of sectors such as industry, agriculture and health. Based on its chemical properties, itaconic acid is a great interest for replacing polymers and resins der...

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Autores:
Rivera, Christian
Gelves, German
Nieto, Luis M.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/410
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/410
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
spellingShingle Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title_short Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title_full Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title_fullStr Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title_full_unstemmed Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
title_sort Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro Designer
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rivera, Christian
Gelves, German
Nieto, Luis M.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Rivera, Christian
Gelves, German
Nieto, Luis M.
description Itaconic acid is a metabolite produced from biotechnological pathway using the microorganism Aspergillus terreus. It is used in a wide number of sectors such as industry, agriculture and health. Based on its chemical properties, itaconic acid is a great interest for replacing polymers and resins derived from petroleum. However, its production is still expensive and this latter hinders large scale studies regarding itaconic acid production. Nowadays, simulation is a great alternative to overcome this problem. It allows researchers to make a more effective evaluation and self-assessment, reducing costs and avoiding losses at large scale operation. For that reason, the purpose of this research is performing an Itaconic acid production simulation on industrial scale using SuperPro Designer software. Costs reduction improvement is also analyzed. 90g/L of glycerol, 1g/L of NH4NO3 and 1.25 of KH2PO4 are set up on simulation as media composition reported from references. Results regarding itaconic acid crystals showed a productivity of 171 kg/h and an operating cost closed to 42.0 USD/kg. Interestingly, a 17 % productivity increase is reached by proposing a stream recycling based on itaconic acid recovering from downstream centrifugation processing. The latter based on a higher productivity estimated (200 kg/h). Also average costs are reduced at 12 % since 38.1 USD/kg is found using improvements mentioned. Results found here demonstrate the potential usage of simulators for estimating costs and production which allows predicting the bioprocess feasibility
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-09-13
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-25T20:54:39Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-25T20:54:39Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100
url http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/410
identifier_str_mv 10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 12, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 1655,No. 1(2020)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 12
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 1 (2020)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 1655
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv L Nieto et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1655 012100
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 12 páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Physics
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Reino Unido
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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spelling Rivera, Christianfb2ef48c17c17f3453457b8d2dbd75eeGelves, German7446587450ae5fc4984fae3331a66538600Nieto, Luis M.4c73fb14c333274b1c3cead2dbb063fe6002021-10-25T20:54:39Z2021-10-25T20:54:39Z2020-09-13http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/41010.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100Itaconic acid is a metabolite produced from biotechnological pathway using the microorganism Aspergillus terreus. It is used in a wide number of sectors such as industry, agriculture and health. Based on its chemical properties, itaconic acid is a great interest for replacing polymers and resins derived from petroleum. However, its production is still expensive and this latter hinders large scale studies regarding itaconic acid production. Nowadays, simulation is a great alternative to overcome this problem. It allows researchers to make a more effective evaluation and self-assessment, reducing costs and avoiding losses at large scale operation. For that reason, the purpose of this research is performing an Itaconic acid production simulation on industrial scale using SuperPro Designer software. Costs reduction improvement is also analyzed. 90g/L of glycerol, 1g/L of NH4NO3 and 1.25 of KH2PO4 are set up on simulation as media composition reported from references. Results regarding itaconic acid crystals showed a productivity of 171 kg/h and an operating cost closed to 42.0 USD/kg. Interestingly, a 17 % productivity increase is reached by proposing a stream recycling based on itaconic acid recovering from downstream centrifugation processing. The latter based on a higher productivity estimated (200 kg/h). Also average costs are reduced at 12 % since 38.1 USD/kg is found using improvements mentioned. Results found here demonstrate the potential usage of simulators for estimating costs and production which allows predicting the bioprocess feasibility12 páginasapplication/pdfengJournal of PhysicsReino UnidoJournal of Physics: Conference Series ISSN: 1742-6596, 2020 vol:1655 fasc: N/A págs: 1 - 12, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100Vol. 1655,No. 1(2020)121 (2020)11655L Nieto et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1655 012100Journal of PhysicsContent from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltdinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012100Economic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus Terreus using Superpro DesignerArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Jing Y, Hao X, Jianchun J, Ning Z, Xie J, Wei M and Zhao J 2019 Production of Itaconic Acid Through Microbiological Fermentation of Inexpensive Materials Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 4(3) 135Cunha J, Machado A and Camporese E 2018 World market and biotechnological production of itaconic acid Biotechnology 8(3) 1Bafana R, Sivanesan S and Pandey R 2019 Optimization and scale up of itaconic acid production from potato starch waste in stirred tank bioreactor Biotechnology Progress 35(3) 2774Steiger M, Blumhoff M, Mattanovich D and Sauer M 2013 Biochemistry of microbial itaconic acid production Frontiers in Microbiology 4 1Cruz J, Bernardes D, Machado A and Camporese E 2017 Itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus from low-cost carbon and nitrogen sources International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research 7(9) 32Bednarz S, Półćwiartek K, Wityk J, Strachota B, Kredatusová J, Beneš H, Wesolowska A and Kowalski G 2017 Polymerization-crosslinking of renewable itaconic acid in water and in deep eutectic solvents European Polymer Journal 95 241Bafana R, Sivanesan S and Pandey R 2017 Itaconic Acid Production by Filamentous Fungi in Starch-Rich Industrial Residues Indian Journal of Microbiology 57(3) 322Klement T and Büchs J 2013 Itaconic acid – a biotechnological process in change, Bioresources Technology 135 422Saha B and Kennedy G 2019 Efficient itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus: Overcoming the strong inhibitory effect of manganese Biotechnology Progress 36 2939Petrides D, Carmichael D, Charles C and Koulouris A 2014 Biopharmaceutical Process Optimization with Simulation and Scheduling Tools Bioengineering Journal 1 54Juy M, Orejas J and Lucca M 2014 Study of itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terrus MJL05 strain with different variable Revista Colombiana de Biotecnologia 12(2) 187Amina I and Chenyu D 2014 Fermentative Itaconic Acid Production Journal of Biodiversity Bioprospecting and Development 1(2)Magalhães J, Carvalho J, Thoms J, Coral D and Soccol C 2018 Techno-economic Analysis of Downstream Processes in Itaconic Acid Production from Fermentation Broth. Journal of Cleaner Production 206(1) 336Magalhães I, Carvalho J, Medina J and Soccol C 2016 Downstream process development in biotechnological itaconic acid manufacturing Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101(1) 1ORIGINALEconomic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus.pdfEconomic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus.pdfapplication/pdf1410478https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/410/1/Economic%20Assessment%20of%20Itaconic%20Acid%20Production%20from%20Aspergillus.pdf78e4054ee2a73013f5d6e49cb62745adMD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/bitstream/ufps/410/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTEconomic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus.pdf.txtEconomic Assessment of Itaconic Acid Production from Aspergillus.pdf.txtExtracted 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
