Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids

This study investigates the effect of C/N ratio on the production of biomass and total carotenoids on a Scenedesmus sp. Initially, three different carbon sources (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate) were tested under different concentrations of a nitrogen source (sodium nitrate)...

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Autores:
Barajas Solano, andres F
Guarin, Esthefania
Remolina, Linda
Bermúdez, Johanna
Mogollón Londoño, Sandra Oriana
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
García-Martinez, Janet
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/487
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/487
Palabra clave:
Biomass production
Photobioreactor
Scenedesmus sp
Sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Carbonato de sodio
Fotobioreactor
Nitrato de sodio
Producción de biomasa
Scenedesmus sp
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
id RUFPS2_1c5c1c9ed3132968143101750daf7873
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/487
network_acronym_str RUFPS2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital UFPS
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Efecto de la relación carbono/Nitrógeno en la producción de carotenoids en microalgas
title Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
spellingShingle Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
Biomass production
Photobioreactor
Scenedesmus sp
Sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Carbonato de sodio
Fotobioreactor
Nitrato de sodio
Producción de biomasa
Scenedesmus sp
title_short Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
title_full Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
title_fullStr Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
title_full_unstemmed Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
title_sort Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoids
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Barajas Solano, andres F
Guarin, Esthefania
Remolina, Linda
Bermúdez, Johanna
Mogollón Londoño, Sandra Oriana
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
García-Martinez, Janet
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Barajas Solano, andres F
Guarin, Esthefania
Remolina, Linda
Bermúdez, Johanna
Mogollón Londoño, Sandra Oriana
Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo
García-Martinez, Janet
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Biomass production
Photobioreactor
Scenedesmus sp
Sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
topic Biomass production
Photobioreactor
Scenedesmus sp
Sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Carbonato de sodio
Fotobioreactor
Nitrato de sodio
Producción de biomasa
Scenedesmus sp
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Carbonato de sodio
Fotobioreactor
Nitrato de sodio
Producción de biomasa
Scenedesmus sp
description This study investigates the effect of C/N ratio on the production of biomass and total carotenoids on a Scenedesmus sp. Initially, three different carbon sources (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate) were tested under different concentrations of a nitrogen source (sodium nitrate) in 250 mL tubular air-lift reactors. The reactors were operated at 25 °C for 40 days. in light:dark cycle of 12:12, under a continuous flow of air. Results showed that by the adjustment of the concentration of the carbon and nitrogen source, it is possible to increase the concentration of biomass up to 0.8 g/L. However, by the regulation on the concentration of sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate, the final content of total carotenoids was increased two times (from 0.3 to 0.66 % w/w). Results from this study shows that an specific ratio between the carbon source employed and the concentration of the nitrogen source shows that an outstanding increase on the final biomass and the concentration of total carotenoids that can be produced. Finally, the effect of well-known strategies such as light, salinity and pH, coupled with C/N ratio must be studied to achieve a proper method to stress the cell culture and enhance the synthesis of carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-01-03
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-29T20:54:29Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-10-29T20:54:29Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8686
url http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/487
identifier_str_mv 10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8686
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv Revista Ingeniería Y Competitividad ISSN: 2027-8284, 2020 vol:22 fasc: 1 págs: 1 - 12, DOI:10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8686
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 22 No. 1 (2020)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 12
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 1 (2020)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 22
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv E. Guarin-Villegas, «Efecto de la relación carbono/Nitrógeno en la producción de carotenoids en microalgas», inycomp, vol. 22, n.º 1, pp. 1-13, ene. 2020.
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Ingeniería Y Competitividad
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 12 páginas
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Ingeniería Y Competitividad
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://revistaingenieria.univalle.edu.co/index.php/ingenieria_y_competitividad/article/view/8811
institution Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
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spelling Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600Guarin, Esthefania 300fd3e4448991058b0a32e90e980f0f600Remolina, Linda 2643b61793e98d6ecbe9de0a98b353df600Bermúdez, Johanna367d033658edc444e162fdb490c5a41a600Mogollón Londoño, Sandra Oriana82aad7f548247cfb7c42fdf9c5a33d48600Contreras Ropero, Jefferson Eduardo14643edabc8451f3e53932a0a299b372600García-Martinez, Janet80edb67ba4cf51c8ef0d2bf62e0faa4d6002021-10-29T20:54:29Z2021-10-29T20:54:29Z2020-01-03http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/48710.25100/iyc.v22i1.8686This study investigates the effect of C/N ratio on the production of biomass and total carotenoids on a Scenedesmus sp. Initially, three different carbon sources (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate) were tested under different concentrations of a nitrogen source (sodium nitrate) in 250 mL tubular air-lift reactors. The reactors were operated at 25 °C for 40 days. in light:dark cycle of 12:12, under a continuous flow of air. Results showed that by the adjustment of the concentration of the carbon and nitrogen source, it is possible to increase the concentration of biomass up to 0.8 g/L. However, by the regulation on the concentration of sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate, the final content of total carotenoids was increased two times (from 0.3 to 0.66 % w/w). Results from this study shows that an specific ratio between the carbon source employed and the concentration of the nitrogen source shows that an outstanding increase on the final biomass and the concentration of total carotenoids that can be produced. Finally, the effect of well-known strategies such as light, salinity and pH, coupled with C/N ratio must be studied to achieve a proper method to stress the cell culture and enhance the synthesis of carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp.El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determiner el efecto de la relación Carbono/Nitrógeno en la producción de biomasa y carotenoides totales en una cepa de Scenedesmus sp. Inicialmente, se evaluaron tres fuentes de carbono diferentes (carbonato de sodio, bicarbonato de sodio y acetato de sodio) bajo diferentes concentraciones de una fuente de nitrógeno (nitrato de sodio) en reactores tubulares de 250 ml. Los reactores fueron operados a 25°C durante 40 días en un ciclo de luz:oscuridad de 12:12 horas y un flujo continuo de aire. De acuerdo con los resultados se encontró que mediante el ajuste de la concentración de la fuente de carbono y nitrógeno, es posible aumentar la concentración de biomasa hasta 0.8 g/L. Por otra parte, mediante la regulación de la concentración de carbonato de sodio y nitrato de sodio, el contenido final carotenoides totales se incrementó dos veces (de 0.3 a 0.66% p/p). Los resultados de este estudio muestran que, al ajustar las concentraciones de la fuente de carbono y de nitrógeno es posible obtener un aumento interesante en la biomasa final y la concentración de carotenoides totales. Finalmente, es importante resaltar que se debe estudiar el efecto de otras estrategias como la luz, la salinidad y el pH, junto con la relación C/N para obtener un método adecuado que lleve a las celulas hacia un estress metabolico y mejore así la síntesis de carotenoides en Scencedesmus sp.12 páginasapplication/pdfengRevista Ingeniería Y CompetitividadColombiaRevista Ingeniería Y Competitividad ISSN: 2027-8284, 2020 vol:22 fasc: 1 págs: 1 - 12, DOI:10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8686Vol. 22 No. 1 (2020)121 (2020)122E. Guarin-Villegas, «Efecto de la relación carbono/Nitrógeno en la producción de carotenoids en microalgas», inycomp, vol. 22, n.º 1, pp. 1-13, ene. 2020.Revista Ingeniería Y CompetitividadEste trabajo está licenciado bajo una Licencia Internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento– NoComercial–CompartirIgual 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistaingenieria.univalle.edu.co/index.php/ingenieria_y_competitividad/article/view/8811Effect of de Carbon/Nitrogen ratio on the production of microalgae-based carotenoidsEfecto de la relación carbono/Nitrógeno en la producción de carotenoids en microalgasArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Biomass productionPhotobioreactorScenedesmus spSodium carbonateSodium nitrateCarbonato de sodioFotobioreactorNitrato de sodioProducción de biomasaScenedesmus spCiccone MM, Cortese F, Gesualdo M, Carbonara S, Zito A, Ricci G, et al. Dietary Intake of Carotenoids and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cardiovascular Care. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:1–11. Doi: 10.1155/2013/782137.Del Campo JA, García-González M, Guerrero MG. Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;74(6):1163– 74. Doi: 10.1007/s00253-007-0844-9.D’Alessandro EB, Filho NRA. Concepts and studies on lipid and pigments of microalgae: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;58:832–41. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.162.Hu J, Nagarajan D, Zhang Q, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae for pigment production: A review. Biotechnol adv. 2018;36(1), 54– 67. Doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.009.Del Campo JA, Moreno J, Rodrı́guez H, Vargas MA, Rivas J, Guerrero MG. Carotenoid content of chlorophycean microalgae: factors determining lutein accumulation in Muriellopsis sp. (Chlorophyta). J Biotechnol. 2000;76(1):51–9. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GA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