Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds
Orchids are affected by several factors that impair their spreading, which is necessary to know the viability of their seeds. The aim of this research was to determine the most suitable preconditioning treatment to potentiate the tetrazolium test in Epidendrum barbaricum seeds. Initially, the mature...
- Autores:
-
SALAZAR MERCADO, SEIR ANTONIO
Botello Delgado, Edinson Alexander
Quintero Caleño, Jesús David
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital UFPS
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/665
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/665
- Palabra clave:
- Capsules
Germinative capacity
Orchids
Seeds quality
Sodium hypochlorite
Capacidad germinativa
Calidad de semillas
hipoclorito de sodio
Orquídeas
preacondicionamiento
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Efecto de pretatamientos en la prueba de tetrazolio en semillas de Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson |
| title |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| spellingShingle |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds Capsules Germinative capacity Orchids Seeds quality Sodium hypochlorite Capacidad germinativa Calidad de semillas hipoclorito de sodio Orquídeas preacondicionamiento |
| title_short |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| title_full |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| title_fullStr |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| title_sort |
Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seeds |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
SALAZAR MERCADO, SEIR ANTONIO Botello Delgado, Edinson Alexander Quintero Caleño, Jesús David |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
SALAZAR MERCADO, SEIR ANTONIO Botello Delgado, Edinson Alexander Quintero Caleño, Jesús David |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Capsules Germinative capacity Orchids Seeds quality Sodium hypochlorite |
| topic |
Capsules Germinative capacity Orchids Seeds quality Sodium hypochlorite Capacidad germinativa Calidad de semillas hipoclorito de sodio Orquídeas preacondicionamiento |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Capacidad germinativa Calidad de semillas hipoclorito de sodio Orquídeas preacondicionamiento |
| description |
Orchids are affected by several factors that impair their spreading, which is necessary to know the viability of their seeds. The aim of this research was to determine the most suitable preconditioning treatment to potentiate the tetrazolium test in Epidendrum barbaricum seeds. Initially, the mature capsules were collected near the city of Pasto in the Department of Nariño (Colombia), and seeds were obtained. Subsequently, the seeds were submitted to four pretreatments: immersion in distilled water, 1% hypochlorite, 10% alcohol and 10% sucrose. Seeds were then rinsed with distilled water and exposed to two concentrations of 2,3,5-trifenyl tetrazolium chloride (0.25%, 1%) and different exposure times (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). To perform the tests, the 5 ml syringe with cloth filter method was used. The viability test results were corroborated with the in vitro germination test, using the MS (Murashige and Skoog) culture medium. The most reliable viability findings (93%) were obtained by using preconditioning with sodium hypochlorite, a value that has a high correlation with the percentage of germination (93%), independent of the tetrazolium concentration at an exposure time of 24 hours. |
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2020 |
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2020-03-17 |
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2021-11-05T03:23:35Z |
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2021-11-05T03:23:35Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/665 |
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10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619 |
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http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/665 |
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10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619 |
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eng |
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Revista Acta Agronomica ISSN: 2323-0118, 2019 vol:68 fasc: 4 págs: 306 - 311, DOI:10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619 |
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Vol. 68, No. 4 (2019) |
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Salazar Mercado, S. A., Botello Delgado, E. A., & Quintero Caleño, J. D. (2019). Efecto de pretatamientos en la prueba de tetrazolio en semillas de <i>Epidendrum barbaricum</i> Hágsater & Dodson. Acta Agronómica, 68(4), 306-311. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619 |
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Revista Acta Agronómica |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Revista Acta Agronomica |
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SALAZAR MERCADO, SEIR ANTONIOd3fe7e1ec57f59c892212006893d7af1600Botello Delgado, Edinson Alexander15882d2ee554c30b9a0b0fb312572e30600Quintero Caleño, Jesús David62f689bd005166545a0b8c5715b292e06002021-11-05T03:23:35Z2021-11-05T03:23:35Z2020-03-17http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/66510.15446/acag.v68n4.79619Orchids are affected by several factors that impair their spreading, which is necessary to know the viability of their seeds. The aim of this research was to determine the most suitable preconditioning treatment to potentiate the tetrazolium test in Epidendrum barbaricum seeds. Initially, the mature capsules were collected near the city of Pasto in the Department of Nariño (Colombia), and seeds were obtained. Subsequently, the seeds were submitted to four pretreatments: immersion in distilled water, 1% hypochlorite, 10% alcohol and 10% sucrose. Seeds were then rinsed with distilled water and exposed to two concentrations of 2,3,5-trifenyl tetrazolium chloride (0.25%, 1%) and different exposure times (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). To perform the tests, the 5 ml syringe with cloth filter method was used. The viability test results were corroborated with the in vitro germination test, using the MS (Murashige and Skoog) culture medium. The most reliable viability findings (93%) were obtained by using preconditioning with sodium hypochlorite, a value that has a high correlation with the percentage of germination (93%), independent of the tetrazolium concentration at an exposure time of 24 hours.Las orquídeas son afectadas por varios factores que perjudican su propagación. En este estudio se evaluaron diferentes métodos de pre-acondicionamento para potenciar la prueba de tetrazolio en semillas de Epidendrum barbaricum. Inicialmente las cápsulas maduras fueron recolectadas en la ciudad de Pasto, departamento de Nariño (Colombia), las cuales fueron sometidas a los pretratamientos: inmersión en agua destilada, hipoclorito al 1%, alcohol al 10% y sacarosa al 10%, antes de ser lavadas con agua destilada y tratadas con concentraciones de 2,3,5- cloruro trifenil tetrazolio (0.25%, y 1%) durante tiempos de exposición de 6, 12, 24 y 48 horas. Para las aplicaciones fueron utilizadas jeringas de 5 ml con filtro de tela. Los resultados del test de viabilidad fueron validados con la prueba de germinación in vitro, utilizando el medio de cultivo MS (Murashige and Skoog). Los mejores porcentajes de viabilidad (93%) se encontraron con la aplicación de hipoclorito de sodio, con una alta correlación con el porcentaje de germinación (93%), independiente de la concentración de tetrazolio y un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas.6 páginasapplication/pdfengRevista Acta AgronomicaRevista Acta Agronomica ISSN: 2323-0118, 2019 vol:68 fasc: 4 págs: 306 - 311, DOI:10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619Vol. 68, No. 4 (2019)3114 (2019)30668Salazar Mercado, S. A., Botello Delgado, E. A., & Quintero Caleño, J. D. (2019). Efecto de pretatamientos en la prueba de tetrazolio en semillas de <i>Epidendrum barbaricum</i> Hágsater & Dodson. Acta Agronómica, 68(4), 306-311. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v68n4.79619Revista Acta AgronómicaEsta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/79619Pre-treatments effect on the tetrazolium test on Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & Dodson seedsEfecto de pretatamientos en la prueba de tetrazolio en semillas de Epidendrum barbaricum Hágsater & DodsonArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85CapsulesGerminative capacityOrchidsSeeds qualitySodium hypochloriteCapacidad germinativaCalidad de semillashipoclorito de sodioOrquídeaspreacondicionamientoAggarwal, S; Nirmala, C. 2012. Utilization of coir fibers as an eco-friendly substitute for costly gelling agents for in vitro orchid seed germination. Scientia Horticulturae 133:89-92. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.010Ramya Al- Turki, T.A; Baskin, C.C. 2017. Determination of seed viability of eight wild Saudi Arabian species by germination and X-ray tests. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24:822-829. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.06.009Bae, K.H;Hee, K.O; Kim, S.Y. 2014. Sodium hypochlorite treatment and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation effect on in vitro germination of Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) Lindl. Journal of Plant Biotechnology 41:44- 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2014.41.1.44Carvalho, I.L; Meneghello, G.E; Madruga, L.T; Costa, C.J; Nogueira, V.S. 2017. Methodological adjustments to the tetrazolium test in rice seeds. Journal of Seed Science 39:41-49. https://doi. org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n1169643Chaves, H.K; Mosquera, A; Otero, J. 2015. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0000-0002-3287-703Xd3fe7e1ec57f59c892212006893d7af16000000-0002-9675-267415882d2ee554c30b9a0b0fb312572e306000000-0002-2011-263862f689bd005166545a0b8c5715b292e0600 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