Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice

156 p

Autores:
Carvajal Torres, Paula Alejandra
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad de Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Universidad de Santander
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.udes.edu.co:001/4497
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/4497
Palabra clave:
Biodegradación
Fenol
Polivinil alcohol (PVA)
Alginato (Alg)
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Santander, 2019
id RUDES2_ea8a1fd97ac652795fec49df5010cbf2
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.udes.edu.co:001/4497
network_acronym_str RUDES2
network_name_str Repositorio Universidad de Santander
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
title Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
spellingShingle Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
Biodegradación
Fenol
Polivinil alcohol (PVA)
Alginato (Alg)
title_short Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
title_full Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
title_fullStr Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
title_full_unstemmed Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
title_sort Biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso utilizando bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de polivinil-alcohol alginato y sílice
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Carvajal Torres, Paula Alejandra
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv Valdivieso Quintero, Wilfredo
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Carvajal Torres, Paula Alejandra
dc.contributor.educationalvalidator.spa.fl_str_mv Flórez Castillo, Johanna-Marcela
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Biodegradación
Fenol
Polivinil alcohol (PVA)
Alginato (Alg)
topic Biodegradación
Fenol
Polivinil alcohol (PVA)
Alginato (Alg)
description 156 p
publishDate 2019
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-12-11
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv 2020-02-24T16:22:03Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv 2020-02-24T16:22:03Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.local.spa.fl_str_mv T 33.19 C179b
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/4497
identifier_str_mv T 33.19 C179b
url https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/4497
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
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spelling Valdivieso Quintero, Wilfredo6e57fa8d-acf5-427b-90cd-02d503883d1f-1Carvajal Torres, Paula Alejandra85779f65-81a0-4016-9a41-478303bf3979-1Flórez Castillo, Johanna-Marcela2020-02-24T16:22:03Z2020-02-24T16:22:03Z2019-12-11156 pDue to environmental requirements, the treatment of water from industrial processes has become a priority and under this premise phenol has served as a model compound to test new treatment processes mainly because it is a molecule that represents a family of chemical compounds with high toxicity and known and also these compounds are produced by many important industrial processes such as the oil, pharmaceutical, food industry, among others. Many processes have been tested to reduce the amount of phenols in water, but it has been found over the years that biodegradation is the simplest, most economical and easiest application process for the large volumes of industrial water produced. The objective of this research was to evaluate the biodegradation of phenol in aqueous medium by double-encapsulated bacteria in PVA-Alg and silica matrices. Different ratios of PVA and Alg and sodium and ludox® silicate were evaluated to find the best matrix for the study of phenol biodegradation. Likewise, a microorganism with the ability to degrade hydrocarbons was isolated. The results obtained allowed us to show that the best PVA-Alg matrix was P4-A1, since it presented the best results in the feasibility, shape, size and stability tests. It was found that the best matrix of sodium and ludox® silicate was S1-L5 because it presented, possibly a smaller pore size compared to the other matrices evaluated. Finally, regarding the biodegradation test, it was found that the phenol removal capacity by the free-isolated and encapsulated microorganism in the P4-A1 matrix was greater than the phenol removal capacity by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 49128 with 12 and 14% removal by the isolated microorganism and 7 and 10% by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 49128.Por exigencias medioambientales se ha vuelto prioritario el tratamiento de las aguas provenientes de procesos industriales y bajo esta premisa el fenol ha servido como compuesto modelo para probar nuevos procesos de tratamiento debido principalmente a que es una molécula que representa una familia de compuestos químicos con toxicidad alta y conocida y además estos compuestos son producidos por muchos procesos industriales importantes como la industria del petróleo, farmacéutica, alimenticia, entre otros. Se han probado muchos procesos para reducir la cantidad de fenol en aguas, pero se ha encontrado a lo largo de los años que la biodegradación es el proceso más sencillo, económico y de más fácil aplicación para los grandes volúmenes de aguas industriales que se producen. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso por bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de PVA-Alg y sílice. Se evaluaron diferentes relaciones de PVA y Alg y silicato de sodio y ludox® para encontrar la mejor matriz para el estudio de biodegradación de fenol. Así mismo, se aisló un microorganismo con capacidad para degradar hidrocarburos. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron evidenciar que la mejor matriz de PVA-Alg fue P4-A1, pues presentó los mejores resultados en las pruebas de viabilidad, forma, tamaño y estabilidad. Se encontró que la mejor matriz de silicato de sodio y ludox® fue S1-L5 pues presentó, posiblemente un tamaño de poro inferior respecto a las demás matrices evaluadas. Finalmente, en cuanto a la prueba de biodegradación, se encontró que la capacidad de remoción de fenol por el microorganismo aislado de forma libre y encapsulada en la matriz P4-A1 fue mayor que la capacidad de remoción de fenol por Pseudomonas putida ATCC 49128 con una remoción de 12 y 14% por el microorganismo aislado y 7 y 10% por Pseudomonas putida ATCC 49128.PregradoMicrobiólogo IndustrialIntroducción .............................................................................................................................. 19 1. Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................................... 23 2. Justificación ....................................................................................................................... 26 3. Marco teórico ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.1. El fenol y sus derivados: origen y contaminación ............................................................... 30 3.1.1. Propiedades físicas y químicas .................................................................................... 31 3.1.2. Origen industrial ......................................................................................................... 32 3.1.3. Contaminación por el fenol y sus derivados en matrices acuosas ................................. 33 3.1.3.1. Fuentes de contaminación natural ............................................................................ 33 3.1.3.2. Fuentes de contaminación antropogénica ................................................................. 34 3.1.4. Toxicidad .................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.5 Métodos de tratamiento para la eliminación del fenol y sus derivados en matrices acuosas.36 3.1.5.1. Tratamientos físicos ................................................................................................. 37 3.1.5.2. Tratamientos químicos............................................................................................. 38 3.1.6. Inmovilización de microorganismos para el tratamiento de matrices acuosas contaminadas con fenol y sus derivados........................................................................................................... 47 3.1.6.1. Materiales de soporte orgánicos ............................................................................... 48 3.1.6.2. Materiales de soporte inorgánicos ............................................................................ 49 3.1.6.3. Materiales de soporte compuestos ............................................................................ 49 3.1.7. Técnicas de inmovilización ......................................................................................... 50 3.1.7.1. Encapsulación de microorganismos ......................................................................... 50 4. Marco Referencial .............................................................................................................. 53 5. Hipótesis ............................................................................................................................ 61 6. Objetivos ........................................................................................................................... 62 6.1. Objetivo general ................................................................................................................. 62 6.2. Objetivos específicos ......................................................................................................... 62 7. Metodología ....................................................................................................................... 63 7.1. Adaptación del microorganismo de referencia ATCC al fenol como fuente de carbono ....... 63 7.2. Aislamiento de microorganismos con capacidad para degradar hidrocarburos .................... 64 7.3. Determinación de la concentración máxima tolerable de fenol ............................................ 65 7.4. Encapsulación de microorganismos en matrices de polivinil alcohol-alginato (PVA-Alg) ... 66 7.4.1. Preparación del inóculo ............................................................................................... 66 7.4.2. Preparación de los polímeros de PVA-Alg .................................................................. 66 7.5. Evaluación y selección de las mejores condiciones de encapsulación en matrices de PVA-Alg para pruebas posteriores ............................................................................................................ 68 7.5.1. Prueba de viabilidad .................................................................................................... 69 7.5.2. Prueba de la forma y tamaño ....................................................................................... 69 7.5.3. Prueba de estabilidad................................................................................................... 70 7.6. Recuento de microorganismos en la mejor relación de la matriz de PVA-Alg ..................... 70 7.7. Encapsulación en sílice de microorganismos en matrices de PVA-Alg (doble encapsulación)72 7.7.1.Preparación de los geles de sílice ...................................................................................... 72 7.7.2. Prueba de difusión del colorante rojo fenol en matrices de sílice .................................. 74 7.7.3. Doble encapsulación de microorganismos en PVA-Alg y sílice ................................... 74 7.8. Curva de calibración de fenol ............................................................................................. 76 7.8.1. Preparación de las soluciones estándar de fenol ........................................................... 76 7.8.2. Establecimiento de la longitud de onda de máxima absorción ...................................... 76 7.8.3. Medición espectrofotométrica de las soluciones de fenol y establecimiento del rango de trabajo…………………………………………………………………………………..77 7.9. Prueba de biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso por bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de PVA-Alg y sílice .................................................................................................... 77 7.9.1. Montaje de la prueba ................................................................................................... 77 7.9.2. Medición de la concentración de fenol ........................................................................ 80 8. Resultados.......................................................................................................................... 81 8.1. Adaptación del microorganismo de referencia al fenol como fuente de carbono .................. 81 8.2. Aislamiento de microorganismos con capacidad para degradar hidrocarburos .................... 82 8.3. Definición de la concentración máxima tolerable ................................................................ 85 8.4. Definición de las variables para la primera encapsulación (PVA-Alg) ................................ 87 8.4.1. Prueba de viabilidad .................................................................................................... 87 8.4.2. Prueba de la forma de las matrices de PVA-Alg .......................................................... 89 8.4.3. Prueba de estabilidad................................................................................................... 91 8.5. Recuento de microorganismos en la perla P4-A1 ................................................................ 96 8.5.1. Recuento de Pseudomonas putida ATCC 49128 ......................................................... 96 8.5.2. Recuento del microorganismo aislado (CNP) .............................................................. 96 8.6. Definición de las variables para la doble encapsulación en sílice......................................... 97 8.6.1. Preparación de los geles de sílice ................................................................................. 97 8.6.2. Prueba de difusión del colorante rojo fenol en matrices de sílice .................................. 98 8.7. Doble encapsulación de microorganismos en matrices de PVA-Alg y sílice ..................... 100 8.8. Prueba de biodegradación de fenol en medio acuoso por bacterias doblemente encapsuladas en matrices de PVA-Alg y sílice .................................................................................................. 101 9. Discusión ......................................................................................................................... 108 Conclusiones ........................................................................................................................... 118 Recomendaciones ................................................................................................................... 119 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................. 120 Anexos .................................................................................................................................... 142Ej. 1application/pdfT 33.19 C179bhttps://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/4497spaBucaramanga : Universidad de Santander, 2019Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y AgropecuariasMicrobiología IndustrialA. Banerjee, A.K. (2010). Ghoshal. 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