Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis
Digital
- Autores:
-
Correa-Cardenas, Luz Yarelys
Velasco-Ayala, Karoll Vanessa
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad de Santander
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Universidad de Santander
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.udes.edu.co:001/11133
- Palabra clave:
- Hepatitis B
Oculta
Prevalencia
Latinoamérica
Epidemiologia
Hepatitis B
Occult
Prevalence
Latin America
Epidemiology
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf
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Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| title |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| spellingShingle |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis Hepatitis B Oculta Prevalencia Latinoamérica Epidemiologia Hepatitis B Occult Prevalence Latin America Epidemiology |
| title_short |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| title_full |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| title_fullStr |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| title_sort |
Prevalencia de la Hepatitis B Oculta en Latinoamérica, una Revisión Sistemática y Meta-Análisis |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Correa-Cardenas, Luz Yarelys Velasco-Ayala, Karoll Vanessa |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Goyeneche-Patino, Diego Andrés |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Correa-Cardenas, Luz Yarelys Velasco-Ayala, Karoll Vanessa |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Celis-Rodríguez, Mike Alexander Martínez-Bello, Daniel Adyro |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.none.fl_str_mv |
Grupo de Investigación en Manejo Clínico CliniUDES |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hepatitis B Oculta Prevalencia Latinoamérica Epidemiologia |
| topic |
Hepatitis B Oculta Prevalencia Latinoamérica Epidemiologia Hepatitis B Occult Prevalence Latin America Epidemiology |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Hepatitis B Occult Prevalence Latin America Epidemiology |
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Digital |
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2023 |
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2023-12-05 |
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2024-11-18T20:14:48Z |
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2024-11-18T20:14:48Z 2025-10-31 |
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Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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T 17.23 C677 |
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Repositorio Digital Universidad de Santander |
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Raimondo G, Locarnini S, Pollicino T, Levrero M, Zoulim F, Lok AS, et al. Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. agosto de 2019;71(2):397-408. Morales-Romero J, Vargas G, García-Román R. Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development. Viruses. 8 de abril de 2014;6(4):1590-611. Hollinger FB, Sood G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a covert operation: Occult hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat. enero de 2010;17(1):1-15. Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Amougou Atsama M, Atenguena Okobalemba E, Mbaga DS, Ebogo-Belobo JT, et al. Global epidemiology of occult hepatitis B virus infections in blood donors, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blackard JT, editor. PLOS ONE. 22 de agosto de 2022;17(8):e0272920. Moreno D., Alegre F., García-González N.. Virología, epidemiología y mecanismos de transmisión del VHB. Anales Sis San Navarra, 2004; 27(2): 7-16. Saitta C, Pollicino T, Raimondo G. Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: An Update. Viruses. 8 de julio de 2022;14(7):1504. Roman S. Occult Hepatitis B and Other Unexplored Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Latin America. Ann Hepatol. julio de 2018;17(4):541-3. Sowole L, Labbett W, Patel M, O’Riordan A, Cross J, Davenport A, et al. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (hbv) infection in a large multi-ethnic haemodialysis cohort. BMC Nephrol. diciembre de 2015;16(1):12. Said ZNA. An overview of occult hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 4 de abril de 2011;17(15):1927. Lalana Garcés M, Pastor OO, Solé Enrech G, Guerra-Ruiz AR, Mercadal GC, Almería Lafuente A, et al. Revisión de la infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B. Adv Lab Med. 3(4):331-41. Ji D, Pang X, Shen D, Liu S, Goyal H, Xu H. Global prevalence of occult hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Viral Hepat. mayo de 2022;29(5):317-29. Razavi-Shearer D, Gamkrelidze I, Pan C, Jia J, Berg T, Gray R, et al. Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. octubre de 2023;8(10):879-907. Haines SJ, Walters BC. What is metanalysis? Surg Neurol. diciembre de 1995;44(6):581-2. Eltom K, Albeely A, El Hussein ARM, Elkhidir IM, Enan K. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in Sudan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. JGH Open. octubre de 2020;4(5):800-7. Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis. agosto de 2002;2(8):479-86. El Chaar M, Candotti D, Crowther RA, Allain JP. Impact of hepatitis B virus surface protein mutations on the diagnosis of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. noviembre de 2010;52(5):1600-10. Giardina AR, Ferraro D, Ciccia F, Ferrante A, Di Stefano R, Craxì A, et al. No detection of occult HBV-DNA in patients with various rheumatic diseases treated with anti-TNF agents: a two-year prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31(1):25-30. Quarleri J, Moretti F, Bouzas MB, Laufer N, Carrillo MG, Giuliano SF, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution and Its Lamivudine-Resistant Mutants in HIV-Coinfected Patients with Chronic and Occult Hepatitis B. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. abril de 2007;23(4):525-31. Delfino CM, Berini C, Eirin ME, Malan R, Pedrozo W, Krupp R, et al. New natural variants of hepatitis B virus among Amerindians from Argentina with mainly occult infections. J Clin Virol. junio de 2012;54(2):174-9. Delfino CM, Eirin ME, Berini C, Malan R, Gentile E, Castillo A, et al. HDAg-L variants in covert hepatitis D and HBV occult infection among Amerindians of Argentina: new insights. J Clin Virol. julio de 2012;54(3):223-8. Pisano MB, Blanco S, Carrizo H, Ré VE, Gallego S. Hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors in Argentina: prevalence of infection, genotype distribution and frequency of occult HBV infection. Arch Virol. octubre de 2016;161(10):2813-7.) Calux SJ, Silva VCM, Compri AP, Lemos MF, Santos APDT, Oba IT, et al. Hepatitis B: Prevalence and occult infection in HIV-infected patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20180533. Almeida D, Tavares-Neto J, Trepo C, Almeida A, Mello C, Chemin I, et al. Occult B infection in the Brazilian northeastern region: a preliminary report. Braz J Infect Dis. agosto de 2008;12(4):310-2. Alencar RSM, Gomes MMS, Sitnik R, Pinho JRR, Malta FM, Mello IMVGC, et al. Low occurrence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and high frequency of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol. marzo de 2008;41(3):235-40. Matsuoka S, Nirei K, Tamura A, Nakamura H, Matsumura H, Oshiro S, et al. Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection on the Incidence of Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C. Intervirology. 2008;51(5):352-61. Rosa AS, Araujo OC, Savassi-Ribas F, Fernandes CA, Coelho HS, Niel C, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and Torque teno virus infection and their association with hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Virus Res. octubre de 2017;242:166-72. Araujo NM, Branco-Vieira M, Silva ACM, Pilotto JH, Grinsztejn B, De Almeida AJ, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients: Evaluation of biochemical, virological and molecular parameters. Hepatol Res. julio de 2008. Barros Júnior GM, Braga WSM, Oliveira CMCD, Castilho MDC, Araújo JDR. Hepatite crônica B oculta: prevalência e aspectos clínicos em população de elevada endemicidade de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. diciembre de 2008;41(6):596-601. Marques JMDS, Matos MA, Silva ÁMC, Freitas NR, Okita MT, Souza SDO, et al. Prevalence of overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection among an incarcerated population of Central-Western Brazil. Acta Trop. mayo de 2023;241:106886. Franz C, Perez RDM, Zalis MG, Zalona ACJ, Rocha PTMDCEA, Gonçalves RT, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. agosto de 2013;108(5):657-60. Souza MT, De Pinho TLR, Santos MDC, Dos Santos A, Monteiro VL, Fonsêca LMB, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B among pregnant women assisted at the public maternity hospitals of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. noviembre de 2012;16(6):517-20. Ferrari TCA, Xavier MAP, Vidigal PVT, Amaral NS, Diniz PA, Resende AP, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in liver transplant patients in a Brazilian referral center. Braz J Med Biol Res. 29 de agosto de 2014;47(11):990-4. Matos MADD, Ferreira RC, Rodrigues FP, Marinho TA, Lopes CLR, Novais ACM, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among injecting drug users in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. mayo de 2013;108(3):386-9. Fernández-Galindo DA, Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Andrade-Sierra J, González-Espinoza E, Evangelista-Carrillo LA, Mendoza-Cabrera S, et al. Occult hepatitis B in kidney transplants recipients and donors from Western Mexico. Int J Infect Dis. febrero de 2020;91:17-21. Hernández‐Romano P, Hernández‐Romano J, Torres‐Hernández RM, González‐Jiménez B, López‐Balderas N. OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTIONS AND ANTI‐HBC PREVALENCE AT a RESOURCE‐LIMITED BLOOD BANK IN MEXICO. Transfus Med. octubre de 2020;30(5):396-400. Roman S, Tanaka Y, Khan A, Kurbanov F, Kato H, Mizokami M, et al. Occult hepatitis B in the genotype H-infected Nahuas and Huichol native Mexican population. J Med Virol. 15 de julio de 2010;82(9):1527-36. Escobedo-Melendez G, Panduro A, Fierro NA, Roman S. High prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus genotype H infection among children with clinical hepatitis in west Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 5 de agosto de 2014;109(6):728-37. Alvarez-Muñoz MT. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among Mexican human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(37):13530. García-Montalvo BM, Ventura-Zapata LP. Molecular and serological characterization of occult hepatitis B infection in blood donors from Mexico. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10(2):133-41.) Bello-Corredor M, Rodríguez-Lay L. D, Rodríguez-Argueta D, Montalvo-Villalba M. C, Pedroso-Flaquet P, Sariego-Frómeta S, , Sánchez-Wong M. Infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B en hijos de madres positivas al HBsAg. 2016;25(1):12-18. Bautista-Amorocho H, Castellanos-Domínguez YZ, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Velandia-Cruz SA, Becerra-Peña JA, Farfán-García AE. Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Genotypes of HBV in HIV-Infected Patients in the Northeast Region of Colombia: High Prevalence of Occult Hepatitis B and F3 Subgenotype Dominance. Blackard J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2 de diciembre de 2014;9(12):e114272. Beltrán M, Berrío-Pérez M, Bermúdez MI, Rey-Benito G, Camacho B, Forero P, et al. Detección de hepatitis B oculta en donantes de bancos sangre, Colombia 2008-2009. Biomédica. 30 de junio de 2011;31(4):580. Rios-Ocampo WA, Cortes-Mancera F, Olarte JC, Soto A, Navas MC. Occult Hepatitis B virus infection Among blood donors in Colombia. Virol J. diciembre de 2014;11(1):206.44. Vargas JI, Jensen D, Sarmiento V, Peirano F, Acuña P, Fuster F, et al. Presence of anti-HBc is associated to high rates of HBV resolved infection and low threshold for Occult HBV Infection in HIV patients with negative HBsAg in Chile: Anti-HBc, Resolved Infection and OBI in HIV Patients. J Med Virol. abril de 2016;88(4):639-46. |
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Universidad de Santander |
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Bucaramanga |
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Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud |
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Bucaramanga, Colombia |
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Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico |
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Goyeneche-Patino, Diego Andrésf9c0d4f2-92bc-4970-852f-1db64230961b-1Correa-Cardenas, Luz Yarelysf01c922f-099b-4aae-bfd6-38e018135b8e-1Velasco-Ayala, Karoll Vanessabc1e96dd-28ad-438f-8acc-57dfbe32d0f7-1Celis-Rodríguez, Mike Alexander265e553a-9a75-4e91-99e1-9ffcd5adfb2b-1Martínez-Bello, Daniel Adyro675a012b-cd28-4b76-a359-f30600af181b-1Grupo de Investigación en Manejo Clínico CliniUDES2024-11-18T20:14:48Z2025-10-312024-11-18T20:14:48Z2023-12-05DigitalIntroducción: La hepatitis B oculta se encuentra distribuida ampliamente en todo el mundo. Se caracteriza por presentar marcadores de infección como positividad al marcador de anticuerpos contra el antígeno core del virus de la hepatitis B y ADN viral en biopsias hepáticas y en sangre. Las consecuencias de esta infección silente es la presentación de cirrosis y predisposición a carcinoma hepato-celular. La prevalencia de la hepatitis B oculta varía según las regiones geográficas y los factores epidemiológicos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de hepatitis B oculta en Latinoamérica desde el año 1995 – 2023. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas usando las palabras claves hepatitis B, oculta, prevalencia, Latinoamérica, epidemiologia en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Lilacs. Se incluyeron estudios de América latina publicados en idiomas inglés y español desde 1995 hasta 2023, se excluyeron estudios sin datos sobre prevalencia y el método de diagnóstico para hepatitis B oculta. La prevalencia se estimó por medio del método de DerSimonian-Laird, la heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante la prueba estadística Q de Cochrane. Resultados: Se obtuvo una selección de 1.690 estudios, 600 estudios fueron duplicados, se excluyeron 1.054 estudios y finalmente se incluyeron 36 estudios que tenían la prevalencia de hepatitis B oculta en 6 países. La prevalencia para Latinoamérica fue de 4,77% (IC 95%: 3,71 - 5,82). Se realizaron análisis de prevalencia acumulada para los países que tuvieran más de 3 estudios. En Brasil se encontró una prevalencia de 4,16% (IC 95%: 3,01 - 5,30), en México de 7,70% (IC 95%: 3,44 - 11,96), Argentina de 2,91% (IC 95%: 1,82 - 4,01), Colombia de 2,28% (IC 95%: -0,49 - 5,05), Chile de 42,70% (IC 95%: 35,84 – 49,56) y Cuba 2,10% (IC 95%: 0,34 – 3,86). Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio muestran una variabilidad en la prevalencia de la hepatitis B oculta según las regiones geográficas, esto debe presentar una atención por parte de las entidades de salud pública para la implementación de planes de prevención y control. Esta infección merece ser parte de la estrategia regional de eliminación de la hepatitis viral.Introduction: Occult hepatitis B is widely distributed throughout the world. It is characterized by presenting markers of infection such as positivity for the antibody marker against the core antigen of the hepatitis B virus and viral DNA in liver and blood biopsies. The consequences of this silent infection is the presentation of cirrhosis and predisposition to hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B varies according to geographic regions and epidemiological factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult hepatitis B in Latin America from 1995 to 2023. Materials and methods: Searches were carried out using the keywords hepatitis B, occult, prevalence, Latin America, epidemiology in the PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Lilacs databases. Studies from Latin America published in English and Spanish from 1995 to 2023 were included; studies without data on prevalence and the diagnostic method for occult hepatitis B were excluded. Prevalence was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird method, heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochrane's Q statistical test. Results: A selection of 1,690 studies was obtained, 600 studies were duplicated, 1,054 studies were excluded and finally 36 studies that had the prevalence of occult hepatitis B in 6 countries were included. The prevalence for Latin America was 4.77% (95% CI: 3.71 - 5.82). Cumulative prevalence analyzes were performed for countries that had more than 3 studies. In Brazil a prevalence of 4.16% (95% CI: 3.01 - 5.30) was found, in Mexico 7.70% (95% CI: 3.44 - 11.96), Argentina 2. 91% (95% CI: 1.82 - 4.01), Colombia 2.28% (95% CI: -0.49 - 5.05), Chile 42.70% (95% CI: 35. 84 – 49.56) and Cuba 2.10% (95% CI: 0.34 – 3.86). Conclusion: the results of this study show a variability in the prevalence of occult hepatitis B depending on geographic regions; this should require attention from public health entities for the implementation of prevention and control plans. This infection deserves to be part of the regional strategy for the elimination of viral hepatitis.PregradoBacteriólogo(a) y Laboratorista ClínicoEpidemiología30 papplication/pdfapplication/mswordUniversidad de SantanderT 17.23 C677Repositorio Digital Universidad de Santanderhttps://repositorio.udes.edu.cohttps://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/11133spaUniversidad de SantanderBucaramangaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la SaludBucaramanga, ColombiaBacteriología y Laboratorio ClínicoRaimondo G, Locarnini S, Pollicino T, Levrero M, Zoulim F, Lok AS, et al. Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. agosto de 2019;71(2):397-408.Morales-Romero J, Vargas G, García-Román R. Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development. Viruses. 8 de abril de 2014;6(4):1590-611.Hollinger FB, Sood G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a covert operation: Occult hepatitis B. 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Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis. agosto de 2002;2(8):479-86.El Chaar M, Candotti D, Crowther RA, Allain JP. Impact of hepatitis B virus surface protein mutations on the diagnosis of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. noviembre de 2010;52(5):1600-10.Giardina AR, Ferraro D, Ciccia F, Ferrante A, Di Stefano R, Craxì A, et al. No detection of occult HBV-DNA in patients with various rheumatic diseases treated with anti-TNF agents: a two-year prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31(1):25-30.Quarleri J, Moretti F, Bouzas MB, Laufer N, Carrillo MG, Giuliano SF, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution and Its Lamivudine-Resistant Mutants in HIV-Coinfected Patients with Chronic and Occult Hepatitis B. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. abril de 2007;23(4):525-31.Delfino CM, Berini C, Eirin ME, Malan R, Pedrozo W, Krupp R, et al. New natural variants of hepatitis B virus among Amerindians from Argentina with mainly occult infections. J Clin Virol. junio de 2012;54(2):174-9.Delfino CM, Eirin ME, Berini C, Malan R, Gentile E, Castillo A, et al. HDAg-L variants in covert hepatitis D and HBV occult infection among Amerindians of Argentina: new insights. J Clin Virol. julio de 2012;54(3):223-8.Pisano MB, Blanco S, Carrizo H, Ré VE, Gallego S. Hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors in Argentina: prevalence of infection, genotype distribution and frequency of occult HBV infection. Arch Virol. octubre de 2016;161(10):2813-7.)Calux SJ, Silva VCM, Compri AP, Lemos MF, Santos APDT, Oba IT, et al. Hepatitis B: Prevalence and occult infection in HIV-infected patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20180533.Almeida D, Tavares-Neto J, Trepo C, Almeida A, Mello C, Chemin I, et al. Occult B infection in the Brazilian northeastern region: a preliminary report. Braz J Infect Dis. agosto de 2008;12(4):310-2.Alencar RSM, Gomes MMS, Sitnik R, Pinho JRR, Malta FM, Mello IMVGC, et al. Low occurrence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and high frequency of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol. marzo de 2008;41(3):235-40.Matsuoka S, Nirei K, Tamura A, Nakamura H, Matsumura H, Oshiro S, et al. Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection on the Incidence of Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C. Intervirology. 2008;51(5):352-61.Rosa AS, Araujo OC, Savassi-Ribas F, Fernandes CA, Coelho HS, Niel C, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and Torque teno virus infection and their association with hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Virus Res. octubre de 2017;242:166-72.Araujo NM, Branco-Vieira M, Silva ACM, Pilotto JH, Grinsztejn B, De Almeida AJ, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients: Evaluation of biochemical, virological and molecular parameters. Hepatol Res. julio de 2008.Barros Júnior GM, Braga WSM, Oliveira CMCD, Castilho MDC, Araújo JDR. Hepatite crônica B oculta: prevalência e aspectos clínicos em população de elevada endemicidade de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. diciembre de 2008;41(6):596-601.Marques JMDS, Matos MA, Silva ÁMC, Freitas NR, Okita MT, Souza SDO, et al. Prevalence of overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection among an incarcerated population of Central-Western Brazil. Acta Trop. mayo de 2023;241:106886.Franz C, Perez RDM, Zalis MG, Zalona ACJ, Rocha PTMDCEA, Gonçalves RT, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. agosto de 2013;108(5):657-60.Souza MT, De Pinho TLR, Santos MDC, Dos Santos A, Monteiro VL, Fonsêca LMB, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B among pregnant women assisted at the public maternity hospitals of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. noviembre de 2012;16(6):517-20.Ferrari TCA, Xavier MAP, Vidigal PVT, Amaral NS, Diniz PA, Resende AP, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in liver transplant patients in a Brazilian referral center. Braz J Med Biol Res. 29 de agosto de 2014;47(11):990-4.Matos MADD, Ferreira RC, Rodrigues FP, Marinho TA, Lopes CLR, Novais ACM, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among injecting drug users in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. mayo de 2013;108(3):386-9.Fernández-Galindo DA, Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Andrade-Sierra J, González-Espinoza E, Evangelista-Carrillo LA, Mendoza-Cabrera S, et al. Occult hepatitis B in kidney transplants recipients and donors from Western Mexico. Int J Infect Dis. febrero de 2020;91:17-21.Hernández‐Romano P, Hernández‐Romano J, Torres‐Hernández RM, González‐Jiménez B, López‐Balderas N. OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTIONS AND ANTI‐HBC PREVALENCE AT a RESOURCE‐LIMITED BLOOD BANK IN MEXICO. Transfus Med. octubre de 2020;30(5):396-400.Roman S, Tanaka Y, Khan A, Kurbanov F, Kato H, Mizokami M, et al. Occult hepatitis B in the genotype H-infected Nahuas and Huichol native Mexican population. J Med Virol. 15 de julio de 2010;82(9):1527-36.Escobedo-Melendez G, Panduro A, Fierro NA, Roman S. High prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus genotype H infection among children with clinical hepatitis in west Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 5 de agosto de 2014;109(6):728-37.Alvarez-Muñoz MT. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among Mexican human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(37):13530.García-Montalvo BM, Ventura-Zapata LP. Molecular and serological characterization of occult hepatitis B infection in blood donors from Mexico. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10(2):133-41.)Bello-Corredor M, Rodríguez-Lay L. D, Rodríguez-Argueta D, Montalvo-Villalba M. C, Pedroso-Flaquet P, Sariego-Frómeta S, , Sánchez-Wong M. Infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B en hijos de madres positivas al HBsAg. 2016;25(1):12-18.Bautista-Amorocho H, Castellanos-Domínguez YZ, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Velandia-Cruz SA, Becerra-Peña JA, Farfán-García AE. Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Genotypes of HBV in HIV-Infected Patients in the Northeast Region of Colombia: High Prevalence of Occult Hepatitis B and F3 Subgenotype Dominance. Blackard J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2 de diciembre de 2014;9(12):e114272.Beltrán M, Berrío-Pérez M, Bermúdez MI, Rey-Benito G, Camacho B, Forero P, et al. Detección de hepatitis B oculta en donantes de bancos sangre, Colombia 2008-2009. Biomédica. 30 de junio de 2011;31(4):580.Rios-Ocampo WA, Cortes-Mancera F, Olarte JC, Soto A, Navas MC. Occult Hepatitis B virus infection Among blood donors in Colombia. Virol J. diciembre de 2014;11(1):206.44. Vargas JI, Jensen D, Sarmiento V, Peirano F, Acuña P, Fuster F, et al. Presence of anti-HBc is associated to high rates of HBV resolved infection and low threshold for Occult HBV Infection in HIV patients with negative HBsAg in Chile: Anti-HBc, Resolved Infection and OBI in HIV Patients. J Med Virol. abril de 2016;88(4):639-46.Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Santander, 2023. 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