Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita

58 p. Cd

Autores:
Meneses Silvera, Keyla M.
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad de Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Universidad de Santander
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spa
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oai:repositorio.udes.edu.co:001/670
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/670
Palabra clave:
CD64
Biomarcador
Sepsis
Cardiopatía congénita
Cirugía cardiovascular
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Derechos Reservados - Universidad de Santander, 2018
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network_name_str Repositorio Universidad de Santander
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
title Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
spellingShingle Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
CD64
Biomarcador
Sepsis
Cardiopatía congénita
Cirugía cardiovascular
title_short Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
title_full Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
title_fullStr Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
title_full_unstemmed Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
title_sort Valor diagnóstico del biomarcador de neutrófilos CD64 para la detección temprana de sepsis de origen bacteriano durante el postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos con cardiopatía congénita
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Meneses Silvera, Keyla M.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Meneses Silvera, Keyla M.
dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv Prada Macias, Carlos-Enrique
Durán Hernández, Álvaro-Hernán
Plata Vanegas, Silvia C.
Torres Dueñas, Diego
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv CD64
Biomarcador
Sepsis
Cardiopatía congénita
Cirugía cardiovascular
topic CD64
Biomarcador
Sepsis
Cardiopatía congénita
Cirugía cardiovascular
description 58 p. Cd
publishDate 2018
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv 2018-11-29T15:20:24Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv 2018-11-29T15:20:24Z
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2018-07-27
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/670
identifier_str_mv T 78.18 M262v
url https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/670
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Algra, S. O. et al. Bedside prediction rule for infections after pediatric cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 38, 2012.
Algra, S. O. et al. Bedside prediction rule for infections after pediatric cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 38. 2012.
Article, S., Goldstein, B., Giroir, B. & Randolph, A. International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics*. 2005.
Barash, P. G. & Landoni, G. Sepsis After Cardiac Surgery_ From Pathophysiology to Management. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 30, 2016.
Bhandari, V., Wang, C., Rinder, C., Rinder, H. & En, D. Perfil hematológico de la sepsis en recién nacidos : antígeno CD64 expresado en neutrófilos como marcador diagnóstico. 65, 2008.
Bustamante-munguira, J. & Lorenzo, M. ScienceDirect Procalcitonin and white blood cells , combined predictors of infection in cardiac surgery patients. 2017.
Chen, Q. et al. Neutrophil CD64 expression is a predictor of mortality for patients in the intensive care unit. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 7, 2014.
Cid, J., Aguinaco, R., S??nchez, R., Garc??a-Pardo, G. & Llorente, A. Neutrophil CD64 expression as marker of bacterial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. 60, 2010.
Daper, A. et al. TIME COURSE OF CD64 , A LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION MARKER , DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS SURGERY. 47, 158–16. 2017.
Daryapeyma, a et al. Neutrophil CD64 as a marker for postoperative infection: a pilot study. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 38, 2009.
Daryapeyma, A. et al. Neutrophil CD64 as a Marker for Postoperative Infection: A Pilot Study. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 38, 2009.
Dellinger, R. P. et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. in Critical care medicine 36, 2008.
Farias, M. G., de Lucena, N. P., B??, S. D. & de Castro, S. M. Neutrophil CD64 expression as an important diagnostic marker of infection and sepsis in hospital patients. J. Immunol. Methods. 2014.
Fjaertoft, G., Håkansson, L. D., Pauksens, K., Sisask, G. & Venge, P. Neutrophil CD64 (FcgammaRI) expression is a specific marker of bacterial infection: a study on the kinetics and the impact of major surgery. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39, 2007.
Gerlach, A. T. Sepsis Biomarkers…The Long and Winding Road. Crit. Care Med. 46, 2018.
Gerrits, J. H., Mclaughlin, P. M. J., Nienhuis, B. N., Smit, J. W. & Loef, B. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis in postoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients. 51, 897–905 (2013).
Gerrits, J. H., McLaughlin, P. M. J., Nienhuis, B. N., Smit, J. W. & Loef, B. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis inpostoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 51, 2013.
Granero, M. et al. Neutrophil CD64 expression as an important diagnostic marker of infection and sepsis in hospital patients. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2014.07.011.
Groselj-Grenc, M. et al. Neutrophil and monocyte CD64 indexes, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in sepsis of critically ill neonates and children. Intensive Care Med. 35, 2009.
Groselj-Grenc, M., Ihan, A. & Derganc, M. Neutrophil and monocyte CD64 and CD163 expression in critically ill neonates and children with sepsis: Comparison of fluorescence intensities and calculated indexes. Mediators Inflamm. 2008.
Güvener, M., Korun, O. & Demirtürk, O. S. Risk factors for systemic inflammatory response after congenital cardiac surgery. J. Card. Surg. 30, 2015.
Guzman-Cottrill, J. A. & Vaz, L. E. in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 98–102.e2. 2018. Disponible en: 10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00011-6
Hedegaard, S. S., Wisborg, K. & Hvas, A. Diagnostic utility of biomarkers for neonatal sepsis – a systematic review. 2017.
Henriquez-Camacho, C. & Losa, J. Biomarkers for sepsis. Biomed Res. Int. 2014.
Hoffmann, J. J. M. L. Neutrophil CD64: A diagnostic marker for infection and sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 47, 2009.
Hoffmann, J. J. M. L. Neutrophil CD64: a diagnostic marker for infection and sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 47, 2009.
Icardi, M. et al. CD64 index provides simple and predictive testing for detection and monitoring of sepsis and bacterial infection in hospital patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2009.
Jaramillo-Bustamante, J. C., Marín-Agudelo, A., Fernández-Laverde, M. & Bareño-Silva, J. Epidemiology of sepsis in pediatric intensive care units. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 13, 2012.
LaRosa, S. Biomarkers for Sepsis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e317. 2010.
Li, X., Wang, X., Li, S., Yan, J. & Li, D. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin on early postoperative infection after pediatric cardiac surgery. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 18, 420–428. 2017.
Maher KO. A retrospective review of three antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 74, 2002.
Mehta PA, Cunningham CK, Colella CB, Alferis G, W. L. Risk factors for sternal wound and other infections in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19, 2000.
Nierhaus, A. et al. Revisiting the white blood cell count: Immature granulocytes count as a diagnostic marker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis - a prospective, observational study. BMC Immunol. 2013.
Pierrakos, C. & Vincent, J.-L. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit. Care 14, R15. 2010.
Reinhart, K. & Meisner, M. Biomarkers in the Critically Ill Patient: Procalcitonin. Crit. Care Clin. 27, 2011.
Reinhart, K., Bauer, M., Riedemann, N. C. & Hartog, C. S. New approaches to sepsis: Molecular diagnostics and biomarkers. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2012.
Revistas, R. D. E. Internacional pediatric sepsis consensus conference : Definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics . Goldstein B , Giroir B , Randolph A , and members of the International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis . 76, 2005.
Rudensky, B., Sirota, G., Erlichman, M., Yinnon, A. M. & Schlesinger, Y. Neutrophil CD64 expression as a diagnostic marker of bacterial infection in febrile children presenting to a hospital emergency department. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 24, 2008.
Santonocito, C. et al. C-reactive protein kinetics after major surgery. Anesth. Analg. 119, 2014.
Sponholz, C., Sakr, Y., Reinhart, K. & Brunkhorst, F. Diagnostic value and prognostic implications of serum procalcitonin after cardiac surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Crit. Care 10. 2006.
States, U., Nordisk, N. & Medium, I. D. For Educational Use Only - Not for Detailing or Distribution For Educational Use Only - Not for Detailing or Distribution. 2010.
Vouloumanou, E. K., Plessa, E., Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Mantadakis, E. & Falagas, M. E. Serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 37, 2011.
Yang, A.-P. et al. Neutrophil CD64 combined with PCT, CRP and WBC improves the sensitivity for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 54, 2016.
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Bucaramanga : Universidad de Santander, 2018
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Especialización en Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico
institution Universidad de Santander
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spelling Meneses Silvera, Keyla M.7a4e6b09-c33e-43a5-8b8a-c4616c7a5700-1Prada Macias, Carlos-EnriqueDurán Hernández, Álvaro-HernánPlata Vanegas, Silvia C.Torres Dueñas, Diego2018-11-29T15:20:24Z2018-11-29T15:20:24Z2018-07-2758 p. CdLuego de cirugías cardiacas la incidencia de respuesta inflamatoria es del 8.9% aproximadamente, y el desarrollo de sepsis sucede entre el 0.39 al 2.5 %, considerándose un evento raro. El uso de biomarcadores tempranos puede mejorar la detección de infección en pacientes con severa respuesta inflamatoria según la literatura. Dentro de estos biomarcadores se menciona el marcador de neutrófilos CD64. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el valor diagnóstico del CD64 para detectar sepsis en pacientes postoperatorios de cirugía cardiaca. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectivo, población pediátrica con cardiopatías congénitas, realizado entre los años 2014 y 2015. Pacientes postoperatorios de cardiopatías congénitas que presentara SIRS en las primeras 72 horas, que les hayan tomado el CD64, reactantes de fase aguda y cultivos, documentando el inicio o no de antibióticos entre otras variables. Resultados: Fueron 100 pacientes, menores de 18 años, con un mínimo de edad de 23 días. La incidencia de sepsis fue del 26% (IC95% 17,7; 35,7). El punto de corte del CD64 para predecir sepsis temprana fue ≥2,63 con una sensibilidad de 57,7% (IC95% 36,9; 76,6), una especificidad de 60,8% (IC95% 48,8; 72,0) con un área bajo la curva de 0,5686. Con este punto de corte, se incrementa el riesgo ocho veces de presentar sepsis. El factor de riesgo que puede influir en el desarrollo de sepsis es el tiempo de bomba prolongado. Conclusiones: El Biomarcador CD64 en este estudio retrospectivo, predice mejor sepsis bacteriana con un punto de corte ≥2,63 comparado con el punto original de >1,2.After cardiac surgery the incidence of inflammatory response is approximately 8.9%, and the development of sepsis occurs between 0.39 to 2.5%, considering it a rare event. The use of early biomarkers can improve the detection of infection in patients with severe inflammatory response according to the literature. Within these biomarkers, the neutrophil marker CD64 is mentioned. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of CD64 for detecting sepsis in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort, pediatric population with congenital heart disease, performed between 2014 and 2015. Postoperative patients with congenital heart disease who presented SIRS in the first 72 hours, who had taken CD64, acute phase reactants and cultures, documenting the beginning or not of antibiotics among other variables. Results: There were 100 patients, under 18 years of age, with a minimum age of 23 days. The incidence of sepsis was 26% (95% CI 17.7, 35.7). The cutoff point of CD64 for predicting early sepsis was ≥2.63 with a sensitivity of 57.7% (95% CI 36.9, 76.6), a specificity of 60.8% (95% CI 48.8, 72, 0) with an area under the curve of 0.5686. With this cut-off point, the risk increases eight times of presenting sepsis. The risk factor that can influence the development of sepsis is the prolonged pump time. Conclusions: The CD64 Biomarker in this retrospective study predicts better bacterial sepsis with a cut-off point ≥2.63 compared to the original point of> 1.2.EspecializaciónEspecialista en Cuidado Intensivo PediátricoTABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN ............................................................................................................. 10 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................... 12 2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ....................................................... 14 2.1. PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ........................................................... 16 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ....................................................................................... 17 4. OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................. 19 4.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL .............................................................................. 19 4.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ..................................................................... 19 5. MARCO TEÓRICO.................................................................................... 20 5.1. SEPSIS E INFECCIÓN ............................................................................. 23 5.2. TEST DE LABORATORIO PARA DETECTAR INFECCIÓN ..................... 23 5.3. CONTEO DE LEUCOCITOS Y CONTEO DIFERENCIAL ........................ 23 5.4. CONTEO DE BANDAS/DESVIACIÓN A LA IZQUIERDA, E I/T RADIO (RADIO NEUTRÓFILOS INMADUROS /TOTALES). ............................................. 24 5.5. PROTEÍNA C REACTIVA (PCR) .............................................................. 24 5.6. PROCALCITONINA (PCT) ........................................................................ 25 5.7. NUEVOS BIOMARCADORES .................................................................. 25 5.8. NEUTRÓFILO CD64 ................................................................................. 26 5.9. RELACIÓN DE CD64 COMO MARCADOR DE SEPSIS .......................... 26 5.10. SEPSIS E INFECCIÓN SISTÉMICA EN NIÑOS ....................................... 27 5.11. CD 64 EN ENFERMEDAD CARDIACA ..................................................... 27 5.12. CD 64 COMO MARCADOR POSTOPERATORIO.................................... 27 5.13. FACTORES DE RIESGO ASOCIADOS A LA SEPSIS ............................. 28 6. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................... 29 7. METODOLOGÍA ....................................................................................... 30 7.1. TIPO DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................... 30 7.2. POBLACIÓN DE ESTUDIO Y MUESTRA ................................................. 30 7.3. CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN ................................................................... 30 7.3.1. Criterios de inclusión ................................................................................. 30 7.3.2. Criterios de exclusión ................................................................................ 31 7.4. VARIABLES .............................................................................................. 31 7.5. PLAN DE RECOLECCIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN .................................. 35 7.6. PLAN DE ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO ......................................................... 36 8. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS ................................................................. 37 9. FORTALEZAS, DEBILIDADES Y LIMITACIONES ................................... 38 10. CRONOGRAMA ........................................................................................ 39 11. PRESUPUESTO ....................................................................................... 40 12. RESULTADOS .......................................................................................... 41 12.1. ANÁLISIS DESCRIPTIVO ......................................................................... 42 12.2. ANÁLISIS BIVARIADO .............................................................................. 47 12.3. ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO ...................................................................... 48 13. DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................................. 50 14. CONCLUSIONES...................................................................................... 54 15. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................... 56Ej. 1application/pdfT 78.18 M262vhttps://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/670spaBucaramanga : Universidad de Santander, 2018Facultad Ciencias de la SaludEspecialización en Cuidado Intensivo PediátricoAlgra, S. O. et al. Bedside prediction rule for infections after pediatric cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 38, 2012.Algra, S. O. et al. Bedside prediction rule for infections after pediatric cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 38. 2012.Article, S., Goldstein, B., Giroir, B. & Randolph, A. International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics*. 2005.Barash, P. G. & Landoni, G. Sepsis After Cardiac Surgery_ From Pathophysiology to Management. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 30, 2016.Bhandari, V., Wang, C., Rinder, C., Rinder, H. & En, D. Perfil hematológico de la sepsis en recién nacidos : antígeno CD64 expresado en neutrófilos como marcador diagnóstico. 65, 2008.Bustamante-munguira, J. & Lorenzo, M. ScienceDirect Procalcitonin and white blood cells , combined predictors of infection in cardiac surgery patients. 2017.Chen, Q. et al. Neutrophil CD64 expression is a predictor of mortality for patients in the intensive care unit. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 7, 2014.Cid, J., Aguinaco, R., S??nchez, R., Garc??a-Pardo, G. & Llorente, A. Neutrophil CD64 expression as marker of bacterial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. 60, 2010.Daper, A. et al. TIME COURSE OF CD64 , A LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION MARKER , DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS SURGERY. 47, 158–16. 2017.Daryapeyma, a et al. Neutrophil CD64 as a marker for postoperative infection: a pilot study. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 38, 2009.Daryapeyma, A. et al. Neutrophil CD64 as a Marker for Postoperative Infection: A Pilot Study. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 38, 2009.Dellinger, R. P. et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. in Critical care medicine 36, 2008.Farias, M. G., de Lucena, N. P., B??, S. D. & de Castro, S. M. Neutrophil CD64 expression as an important diagnostic marker of infection and sepsis in hospital patients. J. Immunol. Methods. 2014.Fjaertoft, G., Håkansson, L. D., Pauksens, K., Sisask, G. & Venge, P. Neutrophil CD64 (FcgammaRI) expression is a specific marker of bacterial infection: a study on the kinetics and the impact of major surgery. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39, 2007.Gerlach, A. T. Sepsis Biomarkers…The Long and Winding Road. Crit. Care Med. 46, 2018.Gerrits, J. H., Mclaughlin, P. M. J., Nienhuis, B. N., Smit, J. W. & Loef, B. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis in postoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients. 51, 897–905 (2013).Gerrits, J. H., McLaughlin, P. M. J., Nienhuis, B. N., Smit, J. W. & Loef, B. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis inpostoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 51, 2013.Granero, M. et al. Neutrophil CD64 expression as an important diagnostic marker of infection and sepsis in hospital patients. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2014.07.011.Groselj-Grenc, M. et al. Neutrophil and monocyte CD64 indexes, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in sepsis of critically ill neonates and children. Intensive Care Med. 35, 2009.Groselj-Grenc, M., Ihan, A. & Derganc, M. Neutrophil and monocyte CD64 and CD163 expression in critically ill neonates and children with sepsis: Comparison of fluorescence intensities and calculated indexes. Mediators Inflamm. 2008.Güvener, M., Korun, O. & Demirtürk, O. S. Risk factors for systemic inflammatory response after congenital cardiac surgery. J. Card. Surg. 30, 2015.Guzman-Cottrill, J. A. & Vaz, L. E. in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 98–102.e2. 2018. Disponible en: 10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00011-6Hedegaard, S. S., Wisborg, K. & Hvas, A. Diagnostic utility of biomarkers for neonatal sepsis – a systematic review. 2017.Henriquez-Camacho, C. & Losa, J. Biomarkers for sepsis. Biomed Res. Int. 2014.Hoffmann, J. J. M. L. Neutrophil CD64: A diagnostic marker for infection and sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 47, 2009.Hoffmann, J. J. M. L. Neutrophil CD64: a diagnostic marker for infection and sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 47, 2009.Icardi, M. et al. CD64 index provides simple and predictive testing for detection and monitoring of sepsis and bacterial infection in hospital patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2009.Jaramillo-Bustamante, J. C., Marín-Agudelo, A., Fernández-Laverde, M. & Bareño-Silva, J. Epidemiology of sepsis in pediatric intensive care units. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 13, 2012.LaRosa, S. Biomarkers for Sepsis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e317. 2010.Li, X., Wang, X., Li, S., Yan, J. & Li, D. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin on early postoperative infection after pediatric cardiac surgery. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 18, 420–428. 2017.Maher KO. A retrospective review of three antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 74, 2002.Mehta PA, Cunningham CK, Colella CB, Alferis G, W. L. Risk factors for sternal wound and other infections in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19, 2000.Nierhaus, A. et al. Revisiting the white blood cell count: Immature granulocytes count as a diagnostic marker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis - a prospective, observational study. BMC Immunol. 2013.Pierrakos, C. & Vincent, J.-L. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit. Care 14, R15. 2010.Reinhart, K. & Meisner, M. Biomarkers in the Critically Ill Patient: Procalcitonin. Crit. Care Clin. 27, 2011.Reinhart, K., Bauer, M., Riedemann, N. C. & Hartog, C. S. 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For Educational Use Only - Not for Detailing or Distribution For Educational Use Only - Not for Detailing or Distribution. 2010.Vouloumanou, E. K., Plessa, E., Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Mantadakis, E. & Falagas, M. E. Serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 37, 2011.Yang, A.-P. et al. Neutrophil CD64 combined with PCT, CRP and WBC improves the sensitivity for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Clin. Chem. Lab. 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