A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills.
This study corresponds to an action research project conducted with a group of sixth grade students at Colegio Técnico Domingo Faustino Sarmiento IED. The purpose was to investigate the impact of task-based learning (TBL) on students' oral communication skills and intrinsic motivation. During a...
- Autores:
-
López Bernal, Jorge Iván
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional UPN
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.pedagogica.edu.co:20.500.12209/18508
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12209/18508
- Palabra clave:
- Habilidades de comunicación oral
Escucha
Habla
Motivación
Aprendizaje basado en tareas
Oral communication skills
Listening
Speaking
Motivation
Task - Based learning
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
| id |
RPEDAGO2_98d35f1a3ddea489cfe8b43e060046db |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.pedagogica.edu.co:20.500.12209/18508 |
| network_acronym_str |
RPEDAGO2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio Institucional UPN |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| title |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| spellingShingle |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. Habilidades de comunicación oral Escucha Habla Motivación Aprendizaje basado en tareas Oral communication skills Listening Speaking Motivation Task - Based learning |
| title_short |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| title_full |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| title_fullStr |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| title_sort |
A task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills. |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
López Bernal, Jorge Iván |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Reina Moreno, Vanessa Andrea |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
López Bernal, Jorge Iván |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Habilidades de comunicación oral Escucha Habla Motivación Aprendizaje basado en tareas |
| topic |
Habilidades de comunicación oral Escucha Habla Motivación Aprendizaje basado en tareas Oral communication skills Listening Speaking Motivation Task - Based learning |
| dc.subject.keywords.eng.fl_str_mv |
Oral communication skills Listening Speaking Motivation Task - Based learning |
| description |
This study corresponds to an action research project conducted with a group of sixth grade students at Colegio Técnico Domingo Faustino Sarmiento IED. The purpose was to investigate the impact of task-based learning (TBL) on students' oral communication skills and intrinsic motivation. During a five-week intervention period in the second half of 2022, a pedagogical proposal within the TBL framework was implemented to address deficiencies in students' speaking and listening abilities and to improve their motivation. Data from this period showed that TBL instruction was relevant for developing students' oral communication skills and that students' motivation significantly improved as a result of the implementation of this methodology. The study contributes to the understanding of how TBL can be used to enhance language learning in school settings. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-21T13:55:55Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-21T13:55:55Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Pregrado |
| dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12209/18508 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
instname:Universidad Pedagógica Nacional |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
reponame: Repositorio Institucional UPN |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
repourl: http://repositorio.pedagogica.edu.co/ |
| url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12209/18508 |
| identifier_str_mv |
instname:Universidad Pedagógica Nacional reponame: Repositorio Institucional UPN repourl: http://repositorio.pedagogica.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aguirre, M. (2020). Developing students’ initial EFL communicative competence through the communicative language teaching approach [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/12126. Ausubel, D. (2000). The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge: A Cognitive View. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Baker, E., Hope, L. & Karandjeff, K. (2009). Contextualized Teaching & Learning: A Faculty Primer. The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges. Brader-Araje, L. & Jones, M. (2002). The Impact of Constructivism on Education: Language, Discourse, and Meaning. American Communication Journal, 5(3). Brown, D. (2015). Teaching by Principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (4th ed.). Pearson Education. Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative Action research for English Language Teachers. Cambridge University Press. Cameron, L. (2005). Teaching English to young learners (8th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Clark, C. & Révész, A. (2019, March 14th). Task-Based Language Learning [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLNpGExX4z8. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6th ed.). Routledge. Colegio Técnico Domingo Faustino Sarmiento IED, (2020). PEI Liderazgo y Emprendimiento Gestores de un Proyecto de Vida. Derakhshan, A., Khalili, A., & Beheshti, F. (2016). Developing EFL Learner’s Speaking Ability, Accuracy and Fluency. English Language and Literature Studies, 6(2), 177- 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n2p177. Dorio, I., Massot, I., & Sabariego, M. (2009a). Capítulo 9 - Características generales de la metodología cualitativa. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (275-292). Editorial La Muralla. Dorio, I., Massot, I., & Sabariego, M. (2009b). Capítulo 11 – Estrategias de recogida y análisis de la información. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (329-365). Editorial La Muralla. EF, (April 28th, 2021). EF English Proficiency Index – The world’s largest ranking of countries and regions by English skills. https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/. Fen, C. & Kiat, P. (2015). A Review of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations of ESL Learners. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 1(2), 98-105. Glennie, E., Charles, K., & Rice, O. (2017). Teacher Logs: A Tool for Gaining a Comprehensive Understanding of Classroom Practices. Science Educator, 25(2), 88-96. Gómez, M. (2016). Review and analysis of the Colombian foreign language bilingualism policies and plans. HOW, 24(1), 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.24.1.343. Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. (2010). Metodología de la investigación (Quinta Edición). McGRAW-HILL/INTERAMERICANA EDITORES. Krashen, S. & Terrell, T. (1998). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the classroom. Prentice Hall Europe. Meneses, C. (2016). Pedagogical Tasks in the Improvement of Oral Interaction [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/17028. Ministerio de Educación Nacional (2006). Estándares Básicos de Competencias en Lenguas Extranjeras: Inglés. Bogotá, Colombia. https://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co. Latorre, A. (2009). Capítulo 12 – La investigación acción. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (369-394). Editorial La Muralla. Laverde, L. (2016). Fostering the speaking skill through task based learning in EFL with third graders [Master’s thesis, Universidad Libre de Colombia] Repositorio Institucional Unilibre. https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/handle/10901/9790. Ordoñez, K. (2021). TBL implementation to develop productive skills in a group of beginners students at “Integrado Juan Atalaya” school [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Santo Tomás] Repositorio Institucional. https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/34758. Ortiz, D. (2015). El constructivismo como teoría y método de enseñanza. Sophia, Colección de Filosofía de la Educación, (19), 93-110. Phillips, D., & Carr, K. (2006). Becoming a Teacher Through Action Research. Routledge, Second Edition. Rodriguez, S. (2016). Development of second graders’ basic vocabulary using teachercreated material [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repositorio.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/16963. Western Governors University (May 27th, 2020). What is constructivism. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-constructivism2005.html#close. |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.creativecommons.none.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Licenciatura en Español e Inglés |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Humanidades |
| institution |
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/5/A%20TASK-BASED%20LEARNING%20APPROACH.pdf.jpg http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/3/license.txt http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/4/202303250098063-06%20JUN%2023%20JORGE%20LOPEZ.pdf http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/1/A%20TASK-BASED%20LEARNING%20APPROACH.pdf |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
868dc46d4c82e9fb1b721b910b282fc9 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ec 93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1db |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Pedagógica Nacional |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio@pedagogica.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814445257573531648 |
| spelling |
Reina Moreno, Vanessa AndreaLópez Bernal, Jorge Iván2023-06-21T13:55:55Z2023-06-21T13:55:55Z2023http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12209/18508instname:Universidad Pedagógica Nacionalreponame: Repositorio Institucional UPNrepourl: http://repositorio.pedagogica.edu.co/This study corresponds to an action research project conducted with a group of sixth grade students at Colegio Técnico Domingo Faustino Sarmiento IED. The purpose was to investigate the impact of task-based learning (TBL) on students' oral communication skills and intrinsic motivation. During a five-week intervention period in the second half of 2022, a pedagogical proposal within the TBL framework was implemented to address deficiencies in students' speaking and listening abilities and to improve their motivation. Data from this period showed that TBL instruction was relevant for developing students' oral communication skills and that students' motivation significantly improved as a result of the implementation of this methodology. The study contributes to the understanding of how TBL can be used to enhance language learning in school settings.Submitted by Jorge Iván López Bernal (jlopezb@upn.edu.co) on 2023-06-06T14:22:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 A TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf: 1353665 bytes, checksum: 93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1db (MD5) Licencia de uso.pdf: 987313 bytes, checksum: 3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ec (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca UPN (repositoriobiblioteca@pedagogica.edu.co) on 2023-06-06T16:10:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 A TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf: 1353665 bytes, checksum: 93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1db (MD5) Licencia de uso.pdf: 987313 bytes, checksum: 3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ec (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Elsy Carolina Martínez (ecmartinezb@pedagogica.edu.co) on 2023-06-21T13:55:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 A TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf: 1353665 bytes, checksum: 93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1db (MD5) Licencia de uso.pdf: 987313 bytes, checksum: 3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ec (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2023-06-21T13:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 A TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf: 1353665 bytes, checksum: 93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1db (MD5) Licencia de uso.pdf: 987313 bytes, checksum: 3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2023Licenciado en Español e InglésPregradoapplication/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica NacionalLicenciatura en Español e InglésFacultad de Humanidadeshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalHabilidades de comunicación oralEscuchaHablaMotivaciónAprendizaje basado en tareasOral communication skillsListeningSpeakingMotivationTask - Based learningA task-based learning approach to foster oral communication skills.Tesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisAguirre, M. (2020). Developing students’ initial EFL communicative competence through the communicative language teaching approach [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/12126.Ausubel, D. (2000). The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge: A Cognitive View. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.Baker, E., Hope, L. & Karandjeff, K. (2009). Contextualized Teaching & Learning: A Faculty Primer. The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges.Brader-Araje, L. & Jones, M. (2002). The Impact of Constructivism on Education: Language, Discourse, and Meaning. American Communication Journal, 5(3).Brown, D. (2015). Teaching by Principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (4th ed.). Pearson Education.Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative Action research for English Language Teachers. Cambridge University Press.Cameron, L. (2005). Teaching English to young learners (8th ed.). Cambridge University Press.Clark, C. & Révész, A. (2019, March 14th). Task-Based Language Learning [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLNpGExX4z8.Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6th ed.). Routledge.Colegio Técnico Domingo Faustino Sarmiento IED, (2020). PEI Liderazgo y Emprendimiento Gestores de un Proyecto de Vida.Derakhshan, A., Khalili, A., & Beheshti, F. (2016). Developing EFL Learner’s Speaking Ability, Accuracy and Fluency. English Language and Literature Studies, 6(2), 177- 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n2p177.Dorio, I., Massot, I., & Sabariego, M. (2009a). Capítulo 9 - Características generales de la metodología cualitativa. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (275-292). Editorial La Muralla.Dorio, I., Massot, I., & Sabariego, M. (2009b). Capítulo 11 – Estrategias de recogida y análisis de la información. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (329-365). Editorial La Muralla.EF, (April 28th, 2021). EF English Proficiency Index – The world’s largest ranking of countries and regions by English skills. https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/.Fen, C. & Kiat, P. (2015). A Review of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations of ESL Learners. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 1(2), 98-105.Glennie, E., Charles, K., & Rice, O. (2017). Teacher Logs: A Tool for Gaining a Comprehensive Understanding of Classroom Practices. Science Educator, 25(2), 88-96.Gómez, M. (2016). Review and analysis of the Colombian foreign language bilingualism policies and plans. HOW, 24(1), 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.24.1.343.Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. (2010). Metodología de la investigación (Quinta Edición). McGRAW-HILL/INTERAMERICANA EDITORES.Krashen, S. & Terrell, T. (1998). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the classroom. Prentice Hall Europe.Meneses, C. (2016). Pedagogical Tasks in the Improvement of Oral Interaction [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/17028.Ministerio de Educación Nacional (2006). Estándares Básicos de Competencias en Lenguas Extranjeras: Inglés. Bogotá, Colombia. https://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co.Latorre, A. (2009). Capítulo 12 – La investigación acción. In R. Bisquerra (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (369-394). Editorial La Muralla.Laverde, L. (2016). Fostering the speaking skill through task based learning in EFL with third graders [Master’s thesis, Universidad Libre de Colombia] Repositorio Institucional Unilibre. https://repository.unilibre.edu.co/handle/10901/9790.Ordoñez, K. (2021). TBL implementation to develop productive skills in a group of beginners students at “Integrado Juan Atalaya” school [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Santo Tomás] Repositorio Institucional. https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/34758.Ortiz, D. (2015). El constructivismo como teoría y método de enseñanza. Sophia, Colección de Filosofía de la Educación, (19), 93-110.Phillips, D., & Carr, K. (2006). Becoming a Teacher Through Action Research. Routledge, Second Edition.Rodriguez, S. (2016). Development of second graders’ basic vocabulary using teachercreated material [Undergraduate thesis, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional] Repositorio Institucional UPN. http://repositorio.pedagogica.edu.co/handle/20.500.12209/16963.Western Governors University (May 27th, 2020). What is constructivism. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-constructivism2005.html#close.THUMBNAILA TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf.jpgA TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg2677http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/5/A%20TASK-BASED%20LEARNING%20APPROACH.pdf.jpg868dc46d4c82e9fb1b721b910b282fc9MD55LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/3/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53202303250098063-06 JUN 23 JORGE LOPEZ.pdf202303250098063-06 JUN 23 JORGE LOPEZ.pdfLICENCIA APROBADAapplication/pdf987313http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/4/202303250098063-06%20JUN%2023%20JORGE%20LOPEZ.pdf3f8ab9244374e9760b07ab132cbf59ecMD54ORIGINALA TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdfA TASK-BASED LEARNING APPROACH.pdfapplication/pdf1353665http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12209/18508/1/A%20TASK-BASED%20LEARNING%20APPROACH.pdf93d5eb82284ee6f125812e9f1906c1dbMD5120.500.12209/18508oai:repository.pedagogica.edu.co:20.500.12209/185082023-09-04 11:04:53.743Repositorio Institucional Universidad Pedagógica Nacionalrepositorio@pedagogica.edu.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 |