The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis
1 recurso en línea (páginas 87-113).
- Autores:
-
Quah, Chee Heong
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2574
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2574
- Palabra clave:
- Cuestión monetaria - Hong Kong
Política monetaria - China
Convertibilidad de la moneda
Crísis económica
Asia
Moneda
Hong Kong
China
Dólar
Renminbi
Dinero
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Copyright (c) 2019 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
El dólar chino vinculado al de Hong Kong durante la crisis global Hong Kong, ligado à moeda chinesa, durante a crise global |
| title |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| spellingShingle |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis Cuestión monetaria - Hong Kong Política monetaria - China Convertibilidad de la moneda Crísis económica Asia Moneda Hong Kong China Dólar Renminbi Dinero |
| title_short |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| title_full |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| title_fullStr |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| title_sort |
The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Quah, Chee Heong |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Quah, Chee Heong |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Cuestión monetaria - Hong Kong Política monetaria - China Convertibilidad de la moneda |
| topic |
Cuestión monetaria - Hong Kong Política monetaria - China Convertibilidad de la moneda Crísis económica Asia Moneda Hong Kong China Dólar Renminbi Dinero |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Crísis económica |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Asia Moneda Hong Kong China Dólar Renminbi Dinero |
| description |
1 recurso en línea (páginas 87-113). |
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2019 |
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2019-05-10T16:17:40Z |
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2019-05-10T16:17:40Z |
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2019-02-07 |
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Quah, C.H. (2019). The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis. Apuntes del CENES, 38(67), 87-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.8502. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2574 |
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10.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.8502 |
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Quah, C.H. (2019). The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis. Apuntes del CENES, 38(67), 87-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.8502. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2574 Electrónico 2256-5779 0120-3053 10.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.8502 |
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Artis, M. & Zhang, W. (2002). Membership of EMU: A Fuzzy Clustering Analysis of Alternative Criteria. Journal of Economic Integration, 17(1), 54–79. Baxter, M. & Stockman, A. (1989). Business Cycles and the Exchange-rate Regime. Journal of Monetary Economics, 27(1), 377-400. Bayoumi, T. & Eichengreen, B. (1997). Ever Closer to Heaven? An Optimum-Currency- Area Index for European Countries. European Economic Review, 41, 761–770. Boreiko, D. (2003). EMU and Accession Countries: Fuzzy Cluster Analysis of Membership. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 8, 309–325. Chen, N. F. (2001). The Hong Kong Currency Board during the 1997–8 Crisis: Problems and Solutions. International Review of Finance, 2, 99–112. Devereux, M. B. (2003). A Tale of Two Currencies: The Asian Crisis and the Exchange Rate Regimes of Hong Kong and Singapore. Review of International Economics, 11, 38–54. Fleming, J. M. (1971). On Exchange Rate Unification. Economic Journal, 81, 467–88. Fung, L. & Yu, I. (2010). Dislocations in the FX Swap and Money Markets in Hong Kong SAR during the Global Credit Crisis of 2007–08. BIS Papers 54. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlement. Funke, M. & Paetz, M. (2013). Housing Prices and the Business Cycle: An Empirical Application to Hong Kong. Journal of Housing Economics, 22(1), 62-76. Gerlach, S. (1988). World Business Cycles under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 20, 621–632. Gerlach-Kristen, P. (2009, June). Business Cycle and Inflation Synchronisation in Mainland. China and Hong Kong. International Review of Economics & Finance, 18(3), 404-418. Goodstadt, L. F. (2010) The Global Crisis: Why Laisser-Faire Hong Kong Prefers Regulation HKIMR Working Paper No.01/2010. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research Imai, H. (2010), Hong Kong's Inflation and Deflation under the Us Dollar Peg: The Balassa-Samuelson Effect or Export Price Shocks? The Developing Economies, 48, 319–344. Kenen, P. (1969). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: An Eclectic View. In R. A. Mundell & A. K. Swoboda, (eds). Monetary Problems of the International Economy (pp. 41-60). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Krugman, P. (1990). Policy Problems of a Monetary Union. In P. De Grauwe & L. Papademos, (eds.), The European Monetary System in the 1990s. Harlow: Longman. McKinnon, R. I. (1963). Optimum Currency Areas. American Economic Review, 53, 717–725. McKinnon, R. I. (2010). Rehabilitating the Unloved Dollar Standard, SCID Working Paper. Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University. Mundell, R. (1961). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. American Economic Review, 51, 657–664. Nguyen, T. (2007). East Asian Currency Area: A Fuzzy Clustering Analysis of Homogeneity, Development and Policies Research Centre Working Paper No. 10. Vietnam: DPRC. Quah, C. H. (2014b). Revisiting Business Cycles in the Eurozone: A Fuzzy Clustering and Discriminant approach. Acta Oeconomica, 64(2), 161-180. Quah, C. H. (2016a). Economic Feasibility of a BRICS Monetary Union. Global & Local Economic Review, 20(2), 1-29. Quah, C. H. (2017). Exchange Rate Fixation between US, China, Japan and Eurozone. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 11(2), 99-120. Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2010). Monetary Integration in East Asia: A Hierarchical Clustering Approach. International Finance, 13(2), 283–309. Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2012a). Which Country Should Be the Monetary Anchor for East Asia: the US, Japan or China? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 17(1), 94-112 Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2012b). China and the Dollar: An Optimum Currency Area View. Prague Economic Papers, 4, 391-411. Ran, J., Voon, J. P. & Li, G. (2010), How Do Oil Price Shocks Affect A Small Non- Oil Producing Economy? Evidence from Hong Kong. Pacific Economic Review, 15, 263–280. Tavlas, G. (1993). The “New” Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. The World Economy, 16, 663–685. |
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Apuntes del CENES;Volumen 38, número 67 (Enero-Junio 2019) |
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Copyright (c) 2019 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia |
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Quah, Chee Heong2019-05-10T16:17:40Z2019-05-10T16:17:40Z2019-02-07Quah, C.H. (2019). The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global Crisis. Apuntes del CENES, 38(67), 87-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.8502. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2574Electrónico 2256-57790120-3053http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/257410.19053/01203053.v38.n67.2019.85021 recurso en línea (páginas 87-113).Este artigo explora o nível de preços domésticos e a competitividade comercial de Hong Kong, além da compatibilidade desse quadro de moedas baseado no dólar com os critérios inspirados na teoria da área monetária ótima (OCA). No preço e na competitividade, as descobertas apontam que, durante a turbulência, Hong Kong não teve desempenho tão bom quanto no passado e uma razão aparente para isso é o influxo de capital quente do exterior, especialmente dos EUA, que alimentou o aumento dos preços dos imóveis. Em conformidade com os critérios da OCA, os resultados corroboram amplamente o regime de câmbio fixo com os EUA como o país âncora monetária, mas ao mesmo tempo a China aparece como um candidato em perspectiva aos EUA como âncora monetária. No longo prazo, em meio às fraquezas econômicas e monetárias prolongadas nos EUA, além do surgimento do renminbi como moeda global, Hong Kong também poderia unificar sua taxa de câmbio com o dinheiro chinês.This paper explores the domestic price level and trade competitiveness of Hong Kong in addition to the compatibility of this dollar-based currency board to the criteria inspired by the optimum currency area (OCA) theory. On price and competitiveness, findings point out that during the turmoil Hong Kong had not performed as well as that in the past and an apparent reason for this is the inflows of hot capital from abroad especially of the US that fuelled rising property prices. On conformity to the OCA criteria, the findings broadly corroborate the fixed exchange regime with the US as the monetary anchor country but at the same time China appears as a prospective contender to US as the monetary anchor. In the longer run, amidst the prolonged economic and monetary weaknesses in the US plus the emergence of renminbi as a global currency, Hong Kong might as well unify its exchange rate with the Chinese money.Este documento explora el nivel de precios internos y la competitividad comercial de Hong Kong, además de la compatibilidad de esta caja de conversión basada en el dólar con los criterios inspirados en la teoría de la zona monetaria óptima (ZMO). En cuanto al precio y la competitividad, los hallazgos señalan que durante la agitación Hong Kong no se había desempeñado tan bien como en el pasado y una razón aparente de esto son las entradas de capital proveniente del extranjero, especialmente de los Estados Unidos, que impulsaron el alza de los precios de las propiedades. En conformidad con los criterios de la ZMO, los hallazgos corroboran ampliamente el régimen de cambio fijo con los Estados Unidos como país ancla monetaria, pero, al mismo tiempo, China aparece como un posible candidato a contendor de Estados Unidos como ancla monetaria. A más largo plazo, en medio de la prolongada debilidad económica y monetaria en los Estados unidos, más el surgimiento del renminbi como moneda global, Hong Kong podría también unificar su tipo de cambio con el dinero chino.Bibliografía: páginas 112-113.Código de Clasificación de Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) : F31, F32, F41, F42, O53.application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2019 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/cenes/article/view/8502/7613The Chinese Dollar Linked to the Hong Kong´s during the Global CrisisEl dólar chino vinculado al de Hong Kong durante la crisis globalHong Kong, ligado à moeda chinesa, durante a crise globalArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Artis, M. & Zhang, W. (2002). Membership of EMU: A Fuzzy Clustering Analysis of Alternative Criteria. Journal of Economic Integration, 17(1), 54–79.Baxter, M. & Stockman, A. (1989). Business Cycles and the Exchange-rate Regime. Journal of Monetary Economics, 27(1), 377-400.Bayoumi, T. & Eichengreen, B. (1997). Ever Closer to Heaven? An Optimum-Currency- Area Index for European Countries. European Economic Review, 41, 761–770.Boreiko, D. (2003). EMU and Accession Countries: Fuzzy Cluster Analysis of Membership. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 8, 309–325.Chen, N. F. (2001). The Hong Kong Currency Board during the 1997–8 Crisis: Problems and Solutions. International Review of Finance, 2, 99–112.Devereux, M. B. (2003). A Tale of Two Currencies: The Asian Crisis and the Exchange Rate Regimes of Hong Kong and Singapore. Review of International Economics, 11, 38–54.Fleming, J. M. (1971). On Exchange Rate Unification. Economic Journal, 81, 467–88.Fung, L. & Yu, I. (2010). Dislocations in the FX Swap and Money Markets in Hong Kong SAR during the Global Credit Crisis of 2007–08. BIS Papers 54. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlement.Funke, M. & Paetz, M. (2013). Housing Prices and the Business Cycle: An Empirical Application to Hong Kong. Journal of Housing Economics, 22(1), 62-76.Gerlach, S. (1988). World Business Cycles under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 20, 621–632.Gerlach-Kristen, P. (2009, June). Business Cycle and Inflation Synchronisation in Mainland. China and Hong Kong. International Review of Economics & Finance, 18(3), 404-418.Goodstadt, L. F. (2010) The Global Crisis: Why Laisser-Faire Hong Kong Prefers Regulation HKIMR Working Paper No.01/2010. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute for Monetary ResearchImai, H. (2010), Hong Kong's Inflation and Deflation under the Us Dollar Peg: The Balassa-Samuelson Effect or Export Price Shocks? The Developing Economies, 48, 319–344.Kenen, P. (1969). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: An Eclectic View. In R. A. Mundell & A. K. Swoboda, (eds). Monetary Problems of the International Economy (pp. 41-60). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Krugman, P. (1990). Policy Problems of a Monetary Union. In P. De Grauwe & L. Papademos, (eds.), The European Monetary System in the 1990s. Harlow: Longman.McKinnon, R. I. (1963). Optimum Currency Areas. American Economic Review, 53, 717–725.McKinnon, R. I. (2010). Rehabilitating the Unloved Dollar Standard, SCID Working Paper. Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University.Mundell, R. (1961). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. American Economic Review, 51, 657–664.Nguyen, T. (2007). East Asian Currency Area: A Fuzzy Clustering Analysis of Homogeneity, Development and Policies Research Centre Working Paper No. 10. Vietnam: DPRC.Quah, C. H. (2014b). Revisiting Business Cycles in the Eurozone: A Fuzzy Clustering and Discriminant approach. Acta Oeconomica, 64(2), 161-180.Quah, C. H. (2016a). Economic Feasibility of a BRICS Monetary Union. Global & Local Economic Review, 20(2), 1-29.Quah, C. H. (2017). Exchange Rate Fixation between US, China, Japan and Eurozone. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 11(2), 99-120.Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2010). Monetary Integration in East Asia: A Hierarchical Clustering Approach. International Finance, 13(2), 283–309.Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2012a). Which Country Should Be the Monetary Anchor for East Asia: the US, Japan or China? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 17(1), 94-112Quah, C. H. & Crowley, P. M. (2012b). China and the Dollar: An Optimum Currency Area View. Prague Economic Papers, 4, 391-411.Ran, J., Voon, J. P. & Li, G. (2010), How Do Oil Price Shocks Affect A Small Non- Oil Producing Economy? Evidence from Hong Kong. Pacific Economic Review, 15, 263–280.Tavlas, G. (1993). The “New” Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. The World Economy, 16, 663–685.Apuntes del CENES;Volumen 38, número 67 (Enero-Junio 2019)Cuestión monetaria - Hong KongPolítica monetaria - ChinaConvertibilidad de la monedaCrísis económicaAsiaMonedaHong KongChinaDólarRenminbiDineroORIGINALPPS_1147_The_chinese_dollar.pdfPPS_1147_The_chinese_dollar.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf951031https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/4ee014fc-774a-4cab-a521-542fa5a0b67d/downloadbf2078463093be52363b30c6561db635MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/81015f4f-86f7-4d53-9581-163f4328f9ea/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52TEXTPPS-1147.pdf.txtPPS-1147.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain44157https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/928d3d54-9527-4992-8f21-93930e6be0c4/download122cd5f5cf05cdf8a0cdb12c122e6163MD53PPS_1147_The_chinese_dollar.pdf.txtPPS_1147_The_chinese_dollar.pdf.txtExtracted 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