Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia
1 recurso en línea (páginas 358-368).
- Autores:
-
Ramírez Godoy, Augusto
Puentes Pérez, Gina
Restrepo Díaz, Hermann
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2926
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2926
- Palabra clave:
- Insecticidas
Cítricos - Insecticidas - Efectos fisiológicos
Agrosavia
Asian Citrus Psyllid
Greening, insecticide resistance
Insecticide rotation
Percentage of efficacy
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Copyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Evaluación de la eficacia de insecticidas neonicotinoides y piretroides sobre poblaciones de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en Colombia |
| title |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia Insecticidas Cítricos - Insecticidas - Efectos fisiológicos Agrosavia Asian Citrus Psyllid Greening, insecticide resistance Insecticide rotation Percentage of efficacy |
| title_short |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| title_full |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| title_sort |
Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez Godoy, Augusto Puentes Pérez, Gina Restrepo Díaz, Hermann |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez Godoy, Augusto Puentes Pérez, Gina Restrepo Díaz, Hermann |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Insecticidas Cítricos - Insecticidas - Efectos fisiológicos |
| topic |
Insecticidas Cítricos - Insecticidas - Efectos fisiológicos Agrosavia Asian Citrus Psyllid Greening, insecticide resistance Insecticide rotation Percentage of efficacy |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Agrosavia |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Asian Citrus Psyllid Greening, insecticide resistance Insecticide rotation Percentage of efficacy |
| description |
1 recurso en línea (páginas 358-368). |
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2018 |
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2018-05-01 |
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2019-11-07T15:44:48Z |
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2019-11-07T15:44:48Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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Ramírez Godoy, A., Puentes Pérez, G. & Restrepo Díaz, H. (2018). Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 358-368. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.8093. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2926 |
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10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.8093 |
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Ramírez Godoy, A., Puentes Pérez, G. & Restrepo Díaz, H. (2018). Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 358-368. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.8093. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2926 2422-3719 10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.8093 |
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Boina, D.R., E.O. Onagbola, M. Salyani, and L.L. Stelinski. 2009. Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Pest Manag. Sci. 65, 870-877. Doi: 10.1002/ps.1767 Boina, D.R. and J.R. Bloomquist. 2015. Chemical control of the Asian Citrus Psyllid and of Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Pest Manag. Sci. 71, 808-823. Doi: 10.1002/ ps.3957 Castle, J.S., F.J. Byrne, J.L. Bi, and N.C. Toscano. 2005. Spatial and temporal distribution of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in citrus and impact on Homalodisca coagulate populations. Pest Manag. Sci. 61, 75-84. Doi: 10.1002/ps.949 Chen, X.D. and L.L. Stelinski. 2017a. Rapid detection of insecticide resistance in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations, using a bottle bioassay. Fla. Entomol. 100, 124-133. Doi: 10.1653/024.100.0118 Chen, X.D. and L.L. Stelinski. 2017b. Resistance management for Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, in Florida. Insects 8, 103. Doi: 10.3390/ insects8030103 Cocco, A. and M.A. Hoy. 2008. Toxicity of organosilicone adjuvants and selected pesticides to the Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Fla. Entomol. 9, 610-620. Doi: 10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.610 Davies, T.G.E., L.M. Field, P.N.R. Usherwood, and M.S. Williamson. 2007. DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB life 59, 151-162. Doi: 10.1080/15216540701352042 Ebratt-Ravelo, E.E., L.T. Rubio-González, V.A. Costa, A.P. Castro-Ávila, E.M. Zambrano-Gómez, and J.E. Ángel- Díaz. 2011. Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907) and Tamarixia radiata (Waterson, 1922) in citrus crops of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Agron. Colomb. 29, 487-493. Elbert, A., M. Haas, B. Springer, W. Thielert, and R. Nauen. 2008. Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection. Pest Manag. Sci. 64, 1099-1105. Doi: 10.1002/ps.1616 Gatineau, F., F. Bonnot, T.T.H. Yen, N.D. Tuyen, and N.T.N. Truc. 2010. Effects of imidacloprid and fenobucarb on the dynamics of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and on the incidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Fruits 65, 209-220. Doi: 10.1051/fruits/2010017 Gómez, K.A. and A.A. Gómez AA. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Canada. Henderson, C.F. and E.W. Tilton. 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 157-161. Doi: 10.1093/jee/48.2.157 Hernández-Fuentes, L.M., M.A. Urias-López, J.I. López-Arroyo, R. Gómez-Jaimes, and N. Bautista- Martínez. 2012. Control químico de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemíptera: Psyllidae) en Lima Persa Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. 3, 427-439. Hoffmann, E.J., S.M. Middleton, and J.C. Wise. 2008. Ovicidal activity of organophosphate, oxadiazine, neonicotinoid and insect growth regulator chemistries on northern strain plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar. J. Insect Sci. 8, 1-6. Doi: 10.1673/031.008.2901 ICA (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario). 2015. Resolución 2390 de 2015, Por medio de la cual se declara el estado de emergencia fitosanitaria en el territorio nacional por la presencia de adultos de Diaphorina citri infectados con la bacteria de la enfermedad del HLB de los cítricos. Bogotá, Colombia. ICA (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario). 2017. Resolución número 00007109 de 2017, por medio de la cual se declara el estado de emergencia fitosanitaria en el territorio nacional por la presencia de la enfermedad conocida como Huanglongbing (HLB) de los cítricos. Bogotá, Colombia. Langdon, K.W. and M.E. Rogers. 2017. Neonicotinoid-induced mortality of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is affected by route of exposure. J. Econ. Entomol. 110, 2229-2234. Doi: 10.1093/jee/tox231 Maienfisch, P., M. Angst, F. Brand, W. Fischer, D. Hofer, H. Kayser, W. Kobel, A. Rindlisbacher, R. Senn, A. Steinemann, and H. Widmer 2001. Chemistry and biology of thiamethoxam: a second-generation neonicotinoid. Pest Manag. Sci. 57, 906-913. Doi: 10.1002/ps.365 Pardo, S., A.M. Martínez, J.I. Figueroa, J.M. Chavarrieta, E. Viñuela, Á. Rebollar-Alviter, M.A. Miranda, J. Valle, and S. Pineda. 2017. Insecticide resistance of adults and nymphs of Asian Citrus Psyllid populations from Apatzingán Valley, Mexico. Pest Manag. Sci. 74, 135- 140. Doi: 10.1002/ps.4669 Qureshi, J.A., B.C. Kostyk, and P.A. Stansly. 2009. Control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) with foliar and soil-applied insecticides. P. Fl. St. Hortic. Soc. 122, 189-193. Qureshi, J.A., B.C. Kostyk, and P.A. Stansly. 2014. Insecticidal suppression of Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) vector of huanglongbing pathogens. PloS One 9, e112331. Doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0112331 Ruiz-Galván, I., N. Bautista-Martínez, H. Sánchez-Arroyo, and F.A. Valenzuela-Escoboza. 2015. Control químico de Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en lima persa. Acta Zool. Mex. 31, 41-47. Doi: 10.21829/azm.2015.311503 Santivañez, T., G. Mora Aguilera, G. Diaz Pinilla, J.I. López Arrollo, and P. Vernal Hurtado. 2013. Citrus. Marco estratégico para la gestión regional del Huanglongbing en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO, Santiago. Sétamou, M., D. Flores, J.V. French, and D.G. Hall. 2008. Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1478-1487. Doi: 10.1093/jee/101.4.1478 Sétamou, M., D. Rodriguez, R. Saldana, G. Schwarzlose, D. Palrang, and S.D. Nelson. 2010. Efficacy and uptake of soil-applied imidacloprid in the control of Asian Citrus Psyllid and a citrus leafminer, two foliar-feeding citrus pests. J. Econ. Entomol. 103, 1711-1719. Doi: 10.1603/EC09371 Smith, E.H. and E.H. Salkeld. 1966. The use and action of ovicides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11, 331-368. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001555 Stansly, P.A., J.A. Qureshi, and B.C. Kostyk. 2015. Evaluation of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for control of Asian Citrus Psyllid and citrus leafminer on oranges, summer, 2014. Arthropod Manag. Tests 40, 1-2. Doi: 10.1093/amt/tsv045 Tiwari, S., R.S. Mann, M.E. Rogers, and L.L. Stelinski. 2011. Insecticide resistance in field populations of Asian citrus psyllid in Florida. Pest Manag. Sci. 67, 1258-1268. Doi: 10.1002/ps.2181 Yamamoto, P.T., M.R. Fellipe, A.L. Sanches, J.H. Coelho, L.F. Garbim, and N.L. Ximenes. 2009. Eficácia de insecticidas para o manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em citros. BioAssay 4, 1-9. Doi: 10.14295/BA.v4.0.21 |
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Ramírez Godoy, AugustoPuentes Pérez, GinaRestrepo Díaz, Hermann2019-11-07T15:44:48Z2019-11-07T15:44:48Z2018-05-01Ramírez Godoy, A., Puentes Pérez, G. & Restrepo Díaz, H. (2018). Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 358-368. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.8093. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/29262422-3719http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/292610.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.80931 recurso en línea (páginas 358-368).El psílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina citri es el insecto vector de la enfermedad conocida como huanglonbing (HLB), la cual es la enfermedad más devastadora de estos cultivos en el mundo. El psílido asiático de los cítricos fue reportado oficialmente en Colombia en 2007 y se declaró la emergencia nacional fitosanitaria por HLB en 2015. Con el objetivo de estudiar estrategias de manejo del insecto vector, se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos diferentes en dos localidades (Apulo y Jerusalén, Departamento de Cundinamarca) en Colombia, en los que la efectividad de aplicaciones de neonicotinoides (clothianidin, imidacloprid y thiametoxan) y piretroides (bifentrina, deltametrina y lambdacialotrina) fue evaluada sobre poblaciones de D. citri (adultos, ninfas y huevos) en árboles de lima ‘Tahití’ establecidos en condiciones de bosque seco tropical. En el primer experimento, los árboles fueron tratados foliarmente de la siguiente manera: (1) árboles sin tratar; (2) árboles tratados con imidacloprid a una dosis 100 g ha-1 i.a; (3) árboles tratados con bifentrina a una dosis de 60 g ha-1 i.a; (4) árboles tratados con deltametrina a 12,5 g ha-1 i.a y (5) una coformulación de thiametoxan y lambda-cyalothrina a una dosis de 70 g ha-1 i.a. El segundo experimento consistió en árboles tratados con clothianidin a 100 g ha-1 i.a. Las aplicaciones foliares de los insecticidas fueron desarrolladas a las 0 y 4 semanas de iniciados los tratamientos (SIT). En el primer ensayo, el control presentó ≈1,14 individuos promedio por brote, mientras los árboles tratados con neoinicotinoides y piretroides mostraron un 50% menos de individuos (0,53-0,61). Con respecto a la población de inmaduros, el número de ninfas promedio fue 2,25 ninfas por brote en el control comparado a los 0,82-1,22 individuos observados en los tratamientos con insecticidas. El número de huevos promedio también fue entre un 80-100% mayor en árboles control (2,37 individuos) en comparación a árboles tratados (1,14-1,78). Con respecto al segundo ensayo, el uso de clothianidin presentó un mayor control de huevos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten sugerir que la rotación de neonicotinoides con piretroides puede ser una herramienta para reducir las poblaciones del psílido asiático de los cítricos y retrasar procesos de resistencia del vector en cultivos de cítricos establecidos en condiciones de bosque seco tropical en Colombia.The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is the insect vector of the disease known as huanglongbing (HLB), which is the most devastating disease of citrus crops in the world. The Asian citrus psyllid was officially reported in Colombia in 2007, and a national phytosanitary emergency was declared because of the presence of HLB in 2015. Two different experiments were carried out in two locations (Apulo and Jerusalén, Department of Cundinamarca) in Colombia to evaluate the effectiveness of neonicotinoid (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxan) and pyrethroid applications (bifenthrin, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin) on the control of D. citri populations (adults, nymphs and eggs) in ‘Tahiti’ lime trees established under tropical dry forest conditions. In the first experiment, trees were foliarly treated as follows: (1) untreated trees; (2) trees treated with 100 g ha-1 of imidacloprid; (3) trees treated with 60 g ha-1 of bifenthrin; (4) trees treated with 12.5 g ha-1 of deltamethrin and (5) trees treated with a co-formulation of 70 g ha-1 of a neonicotinoid (thiametoxan) and 53 g ha-1 of a pyrethroid (lambda cyhalothrin). In the second experiment, trees were treated with 100 g ha-1 of clothianidin. Foliar insecticide applications were carried out at 0 and 4 weeks after the initiation of treatments (WAT). In the first trial, the control presented a mean number of individuals per flush of ≈1.14, whereas the trees treated with neoinicotinoids and pyrethroids showed 50% fewer individuals (0.53-0.61). For the population of immatures, the number of nymphs was 2.25 nymphs per flush in the control, as compared to 0.82-1.22 individuals observed in the treatments with insecticides. The mean number of eggs was also between 80-100% higher in the control trees (2.37 individuals), as compared to the treated trees (1.14-1.78). In the second trial, the use of clothianidin showed a higher control of eggs. The results suggest that the rotation of neonicotinoids with pyrethroids can be a tool to reduce populations and delay resistance processes in D. citri in citrus trees established under tropical dry forest conditions in Colombia.Bibliografía: páginas 367-368application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencias_horticolas/article/view/8093/7091Evaluation of the efficacy of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations in ColombiaEvaluación de la eficacia de insecticidas neonicotinoides y piretroides sobre poblaciones de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Boina, D.R., E.O. Onagbola, M. Salyani, and L.L. Stelinski. 2009. Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Pest Manag. Sci. 65, 870-877. Doi: 10.1002/ps.1767Boina, D.R. and J.R. Bloomquist. 2015. Chemical control of the Asian Citrus Psyllid and of Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Pest Manag. Sci. 71, 808-823. Doi: 10.1002/ ps.3957Castle, J.S., F.J. Byrne, J.L. Bi, and N.C. Toscano. 2005. Spatial and temporal distribution of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in citrus and impact on Homalodisca coagulate populations. Pest Manag. Sci. 61, 75-84. Doi: 10.1002/ps.949Chen, X.D. and L.L. Stelinski. 2017a. Rapid detection of insecticide resistance in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) populations, using a bottle bioassay. Fla. Entomol. 100, 124-133. Doi: 10.1653/024.100.0118Chen, X.D. and L.L. Stelinski. 2017b. Resistance management for Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, in Florida. Insects 8, 103. Doi: 10.3390/ insects8030103Cocco, A. and M.A. Hoy. 2008. Toxicity of organosilicone adjuvants and selected pesticides to the Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Fla. Entomol. 9, 610-620. Doi: 10.1653/0015-4040-91.4.610Davies, T.G.E., L.M. Field, P.N.R. Usherwood, and M.S. Williamson. 2007. DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB life 59, 151-162. Doi: 10.1080/15216540701352042Ebratt-Ravelo, E.E., L.T. Rubio-González, V.A. Costa, A.P. Castro-Ávila, E.M. Zambrano-Gómez, and J.E. Ángel- Díaz. 2011. Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907) and Tamarixia radiata (Waterson, 1922) in citrus crops of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Agron. Colomb. 29, 487-493.Elbert, A., M. Haas, B. Springer, W. Thielert, and R. Nauen. 2008. Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection. Pest Manag. Sci. 64, 1099-1105. Doi: 10.1002/ps.1616Gatineau, F., F. Bonnot, T.T.H. Yen, N.D. Tuyen, and N.T.N. Truc. 2010. Effects of imidacloprid and fenobucarb on the dynamics of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and on the incidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Fruits 65, 209-220. Doi: 10.1051/fruits/2010017Gómez, K.A. and A.A. Gómez AA. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Canada.Henderson, C.F. and E.W. Tilton. 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 157-161. Doi: 10.1093/jee/48.2.157Hernández-Fuentes, L.M., M.A. Urias-López, J.I. López-Arroyo, R. Gómez-Jaimes, and N. Bautista- Martínez. 2012. Control químico de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemíptera: Psyllidae) en Lima Persa Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. 3, 427-439.Hoffmann, E.J., S.M. Middleton, and J.C. Wise. 2008. Ovicidal activity of organophosphate, oxadiazine, neonicotinoid and insect growth regulator chemistries on northern strain plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar. J. Insect Sci. 8, 1-6. Doi: 10.1673/031.008.2901ICA (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario). 2015. Resolución 2390 de 2015, Por medio de la cual se declara el estado de emergencia fitosanitaria en el territorio nacional por la presencia de adultos de Diaphorina citri infectados con la bacteria de la enfermedad del HLB de los cítricos. Bogotá, Colombia.ICA (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario). 2017. Resolución número 00007109 de 2017, por medio de la cual se declara el estado de emergencia fitosanitaria en el territorio nacional por la presencia de la enfermedad conocida como Huanglongbing (HLB) de los cítricos. Bogotá, Colombia.Langdon, K.W. and M.E. Rogers. 2017. Neonicotinoid-induced mortality of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is affected by route of exposure. J. Econ. Entomol. 110, 2229-2234. Doi: 10.1093/jee/tox231Maienfisch, P., M. Angst, F. Brand, W. Fischer, D. Hofer, H. Kayser, W. Kobel, A. Rindlisbacher, R. Senn, A. Steinemann, and H. Widmer 2001. Chemistry and biology of thiamethoxam: a second-generation neonicotinoid. Pest Manag. Sci. 57, 906-913. Doi: 10.1002/ps.365Pardo, S., A.M. Martínez, J.I. Figueroa, J.M. Chavarrieta, E. Viñuela, Á. Rebollar-Alviter, M.A. Miranda, J. Valle, and S. Pineda. 2017. Insecticide resistance of adults and nymphs of Asian Citrus Psyllid populations from Apatzingán Valley, Mexico. Pest Manag. Sci. 74, 135- 140. Doi: 10.1002/ps.4669Qureshi, J.A., B.C. Kostyk, and P.A. Stansly. 2009. Control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) with foliar and soil-applied insecticides. P. Fl. St. Hortic. Soc. 122, 189-193.Qureshi, J.A., B.C. Kostyk, and P.A. Stansly. 2014. Insecticidal suppression of Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) vector of huanglongbing pathogens. PloS One 9, e112331. Doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0112331Ruiz-Galván, I., N. Bautista-Martínez, H. Sánchez-Arroyo, and F.A. Valenzuela-Escoboza. 2015. Control químico de Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en lima persa. Acta Zool. Mex. 31, 41-47. Doi: 10.21829/azm.2015.311503Santivañez, T., G. Mora Aguilera, G. Diaz Pinilla, J.I. López Arrollo, and P. Vernal Hurtado. 2013. Citrus. Marco estratégico para la gestión regional del Huanglongbing en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO, Santiago.Sétamou, M., D. Flores, J.V. French, and D.G. Hall. 2008. Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1478-1487. Doi: 10.1093/jee/101.4.1478Sétamou, M., D. Rodriguez, R. Saldana, G. Schwarzlose, D. Palrang, and S.D. Nelson. 2010. Efficacy and uptake of soil-applied imidacloprid in the control of Asian Citrus Psyllid and a citrus leafminer, two foliar-feeding citrus pests. J. Econ. Entomol. 103, 1711-1719. Doi: 10.1603/EC09371Smith, E.H. and E.H. Salkeld. 1966. The use and action of ovicides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11, 331-368. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001555Stansly, P.A., J.A. Qureshi, and B.C. Kostyk. 2015. Evaluation of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for control of Asian Citrus Psyllid and citrus leafminer on oranges, summer, 2014. Arthropod Manag. Tests 40, 1-2. Doi: 10.1093/amt/tsv045Tiwari, S., R.S. Mann, M.E. Rogers, and L.L. Stelinski. 2011. Insecticide resistance in field populations of Asian citrus psyllid in Florida. Pest Manag. Sci. 67, 1258-1268. Doi: 10.1002/ps.2181Yamamoto, P.T., M.R. Fellipe, A.L. Sanches, J.H. Coelho, L.F. Garbim, and N.L. Ximenes. 2009. Eficácia de insecticidas para o manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em citros. BioAssay 4, 1-9. Doi: 10.14295/BA.v4.0.21Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 12, número 2 (Mayo-Agosto 2018)InsecticidasCítricos - Insecticidas - Efectos fisiológicosAgrosaviaAsian Citrus PsyllidGreening, insecticide resistanceInsecticide rotationPercentage of efficacyORIGINALPPS_1512_Evaluation_of_the_efficacy.pdfPPS_1512_Evaluation_of_the_efficacy.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf444268https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/35da9b76-6845-4da6-8ef1-fb22b81d493a/download008f6318ce04c4420f1d1aa7fb1dfecdMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/49ec7344-8d18-4351-bdd1-1f387753de18/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52TEXTPPS_1512.pdf.txtPPS_1512.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain37917https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/10710c64-78be-48dc-bbc5-dd67a19105dd/downloadcfbe509ed059d8acb5d35545a533b4b1MD53PPS_1512_Evaluacion_eficacia_insecticidas.pdf.txtPPS_1512_Evaluacion_eficacia_insecticidas.pdf.txtExtracted 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