En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea
1 recurso en línea (páginas 378-386) : ilustraciones color.
- Autores:
-
Mesa Quijano, Paula Elisabeth
García Domínguez, Celsa
Cotes Prado, Alba Marina
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2859
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2859
- Palabra clave:
- Spongospora subterranea
Papas (Tubérculos) - Cultivo
Papas (Tubérculos) - Enfermedades y plagas
Plagas agrícolas
Agrosavia
Fitopatógeno biotrófico
Protozoo
Enfermedad
Agallas
Biocontroladores
Aditivos orgánicos
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Copyright (c) 2017 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Searching for an alternative to manage powdery scab, caused by Spongospora subterranea, in potato |
| title |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| spellingShingle |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea Spongospora subterranea Papas (Tubérculos) - Cultivo Papas (Tubérculos) - Enfermedades y plagas Plagas agrícolas Agrosavia Fitopatógeno biotrófico Protozoo Enfermedad Agallas Biocontroladores Aditivos orgánicos |
| title_short |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| title_full |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| title_fullStr |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| title_full_unstemmed |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| title_sort |
En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Mesa Quijano, Paula Elisabeth García Domínguez, Celsa Cotes Prado, Alba Marina |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Mesa Quijano, Paula Elisabeth García Domínguez, Celsa Cotes Prado, Alba Marina |
| dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv |
Spongospora subterranea |
| topic |
Spongospora subterranea Papas (Tubérculos) - Cultivo Papas (Tubérculos) - Enfermedades y plagas Plagas agrícolas Agrosavia Fitopatógeno biotrófico Protozoo Enfermedad Agallas Biocontroladores Aditivos orgánicos |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Papas (Tubérculos) - Cultivo Papas (Tubérculos) - Enfermedades y plagas Plagas agrícolas |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Agrosavia |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fitopatógeno biotrófico Protozoo Enfermedad Agallas Biocontroladores Aditivos orgánicos |
| description |
1 recurso en línea (páginas 378-386) : ilustraciones color. |
| publishDate |
2018 |
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2018-06-06 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-10-03T15:00:46Z |
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2019-10-03T15:00:46Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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Mesa Quijano, P. E., García Domínguez, C. & Cotes Prado, A. M. (2017). En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 11(2), 378-386. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.6150. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2859 |
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10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.6150 |
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Mesa Quijano, P. E., García Domínguez, C. & Cotes Prado, A. M. (2017). En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 11(2), 378-386. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.6150. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2859 2422-3719 10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.6150 |
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Anand, S. y J. Reddy. 2009. Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. against plant pathogen. Int. J. Agric. Sci. 1(2), 30-39. Doi: 10.9735/0975-3710.1.2.30-39 Andres, Y., L. Giraud, C. Gerente y L. Cloirec. 2010. Antibacterial effects of chitosan powder: mechanisms of action. Environ. Techn. 28(12), 1356-1363. Doi: 10.1080/09593332808618893 Balendres, M., R. Tegg y C. Wilson. 2016. Key events in pathogenesis of Spongospora diseases in potato: a review. Australas. Plant Pathol. 45(3), 229-240. Doi: 10.1007/ s13313-016-0398-3 Bastidas, L. 2010. Determinación de la capacidad biocontroladora de Pseudomonas spp. contra Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea en el cultivo de papa. Tesis de maestría. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Beauséjour, J., N. Clermont y C. Beaulieu. 2003. Effect of Streptomyces melanosporofaciens strain EF-76 and of chitosan on common scab of potato. Plant Soil 256(2), 463-468. Doi: 10.1023/A:1026177714855 Beltrán, C. y E. Garcés. 2011. Selección de aislamientos de Trichoderma spp. con potencial biocontrolador de Rhizoctonia solani Kühn en papa bajo condiciones de casa de malla. Acta Biol. Colomb. 10(1), 82-83. Brierley, J., L. Sullivan, S. Wale, A. Hilton, D. Kiezebrink y A. Lees. 2013. Relationship between Spongospora subterranea f. sp.subterranea soil inoculum level, host resistance and powdery scab on potato tubers in the field. Plant Pathol. 62(2), 413-420. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02649.x Caviedes, D. 2010. Aislamiento y selección de Pseudomonas sp. y Bacillus sp., promotoras del crecimiento vegetal en cultivo de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) con actividad antagónica frente a Fusarium oxysporum. Trabajo de grado en Microbiología industrial. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Chirkov, S., A. Il’ina, N. Surgucheva, E. Letunova, Y. Varitsev, N. Tatarinova y V. Varlamov. 2001. Effect of chitosan on systemic viral infection and some defense responses in potato plants. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 48(6), 774-779. Doi: 10.1023/A:1012508625017 Chung, W., R. Wu, C. Hsu, H. Huang y J. Huang. 2011. Application of antagonistic rhizobacteria for control of Fusarium seedling blight and basal rot of lily. Aust. Plant Pathol. 40(3), 269-276. Doi: 10.1007/ s13313-011-0040-3 Cohen, E. 2001. Chitin synthesis and inhibition: a revisit. Pest Manag. Sci. 57(10), 946-950. Doi: 10.1002/ps.363 Corrales, C., C. Zuluaga, J. Cotes y E. González. 2012. Determinación de las condiciones óptimas para la liberación de zoosporas de Spongospora subterranea en bioensayos. Trop. Plant Pathol. 37(4), 239-245. Doi: 10.1590/S1982-56762012000400002 Cotes, A., A. Cárdenas y H. Pinzon. 2001. Effect of seed priming in the presence of Trichoderma koningii on seed and seedling disease induced in tomato by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. IOBCWPRS Bull. 24, 259-263. Díaz, A., P. Smith, P. Mesa, J. Zapata, D. Caviedes y A. Cotes. 2013. Control of Fusarium wilt in cape gooseberry by Trichoderma koningiopsis and PGPR. IOBC-WPRS Bull. 86, 89-94. EL Hadrami, A., L. Adam, I. Hadrami y F. Daayf. 2010. Chitosan in plant protection. Mar. Drugs 8(4), 968. Doi: 10.3390/md8040968 Falloon, R., 2008. Control of powdery scab of potato: towards integrated disease management. Am. J. Potato Res. 85(4), 253-260. Doi: 10.1007/s12230-008-9022-6 Falloon, R., U. Merz, R. Butler, D. Curtin, R. Lister y S. Thomas. 2016. Root infection of potato by Spongospora subterranea: knowledge review and evidence for decreased plant productivity. Plant Pathol. 65(3), 422- 434. Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12419 Ganeshan, G. y A. Kumar. 2005. Pseudomonas fluorescens, a potential bacterial antagonist to control plant diseases. J. Plant Interact. 1(3), 123-134. Doi: 10.1080/17429140600907043 Gilchrist, E., J. Soler, U. Merz y S. Reynaldi. 2011. Powdery scab effect on the potato Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena growth and yield. Trop. Plant Pathol. 36(6), 350- 355. Doi: 10.1590/S1982-56762011000600002 Goy, R., D. de Britto y O. Assis. 2009. A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros 19(3), 241- 247. Doi: 10.1590/S0104-14282009000300013 Hoyos, L., S. Jaramillo y S. Orduz. 2008. Evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum as bioregulator of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agr. Medellín 61(2), 4496-4502 Jin, R., J. Suh, R. Park, Y. Kim, H. Krishnan y K. Kim. 2005. Effect of chitin compost and broth on biological control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Nematology 7(1), 125-132. Doi: 10.1163/1568541054192171 Melia, S. e I. Aryantha. 2010. The effects of Chitosan on antifungal activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai against Fusarium oxysporum. pp. 6-8. En: The 2nd International Biotechnology & Biodiversity Conference. Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Mesa, P., C. Moreno y A. Cotes. 2014. Efecto promotor de crecimiento vegetal y biocontrolador de Trichoderma koningiopsis sobre Rhizoctonia solani en el cultivo de arroz. Actual. Biológicas 36, 242. Moreno, C., F. Castillo, A. González, D. Bernal, Y. Jaimes, M. Chaparro, C. González, F. Rodriguez, S. Restrepo y A. Cotes. 2009. Biological and molecular characterization of the response of tomato plants treated with Trichoderma koningiopsis. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 74(2), 111-120. Doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2009.10.001 Nakayama, T., M. Horita y T. Shimanuki. 2007. Spongospora subterranea soil contamination and its relationship to severity of powdery scab on potatoes. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 73(4), 229-234. Doi: 10.1007/s10327-007-0008-x Nandakumar, R., S. Babu, R. Viswanathan, T. Raguchander y R. Samiyappan. 2001. Induction of systemic resistance in rice against sheath blight disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33(4), 603-612. Doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00202-9 Neuhauser, C. y J. Fargione. 2004. A mutualism-parasitism continuum model and its application to plant-mycorrhizae interactions. Ecol. Model. 177(3), 337-352. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.010 Nielsen, S. y J. Larsen. 2004. Two Trichoderma harzianum-based bio-control agents reduce tomato root infection with Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh., f. sp.subterranea, the vector of Potato mop-top virus. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 111(2), 145-150. Doi: 10.1007/BF03356140 Nunes da Silva, M., A. Cardoso, D. Ferreira, M. Brito, M. Pintado y M. Vasconcelos. 2014. Chitosan as a biocontrol agent against the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). For. Pathol. 44(5), 420-423. Doi: 10.1111/efp.12136 Poomthongdee, N., K. Duangmal y W. Pathom-aree. 2015. Acidophilic actinomycetes from rhizosphere soil: diversity and properties beneficial to plants. J. Antibiot. 68(2), 106-114. Doi: 10.1038/ja.2014.117 Puerta, S., L. Hoyos y E. González. 2008. Factors affecting the zoospore release of Spongospora subterranean (Wallroth) Lagerheim f. sp. subterranea Tomlinson. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agr. Medellín 61(2), 4503-4510. Qu, X. y B. Christ. 2006. Single cystosorus isolate production and restriction fragment length polymorphism characterization of the obligate biotroph Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. Phytopathology 96(10), 1157-1163. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-96-1157 Qu, X., L. Wanner y B. Christ. 2011. Multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of potato powdery and common scab diseases and pathogens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 110(3), 769-777. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04930.x Restrepo, F., S. Jaramillo y M. Cotes. 2009. Effect of two microorganisms, mycorhize and pine wood shavings on the control of powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) in potato. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agr. Medellín 62(2), 5047-5054. Rivero, D. 2008. Identificación y control in vitro con quitosana y Trichoderma spp. de hongos que causan el manchado del grano en arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Rev. Protec. Veg. 23, 67-67. Ruíz, C., L. Izquierdo, C. Moreno, M. Gómez y L. Villamizar. 2013. Development, stability and biocontrol activity of a formulation based on Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps06. Int. Organ. Biol. Integated Control-WPRS Bull. 86, 25-30. Sastoque, E., A. Cotes, R. Rodríguez y A. Pedroza. 2010. Effect of nutrients and fermentation conditions on the production of biosurfactants using rhizobacteria isolated from fique plants. Univ. Sci. 15(3), 251-264. Doi: 10.11144/javeriana.SC15-3.eona Shah, F., R. Falloon, R. Butler y R. Lister. 2011. Low amounts of Spongospora subterranea sporosorus inoculum cause severe powdery scab, root galling and reduced water use in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Aust. Plant Pathol. 41(2), 219-228. Doi: 10.1007/s13313-011-0110-6 Siddiqui, I., S. Shaukat, I. Sheikh y A. Khan. 2006. Role of cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in the suppression of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in tomato. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22(6), 641-650. Doi: 10.1007/s11274-005-9084-2 Smith, A., C. Beltrán, M. Kusunoki, A. Cotes. K. Motohashi, T. Kondo y M. Deguchi, 2012. Diversity of soil-dwelling Trichoderma in Colombia and their potential as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 79(1), 74-85. Doi: 10.1007/s10327-012-0419-1 Soler, J., E. Gilchrist y J. Peréz. 2012a. Evaluación de microorganismos con potencial de promoción de crecimiento vegetal y biocontrol de Spongospora subterranea. Rev. Colomb. Biotecnol. 14(1), 157-170. Doi: 10.15446/rev. colomb.biote Soler, J., L.F. Uribe-L. y J. Peréz-N. 2012b. Differential distrubution of candidadate biocontrol bacteria against Spongospora subterranea in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Diacol Capiro). Rev. Fac. Nac. Agr. Medellín 65(1), 6337-6348. Sun, S., J. Wang, L. Zhu, D. Liao, M. Gu, L. Ren, Y. Kapulnik y G. Xu. 2012. An active factor from tomato root exudates plays an important role in efficient establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLoS ONE 7(8), e43385. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043385 Szczech, M. y M. Shoda. 2004. Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia damping-off of tomato by Bacillus subtilis combined with Burkholderia cepacia. J. Phytopathol. 152(10), 549-556. Doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00894.x Van De Graaf, P., S. Wale y A. Lees. 2007. Factors affecting the incidence and severity of Spongospora subterranea infection and galling in potato roots. Plant Pathol. 56(6), 1005-1013. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01686.x Vasyukova, N., S. Zinov’eva, L. Il’inskaya, E. Perekhod, G. Chalenko, N. Gerasimova, A.I. Varlamov y O. Ozeretskovskaya. 2001. Modulation of plant resistance to diseases by water-soluble chitosan. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 37(1), 103-109. Doi: 10.1023/A:1002865029994 Zeng, D. e Y. Shi. 2009. Preparation and application of a novel environmentally friendly organic seed coating for rice. J. Sci. Food Agric. 89(13), 2181-2185. Doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3700 Zhang, N., D. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Li, Q. Shen y R. Zhang. 2014. Effects of different plant root exudates and their organic acid components on chemotaxis, biofilm formation and colonization by beneficial rhizosphere- associated bacterial strains. Plant Soil 374(2), 689- 700. Doi: 10.1007/s11104-013-1915-6 |
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Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 11, número 2 (Julio-Diciembre 2017) |
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Mesa Quijano, Paula ElisabethGarcía Domínguez, CelsaCotes Prado, Alba Marina2019-10-03T15:00:46Z2019-10-03T15:00:46Z2018-06-06Mesa Quijano, P. E., García Domínguez, C. & Cotes Prado, A. M. (2017). En búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterranea. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 11(2), 378-386. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.6150. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/28592422-3719http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/285910.17584/rcch.2017v11i2.61501 recurso en línea (páginas 378-386) : ilustraciones color.One of the main problems in potato production is powdery scab, caused by the protozoan Spongospora subterranea. Currently, there are no effective control strategies for this pathogen, which causes root damage and, therefore, reduces tuber quality. In order to develop a biocontrol alternative for powdery scab, we assessed the effect of eight potential microbial agents belonging to the genera Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces spp. in the reduction of the disease. Additionally, we evaluated biocarbon, chitin and chitosan, which are organic additives with a biocontrol potential in other pathosystems. Initially, a trial was established to obtain the development of galls in two different locations (Mosquera and Subachoque, Cundinamarca) with two concentrations of protozoan inoculum. Eight weeks after sowing, the disease severity was determined counting the number of galls per plant. Because of the consistent development of the disease, the assays were established in the municipality of Subachoque in potted plants with naturally infested soil (1×103 sporosori/g of soil). All microbial biocontrol agents showed a reduction in gall development (P>0.05). Streptomyces misionensis Ac006 caused the largest reduction in severity (51.41%). Among the organic additives, 0.5% chitosan had the greatest (62.58%) effect on disease reduction, a significant (P≤0.05) effect. Our results suggest possible alternatives for the sustainable management of powdery scab in potato.Entre las principales problemáticas que se presentan en la producción de papa se encuentra Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerheim f. sp. subterránea, agente causal de la sarna polvosa y camanduleo, enfermedades que afectan los tubérculos, las raíces, que no cuentan con prácticas de manejo efectivas. Con el fin de generar una alternativa de manejo se evaluó el efecto en la reducción del camanduleo de microorganismos potencialmente biocontroladores de los géneros Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. y Streptomyces spp. Así mismo, se evaluó el biocarbón, la quitina y el quitosán, aditivos orgánicos que han demostrado actividad de control en otros patosistemas. Inicialmente, se estableció un ensayo para obtener el desarrollo de agallas en dos ambientes diferentes (Mosquera y Subachoque, Cundinamarca) y dos concentraciones de inóculo del protozoo. La evaluación se realizó 8 semanas después de la siembra (SDS), midiendo la severidad expresada como número de agallas por planta. Dado el consistente desarrollo de la enfermedad, se decidió establecer los ensayos en el Municipio de Subachoque, usando suelo naturalmente infestado con 1×103 esporosoros/g de suelo. Al aplicar los biocontroladores, se observó disminución (P>0,05) en el desarrollo de agallas con la mayoría de los microorganismos, siendo Streptomyces misionensis Ac006 el que más redujo la enfermedad en un 51,41%. Por otra parte, entre los aditivos evaluados, fue el quitosán al 0,5% con el que se obtuvo una mayor reducción (P≤0,05) en el número de agallas 62,58%. Estos resultados permiten sugerir el uso de estos tratamientos para el manejo del camanduleo de la papa.Bibliografía: páginas 384-386.application/pdfspaUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2017 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencias_horticolas/article/view/6150/pdfSpongospora subterraneaPapas (Tubérculos) - CultivoPapas (Tubérculos) - Enfermedades y plagasPlagas agrícolasAgrosaviaFitopatógeno biotróficoProtozooEnfermedadAgallasBiocontroladoresAditivos orgánicosEn búsqueda de una alternativa de manejo del camanduleo de la papa ocasionada por Spongospora subterraneaSearching for an alternative to manage powdery scab, caused by Spongospora subterranea, in potatoArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Anand, S. y J. 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Doi: 10.1007/s11104-013-1915-6Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 11, número 2 (Julio-Diciembre 2017)ORIGINALPPS_1469_Bisqieda_alternativa_manejo_camanduleo.pdfPPS_1469_Bisqieda_alternativa_manejo_camanduleo.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf431880https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/52fe55f9-a70a-4adf-8e37-da27465ef739/downloada932cf63947debf4ef8066c9f4de1d10MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/ea03f502-6c20-4d4c-a726-4fab5f8cd705/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52TEXTPPS_1469.pdf.txtPPS_1469.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain38288https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/c21cb38d-165f-4c89-93f6-266287663b3a/download3b08f7ed81f6bdd55d0311feadcbb52eMD53PPS_1469_Bisqieda_alternativa_manejo_camanduleo.pdf.txtPPS_1469_Bisqieda_alternativa_manejo_camanduleo.pdf.txtExtracted 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