Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties

1 recurso en línea (páginas 9-19).

Autores:: Vera Romero, Iván
Heard Wade, Christopher Lionel

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2018

Institución:: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia

Repositorio:: RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv	Evaluación de irreversibilidades en un sistema de refrigeración por absorción amoniaco-agua empleando tres modelos matemáticos diferentes para calcular las propiedades termodinámicas Avaliação de irreversibilidades em um sistema de refrigeração por absorção amoníaco-água empregando três modelos matemáticos diferentes para calcular as propriedades termodinâmicas
title	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
spellingShingle	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties Heat -Radiation and absortion Process control Ammonia-water properties Absorption refrigeration Coefficient of performance Irreversibility
title_short	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
title_full	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
title_fullStr	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
title_sort	Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Vera Romero, Iván Heard Wade, Christopher Lionel
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Vera Romero, Iván Heard Wade, Christopher Lionel
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv	Heat -Radiation and absortion Process control
topic	Heat -Radiation and absortion Process control Ammonia-water properties Absorption refrigeration Coefficient of performance Irreversibility
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Ammonia-water properties Absorption refrigeration Coefficient of performance Irreversibility
description	1 recurso en línea (páginas 9-19).
publishDate	2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2018-09-10T16:04:34Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2018-09-10T16:04:34Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2018-01-01
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv	Vera Romero, I. & Heard Wade, C. L. (2018). Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, 27(47), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.7746.
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	2357-5328
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.7746
identifier_str_mv	Vera Romero, I. & Heard Wade, C. L. (2018). Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, 27(47), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.7746. 2357-5328 10.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.7746
url	http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2169
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	A. Rivera, J. Cerezo, R. Rivero, et al., “Single Stage and Double Absorption heat transformers used to recover energy in a distillation column of butane and pentane,” Int J of Energy Research, vol. 27 (14), pp. 1279-1292, Nov. 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/ er.943. A. I. Kalina, “Combined Cycle and wasteheat recovery power systems based on a novel thermodynamic energy cycle utilizing lowtemperature heat for power generation,” ASME paper No. 83-JPGC-GT-3, 1983. S. Stecco, and U. Desideri, “A thermodynamic analysis of the kalina cycles: comparisons, problems and perspectives,” Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition: ASME, 1989. S. H. Rizvi, and R. A. Heidemann, “Vapor-Liquid equilibria in the ammonia-water system,” J Chem Eng Data, vol. 32 (2), pp. 183-191, Apr. 1987. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1021/je00048a017. R. A. Macris, B. E. Eakin, R. T. Ellington, et al., “Physical and thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures,” Research Bulletin No. 14. Inst. of Gas Technology, 1964. R. T. Ellington, G. Kinst, R. E. Peck, el at., “The absorption cooling process,” Research Bulletin, Institute of Gas Technology, 1957. R. Tillner-Roth, and G. Friend, “Survey and Assessment of available measurements on thermodynamic properties of the mixture {Water+Ammonia},” J Phys Chem Ref Data, vol. 27(1), pp. 45-61, Jan. 1998. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1063/1.556014. A. Vidal, R. Best, R. Rivero, et al., “Analysis of a combined power and refrigeration cycle by the exergy method,” Energy, vol. 31 (15), pp. 3401- 3414, Dec. 2006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2006.03.001. E. Thorin, C. Dejfors, and G. Svedberg, “Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures for power cycles,” Int J Thermophys, vol. 19(2), pp. 501-510, 1998. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1023/A:1022525813769. A. A. Zatorskii, “Algorithm for calculation of the parameters of the junction points of the cycles of absorption-type water-ammonia refrigeration machines in a digital computer,” Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 716-719, 1979. K. E. Herold, K. Hain, and M. J. Moran, “AMMWAT: A computer program for calculating the thermodynamic properties of ammonia and water mixtures using a Gibbs Free Energy formulation,” ASME 4, pp. 65-75, 1988. Y. M. Park, and R. E. Sonntag, “Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures: a generalized equation-of-state approach,” ASME Trans, vol. 97, pp. 150-159, 1991. S. N. Mumah, S.S. Adefila, and E.A. Arinze, “Properties generation procedures for first and second law analyses of ammonia-water heat pump system,” Energy Convers Mgmt, vol. 35 (8), pp. 727- 736, Aug. 1994. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/0196- 8904(94)90058-2. R. Tillner-Roth, and G. Friend, “A Helmholtz free energy formulation of the thermodynamic properties of the mixture {Water+Ammonia},” J Phys Chem Ref Data, vol. 27(1), pp. 63-96, Jan. 1998. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1063/1.556015. A. Nowarski, and D. G. Friend, “Application of the Extended Corresponding States Method to the Calculation of the Ammonia-Water Mixture Thermodynamic Surface,” International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 19 (4), pp. 1133-1142, 1998. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022641709904. R. M. Enick, G. P. Donahey, and M. Holsinger, “Modeling the High-Pressure Ammonia-Water System with WATAM and the Peng-Robinson Equation of Sstate for Kalina Cycle Studies,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 37 (5), pp. 1644-1650, May. 1998. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1021/ie970638s. L. A. Weber, “Estimating the virial coefficients of the ammonia + water mixture,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol. 162 (1-2), pp. 31-49, Aug. 1999. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/S0378-3812(99)00181-8. F. Xu, and D. Y. Goswami, “Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures for powercycle applications,” Energy, vol. 24 (6), pp. 525-536, Jun. 1999. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0360- 5442(99)00007-9. R. Sharma, D. Singhal, R. Ghosh, and A. Dwivedi, “Potential applications of artificial neural networks to thermodynamics: vapor-Liquid equilibrium predictions,” Computers and Chemical Engineering, vol. 23 (3), pp. 385-390, Feb. 1999. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/S0098-1354(98)00281-6. R. Lugo, J. Guilpart, and L. Fournaison, “Calculation method of thermophysical properties of ammoniawater mixtures,” Presentación Second Workshop on Ice Slurries, Paris France: International Institute of Refrigeration, 2000. A. A. Vasserman, A. G. Slynko, S. V. Bodyul, et al., “A Thermophysical Property Databank for Technically Important Gases and Liquids,” International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 22 (2), pp. 477-485, 2001. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010774831521. R. Lugo, L. Fournaison, J. M. Chourot, et al., “An excess function method to model the thermophysical properties of one-phase secondary refrigerants,” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 25 (7), pp. 916-923, Nov. 2002. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-7007(01)00105-0. R. Span, and W. Wagner, “Equations of State for Technical Applications. I. Simultaneously Optimized Functional Forms for Nonpolar and Polar Fluids,” Int J of Thermophysics, vol. 24 (1), pp. 1-39, 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022390430888. R. Span, and W. Wagner, “Equations of State for Technical Applications. III. Results for Polar Fluids,”Int J of Thermophysics, vol. 24 (1), pp. 111-162, 2003. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1023/A:1022362231796. M. Barhoumi, A. Snoussi, E. N. Ben, et al., “Modélistion des données thermodynamiques du mélange ammoniac/eau,” Int J Refrig, vol. 27 (3), pp. 271-283, May. 2004. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijrefrig.2003.09.005. Kh. Mejbri, and A. Bellagi, “Modelling of the thermodynamic properties of the water-ammonia mixture by three different approaches,” Int J Refrig, vol. 29 (2), pp. 211-218, Mar. 2006. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.06.002. A. Sencan, “Artificial intelligent methods for thermodynamic evaluation of ammonia-water refrigeration system,” Energy Conv & Man, vol. 47, pp. 3319-3332, 2006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j. enconman.2006.01.002. A. H. Farrokh-Niae, H. Moddarress, and M. Mohsen- Nia, “A three-parameter cubic equation of state for prediction of thermodynamic properties of fluids,” J Chem Thermodynamics, vol. 40 (1), pp. 84-95, Jan. 2008. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.012. N. S. Ganesh, and T. Srinivas, “Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixture up to 100 bar for power application systems,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research, vol. 3(1), pp. 25-39, 2011. K. Sadhukhan, A. K. Chowdhuryi, and B. K. Mandal, “Computer Based Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia-Water Mixture for the Analysis of Power and Refrigeration Cycles,” Int J of Thermodynamics, vol. 12(3), pp. 133-139, 2012. DOI: http://doi. org/10.5541/ijot.375. E. Thorin, “Thermophysical properties of ammonia-water mixtures for prediction of heat transfer areas in power cycles,” Int J Thermophys, vol. 22(1), pp. 201-214, 2001. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1023/A:1006745100278. J. Pátek, and J. Klomfar, “Simple functions for fast calculations of selected thermodynamic properties of the ammonia-water system,” Int J Refrig, vol. 18(4), pp. 228-234, May. 1995. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/0140-7007(95)00006-W. E. Thorin, “Comparison of correlations for predicting thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures,” Int J Thermophys, vol. 21(4), pp. 853-870, 2000. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1023/A:1006658107014. K. E. Herold, R. Radermacher, and S. A. Klein, “Absorption chillers and heat pump,” CRC Press Inc, USA, 1996. O. M. Ibrahim, and S. A. Klein, “Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures,” ASHRAE Trans, pp. 1495-1502, 1993. F. Xu, and D. Y. Goswami, “Erratum to: Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixture for power-cycle applications,” Energy, vol. 24 (1999), pp. 525-536, Energy, vol. 27 (6), p. 203, Jun. 2002. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0360- 5442(99)00007-9. C. Martin, “Study of cooling production with a combined power and cooling thermodynamic cycle,” Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, USA. 2004. Y. M. El-Sayed, and M. Tribus, “Thermodynamic properties of water ammonia mixtures theoretical implementation for use in power cycles analysis,” Special publication AES (1) New York, ASME, pp. 89-95, 1985. P. C. Gillespie, W. V. Wilding, and G. M. Wilson, “Vapor-Liquid equilibrium measurements on the ammonia-water system from 313 K to 589 K,” AIChE Symp Ser, vol. 83(256), pp. 97-127, 1987. B. Ziegler, and Ch. Trepp, “Equation of state for ammonia-water mixtures,” Int J Refrig, vol. 7 (2), pp. 101-106, Mar. 1984. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/0140-7007(84)90022-7. A. A. Hasan, and D. Y. Goswami, “Exergy analysis of a Combined Power and Refrigeration Thermodynamic Cycle Driven by a Solar Heat Source,” Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, vol. 125 (1), pp. 55-60, 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1115/1.1530628. D. Boer, B. H. Gebreslassie, M. Medrano, et al., “Effect of internal heat recovery in ammonia-water absorption cooling cycles: exergy and structural analysis,” vol. 12(1), pp. 17-27, Mar. 2009. I. Vera-Romero and Ch. L. Heard-Wade, “Desarrollo de una aplicación para el cálculo de las propiedades de la mezcla amoniaco-agua,” Revista Ingeniería Investigación y Desarrollo,” vol. 17(2), pp. 58-72, Jun. 2017. DOI: http://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X. v17.n2.2017.7185.
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spelling	Vera Romero, IvánHeard Wade, Christopher Lionel2018-09-10T16:04:34Z2018-09-10T16:04:34Z2018-01-01Vera Romero, I. & Heard Wade, C. L. (2018). Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, 27(47), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.7746.2357-5328http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/216910.19053/01211129.v27.n47.2018.77461 recurso en línea (páginas 9-19).As análises por Segunda Lei, ou de Exergia, nos Sistemas de Refrigeração por Absorção (SRA) são muito importantes, já que permitem realizar análises de optimização de acordo com o trabalho disponível, os quais se estabelecem a partir das condições de operação e do cálculo de suas propriedades. Para a modelagem destes sistemas existem diversas metodologias de cálculo para as propriedades termodinâmicas. Neste trabalho realizase um estudo termodinâmico sobre um SRA com a mistura amoníaco-água proposta (Caso Base), com a finalidade de avaliar a sensibilidade nas irreversibilidades globais e por equipamento. Para tal propósito, empregaram-se três metodologias existentes: (M1) o modelo de Ibrahim e Klein (1993), através do software comercial Engineering Equation Solver (EES); (M2) o modelo proposto por Tillner-Roth e Friend (1998), através do software REFPROP v.8.0, desenvolvido pelo National Institute of Standars and Technology (NIST), e (M3) a metodologia proposta por Xu e Goswami (1999), programada para esta análise. As diferenças entre as propriedades obtidas e o funcionamento do SRA por Primeira Lei não são significativas na avaliação do COP, obtendo variações mínimas (Caso Base: 0.595, M1: 0.596, M2: 0.594, M3: 0.599). Para a análise por Segunda Lei, a irreversibilidade total do sistema para os três modelos resultou ser a mesma (Irr Global: 123.339 kW), apesar de que na irreversibilidade por equipamento sobressaem as diferenças entre o Intercambiador da Solução (M1: 5.783kW, M2: 6.122kW, M3: 8.701kW), o Dessorbedor (M1: 51.302kW, M2: 45.713kW, M3: 49.098kW) e o Retificador (M1: 0.766kW, M2: 3.565kW, M3: 0.427kW). Os equipamentos que mais destroem exergia são o Dessorbedor, o Absorvedor e o Condensador, respectivamente.Second Law or Exergy Analyses of Absorption Refrigeration Systems (ARS) are very important for optimisations based on available work; these analyses are derived from the operating conditions and property calculations. There are several methods available for calculating the thermodynamic properties used in modelling these systems. A thermodynamic study on an ARS with the ammonia-water mixture (base case) was carried out with the objective of analysing the sensitivity of the overall and individual component irreversibility to the thermodynamic property. To this end, three existing methods were used: (M1), a model proposed by Ibrahim and Klein (1993) and used in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) commercial software; (M2), a model proposed by Tillner-Roth and Friend (1998) and embodied in REFPROP v.8.0 developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); and (M3), a method proposed by Xu and Goswami (1999) that was programmed for this analysis. The obtained differences in the properties and the first law performance of the ARS are insignificant in the determination of the coefficient of performance (COP) (base case: 0.595, M1: 0.596, M2: 0.594, M3: 0.599). For the second law analysis, the overall irreversibility was the same (123.339kW) despite the irreversibilities per component had important differences: the solution heat exchanger (M1: 5.783kW, M2: 6.122kW, M3: 8.701kW), the desorber (generator) (M1: 51.302kW, M2: 45.713kW, M3: 49.098kW) and the rectifier (M1: 0.766kW, M2: 3.565kW, M3: 0.427kW). The components that destroy exergy the most are the desorber, the absorber and the condenser.Los análisis por Segunda Ley, o de Exergia, en los Sistemas de Refrigeración por Absorción (SRA) son muy importantes, ya que permiten realizar análisis de optimización de acuerdo con el trabajo disponible, los cuales se establecen a partir de las condiciones de operación y del cálculo de sus propiedades. Para el modelado de estos sistemas existen diversas metodologías de cálculo para las propiedades termodinámicas. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio termodinámico sobre un SRA con mezcla amoniaco-agua propuesto (Caso Base), con la finalidad de evaluar la sensibilidad en las irreversibilidades globales y por equipo. Para tal efecto se emplearon tres metodologías existentes: (M1) el modelo de Ibrahim y Klein (1993), a través del software comercial Engineering Equation Solver (EES); (M2) el modelo propuesto por Tillner-Roth y Friend (1998), a través del software REFPROP v.8.0, desarrollado por el National Institute of Standars and Technology (NIST), y (M3) la metodología propuesta por Xu y Goswami (1999), programada para este análisis. Las diferencias entre las propiedades obtenidas y el funcionamiento del SRA por Primera Ley no son significativas en la evaluación del COP, obteniendo variaciones mínimas (Caso Base: 0.595, M1: 0.596, M2: 0.594, M3: 0.599). Para el análisis por Segunda Ley, la irreversibilidad total del sistema para los tres modelos resultó ser la misma (Irr Global: 123.339 kW), a pesar de que en la irreversibilidad por equipo sobresalen las diferencias entre el Intercambiador de la Solución (M1: 5.783kW, M2: 6.122kW, M3: 8.701kW), el Desorbedor (M1: 51.302kW, M2: 45.713kW, M3: 49.098kW) y el Rectificador (M1: 0.766kW, M2: 3.565kW, M3: 0.427kW). Los equipos que más destruyen exergia son el Desorbedor, el Absorbedor y el Condensador, respectivamente.Bibliografía: páginas 17-19.application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ingenieria/article/view/7746/6136Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic propertiesEvaluación de irreversibilidades en un sistema de refrigeración por absorción amoniaco-agua empleando tres modelos matemáticos diferentes para calcular las propiedades termodinámicasAvaliação de irreversibilidades em um sistema de refrigeração por absorção amoníaco-água empregando três modelos matemáticos diferentes para calcular as propriedades termodinâmicasArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85A. Rivera, J. Cerezo, R. Rivero, et al., “Single Stage and Double Absorption heat transformers used to recover energy in a distillation column of butane and pentane,” Int J of Energy Research, vol. 27 (14), pp. 1279-1292, Nov. 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/ er.943.A. I. Kalina, “Combined Cycle and wasteheat recovery power systems based on a novel thermodynamic energy cycle utilizing lowtemperature heat for power generation,” ASME paper No. 83-JPGC-GT-3, 1983.S. Stecco, and U. Desideri, “A thermodynamic analysis of the kalina cycles: comparisons, problems and perspectives,” Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition: ASME, 1989.S. H. Rizvi, and R. A. Heidemann, “Vapor-Liquid equilibria in the ammonia-water system,” J Chem Eng Data, vol. 32 (2), pp. 183-191, Apr. 1987. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1021/je00048a017.R. A. Macris, B. E. Eakin, R. T. Ellington, et al., “Physical and thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures,” Research Bulletin No. 14. Inst. of Gas Technology, 1964.R. T. Ellington, G. Kinst, R. E. Peck, el at., “The absorption cooling process,” Research Bulletin, Institute of Gas Technology, 1957.R. Tillner-Roth, and G. Friend, “Survey and Assessment of available measurements on thermodynamic properties of the mixture {Water+Ammonia},” J Phys Chem Ref Data, vol. 27(1), pp. 45-61, Jan. 1998. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1063/1.556014.A. Vidal, R. Best, R. Rivero, et al., “Analysis of a combined power and refrigeration cycle by the exergy method,” Energy, vol. 31 (15), pp. 3401- 3414, Dec. 2006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2006.03.001.E. Thorin, C. Dejfors, and G. Svedberg, “Thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures for power cycles,” Int J Thermophys, vol. 19(2), pp. 501-510, 1998. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1023/A:1022525813769.A. A. 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DOI: http://doi.org/10.19053/1900771X. v17.n2.2017.7185.Revista Facultad de Ingeniería;Volumen 27, número 47 (Enero-Abril 2018)Heat -Radiation and absortionProcess controlAmmonia-water propertiesAbsorption refrigerationCoefficient of performanceIrreversibilityORIGINALPPS-873.pdfPPS-873.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf728231https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/f3dfd309-3af6-40b8-afb3-11063d32bb0e/download920578271de1048b8a2b4cac4dfd8b84MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/24b3beb1-ae1f-471b-be74-6918e10bad3e/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52TEXTPPS-873.pdf.txtPPS-873.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain37091https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/6a7bf54c-1add-453c-aeb3-675508653ba1/download690485056276f632fc30f706bc5e53f1MD53THUMBNAILPPS-873.pdf.jpgPPS-873.pdf.jpgGenerated 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

Evaluation of irreversibility in an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system using three different mathematical models to calculate the thermodynamic properties

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