Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems

1 recurso en línea (páginas 166-174).

Autores:
Dos Santos, Luiz Henrique
Loss, Arcângelo
Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogério
Souza, Monique
Gonzatto, Rogério
Kurtz, Claudinei
Brunetto, Gustavo
Comin, Jucinei José
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Repositorio:
RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2883
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2883
Palabra clave:
Agrosavia
Allium cepa L..
Cover plants
Aggregation
Humic acids
Soil nitrogen
Tillage system
Rights
closedAccess
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Nitrógeno total y sustancias húmicas en agregados del suelo cultivado con cebolla bajo siembra directa y preparación convencional
title Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
spellingShingle Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
Agrosavia
Allium cepa L..
Cover plants
Aggregation
Humic acids
Soil nitrogen
Tillage system
title_short Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
title_full Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
title_fullStr Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
title_full_unstemmed Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
title_sort Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Dos Santos, Luiz Henrique
Loss, Arcângelo
Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogério
Souza, Monique
Gonzatto, Rogério
Kurtz, Claudinei
Brunetto, Gustavo
Comin, Jucinei José
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Dos Santos, Luiz Henrique
Loss, Arcângelo
Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogério
Souza, Monique
Gonzatto, Rogério
Kurtz, Claudinei
Brunetto, Gustavo
Comin, Jucinei José
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Agrosavia
topic Agrosavia
Allium cepa L..
Cover plants
Aggregation
Humic acids
Soil nitrogen
Tillage system
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Allium cepa L..
Cover plants
Aggregation
Humic acids
Soil nitrogen
Tillage system
description 1 recurso en línea (páginas 166-174).
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-05-02
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-10-08T21:05:51Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-10-08T21:05:51Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Santos, L. H. y otros. (2018). Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(1), 166-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7339. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2883
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 2422-3719
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7339
identifier_str_mv Santos, L. H. y otros. (2018). Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(1), 166-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7339. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2883
2422-3719
10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7339
url http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2883
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Assis, C.P., I. Jucksch, E.S. Mendonça, and J.C.L. Neves. 2006. Carbono e nitrogênio em agregados de Latossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 41, 1541-1550. Doi: 10.1590/ S0100-204X2006001000012
Associação Catarinense de Empresas de Tecnologia (ACATE). 2014. ACATE lança anuário sobre o agronegócio e tecnologia em Santa Catarina. In: https://www.acate. com.br/node/50060; consulted: september, 2017.
Briedis, C., J.C.D.M. Sá, R.S. De-Carli, E.A.P. Antunes, L. Simon, M.L. Romko, L. Elias, and A.D.O Ferreira. 2012. Particulate soil organic carbon and stratification ratio increases in response to crop residue decomposition under no-till. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 36, 1483-1490. Doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832012000500012
Claessen, M.E.C. 1997. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 2nd ed. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos, EMBRAPA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo (CQFSRS/SC). 2004. Manual de adubação e de calagem para os estados para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. 10a ed. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
Fayad, J.A. and M. Mondardo. 2004. Sistema de Plantio Direto de Hortaliças: O cultivo do tomateiro no Vale do Peixe, SC. In: 101 respostas dos agricultores. Epagri, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.
Guerra, J., G.D.A. Santos, L.D. Silva, F.D.O. Camargo, and G.D.A. Santos. 2008. Macromoléculas e substâncias húmicas. pp. 19-26. In: Santos, G.A., L.D. Silva, L.P. Canellas, and F.D.O Camargo (eds.). Fundamentos da matéria orgânica do solo: ecossistemas tropicais e subtropicais. 2nd ed. Metrópole, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2017. Banco de dados. In: http://www.ibge.gov.br; consulted: May, 2017.
Loss, A., A. Basso, B.S. Oliveira, L.P. Koucher, R.A. Oliveira, C. Kurtz, P.E. Lovato, P. Curmi, G. Brunetto, and J.J. Comin. 2015. Carbono orgânico total e agregação do solo em sistema de plantio direto agroecológico e convencional de cebola. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 39, 1212- 1224. Doi: 10.1590/01000683rbcs20140718
Loss, A., E.M. Costa, M.G. Pereira, and S.J. Beutler. 2014. Agregação, matéria orgânica leve e carbono mineralizável em agregados do solo. Rev. Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 113, 1-8.
Lovato, T., J. Mielniczuk, C. Bayer, and F. Vezzani. 2004. Adição de carbono e nitrogênio e sua relação com os estoques no solo e com o rendimento do milho em sistemas de manejo. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo 28, 175-187. Doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000100017
Mafra, A.L., S.D.F.F. Guedes, O. Klauberg Filho, J.C.P. Santos, J.A.D. Almeida, and J.D. Rosa. 2008. Carbono orgânico e atributos químicos do solo em áreas florestais. Rev. Árvore 32, 217-224. Doi: 10.1590/ S0100-67622008000200004
Menezes Júnior, F.O.G., C. Kurtz, P.A.S. Gonçalves, V. Carré- Missio, E.Z. Sgrott, S.D. Lannes, G.H. Wamser, H. Werner, I.A. Santos, D.R. Schmitt, and J.V. Costa. 2013. Sistema de produção para a cebola: Santa Catarina. 4th ed. Epagri, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.
Mielniczuk, J., C. Bayer, F.M. Besan, T. Lovato, F.F. Fernández e L. Debarba. 2003. Manejo de solo e culturas e sua relação com os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. pp. 209-248. In: Curi, N., J.J. Marques, L.R.G. Guilherme, J.M. Lima, A.S. Lopes e V.V.H. Alvarez VVH (eds.). Tópicos em ciência do solo. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Viçosa-MG, Brazil.
Monegat, C. 1991. Manejo de plantas de cobertura do solo em pequenas propriedades. pp. 146-239. Plantas de cobertura do solo: características e manejo em pequenas propriedades. 2nd ed. Edição do autor, Chapecó-SC, Brazil
Mrabet, R. 2006. Soil quality and carbon sequestration: impacts of no-tillage systems. pp. 43-55. In: Arrue Ugarte J.L. and C. Cantero-Martínez (eds.). Troisièmes rencontres méditerranéennes du semis direct. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens No. 69. CIHEAM, Zaragoza, España.
Pinheiro, E.F.M., M.G. Pereira, L.H.C. Anjos, F. Palmieri, and R. Souza. 2003. Matéria orgânica em Latossolo Vermelho submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo e cobertura do solo. Curr. Agric. Sci. Technol. 9, 53-56. Doi: 10.18539/CAST.V9I1.493
Rasse, D.P., C. Rumpel, and M.F. Dignac. 2005. Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? mechanisms for a specifc stabilisation. Plant Soil 269, 341-356. Doi: 10.1007/ s11104-004-0907-y
Santos, G.A., L.S. Silva, L.P. Canellas, and F.A.O. Camargo. 2008. Fundamentos de matéria orgânica do solo: ecossistemas tropicais e subtropicais. 2nd ed. Metrópole, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
Scholes, R.J. and N. Van Breemen. 1997. The effects of global change on tropical ecosystems. Geoderma 79, 9-24. Doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00036-0
Six, J., K. Paustian, E.T. Elliott, and C. Combrink. 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter: I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate associated carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, 681-689. Doi: 10.2136/ sssaj2000.642681x
Stevenson, F.J. 1994. Humus chemistry: genesis, composition, reactions. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
Swift, R.S. 1996. Organic matter characterization. pp. 1011-1020. In: Sparks, O.L., A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loeppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, C.T. Johnston, and M.E. Sumner, (eds.). Methods of soil analysis: chemical methods. Vol. 3. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Tedesco, M.J., C. Gianello, C.C.A. Bissani, H. Bohnen, and S.J. Volkweiss. 1995. Análise de solos, plantas e outros materiais. 2nd ed. Tec. Bol. Soil No. 5. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
Zibilske, L.M., J.M. Bradford e J.R. Smart. 2002. Conservation tillage induced changes in organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil. Soil Till. Res. 66, 153-163. Doi: 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00023-5
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 12, número 1 (Enero-Abril 2018)
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Copyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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spelling Dos Santos, Luiz Henrique4516781aabc56be645e2bc19dde78696-1Loss, Arcângeloe11f9dd34c4e7064f84d3c59e8e8bf2c-1Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogériob3c368accf4bed68e9fbdb54aec530ef-1Souza, Monique4390c1131312fe207d1b7ec4e8cb6580-1Gonzatto, Rogériob24d46ff36eb26c115e1c6ae5e8e8267-1Kurtz, Claudinei1ea48bf34e2ee521e58e129bc3d63b20-1Brunetto, Gustavoa345fe6e303da88f08617f47e444a5c8-1Comin, Jucinei Joséea3a80a1babbddd8b846e4f086f8fff9-12019-10-08T21:05:51Z2019-10-08T21:05:51Z2018-05-02Santos, L. H. y otros. (2018). Total nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(1), 166-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.7339. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/28832422-3719http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/288310.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.73391 recurso en línea (páginas 166-174).Se evaluaron los niveles de nitrógeno total (NT) y N de las sustancias húmicas (SH) de la materia orgánica en agregados de suelo cultivado con cebolla bajo siembra directa de hortalizas (SDH) y sistema de preparación convencional (SPC), comparando con un área de bosque. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: vegetación espontánea; 100% avena; 100% centeno; 100% nabo; cultivos asociados de nabo (14%) + centeno (86%); cultivos asociados de nabo (14%) + avena (86%); área bajo SPC de cebolla (±37 años) y de bosque secundario de ±30 años). Cinco años después de la implantación del SDH fueran recogidas muestras no disturbados del suelo en las capas 0-5, 5-10 y 10-20 cm y obtenidos los agregados (entre 2,0 y 8,00 mm). En estos se determinaron los niveles de NT y el N de las SH, subdivididos en fracción ácidos fúlvicos (N-FAF), ácidos húmicos (N-FAH) y humina (N-HUM). La conversión de áreas de SPC a SDH favorece el aumento de los niveles de NT y N-HUM en la capa de 0-5 cm. Entre las especies de plantas de cobertura utilizadas en el SDH, los cultivos asociados de avena + nabo favorecieron el aumento del N-HUM (0-20 cm) en comparación a los demás tratamientos. La avena solo y el control con vegetación espontánea aumentaron los niveles de N-FAH y N-FAF, respectivamente, en la capa de 10-20 cm, en comparación a los demás tratamientos en SDH y SPC. El SPC con mijo como planta de cobertura aumentó los niveles de N-FAF (0-20 cm) en comparación con el SDH.The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil total nitrogen (TN), and N contents in humic substances (HS) of the organic matter in aggregates of soils cultivated with onion under no-till system for horticulture (NTSH) and conventional tillage system (CTS), comparing with an area of forest. The evaluated treatments were natural vegetation (control), 100% black oats, 100% rye, 100% oilseed radish, intercrop of oilseed (14%) + rye (86%), intercrop of oilseed (14%) + black oats (86%), area under CTS of onion for ±37 years, and area with secondary forest for ±30 years. Five years after the NTSH implementation, undisturbed soil samples from the layers 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm were collected; these samples presented aggregate sizes between 2.0 mm and 8.00 mm. The TN, and N contents of the HS were subdivided into fulvic acids (N-FA), humic acids (N-HA), and humin (N-HU) fractions. The change from CTS to NTSH increases the TN and N-HU contents in the 0-5 cm soil layer. The intercrop of oats and oilseed radish, used as soil plant cover species in NTSH, presented a greater increase in N-HU (0-20 cm) than the other treatments. Black oats, and naturalBibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 173-174application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbhttps://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencias_horticolas/article/view/7339/pdfTotal nitrogen and humic substances in aggregates of soils with onion crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systemsNitrógeno total y sustancias húmicas en agregados del suelo cultivado con cebolla bajo siembra directa y preparación convencionalArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Assis, C.P., I. Jucksch, E.S. Mendonça, and J.C.L. Neves. 2006. Carbono e nitrogênio em agregados de Latossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 41, 1541-1550. Doi: 10.1590/ S0100-204X2006001000012Associação Catarinense de Empresas de Tecnologia (ACATE). 2014. ACATE lança anuário sobre o agronegócio e tecnologia em Santa Catarina. In: https://www.acate. com.br/node/50060; consulted: september, 2017.Briedis, C., J.C.D.M. Sá, R.S. De-Carli, E.A.P. Antunes, L. Simon, M.L. Romko, L. Elias, and A.D.O Ferreira. 2012. Particulate soil organic carbon and stratification ratio increases in response to crop residue decomposition under no-till. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 36, 1483-1490. Doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832012000500012Claessen, M.E.C. 1997. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 2nd ed. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos, EMBRAPA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo (CQFSRS/SC). 2004. Manual de adubação e de calagem para os estados para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. 10a ed. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.Fayad, J.A. and M. Mondardo. 2004. Sistema de Plantio Direto de Hortaliças: O cultivo do tomateiro no Vale do Peixe, SC. In: 101 respostas dos agricultores. Epagri, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.Guerra, J., G.D.A. Santos, L.D. Silva, F.D.O. Camargo, and G.D.A. Santos. 2008. Macromoléculas e substâncias húmicas. pp. 19-26. In: Santos, G.A., L.D. Silva, L.P. Canellas, and F.D.O Camargo (eds.). Fundamentos da matéria orgânica do solo: ecossistemas tropicais e subtropicais. 2nd ed. Metrópole, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2017. Banco de dados. In: http://www.ibge.gov.br; consulted: May, 2017.Loss, A., A. Basso, B.S. Oliveira, L.P. Koucher, R.A. Oliveira, C. Kurtz, P.E. Lovato, P. Curmi, G. Brunetto, and J.J. Comin. 2015. Carbono orgânico total e agregação do solo em sistema de plantio direto agroecológico e convencional de cebola. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 39, 1212- 1224. Doi: 10.1590/01000683rbcs20140718Loss, A., E.M. Costa, M.G. Pereira, and S.J. Beutler. 2014. Agregação, matéria orgânica leve e carbono mineralizável em agregados do solo. Rev. Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 113, 1-8.Lovato, T., J. Mielniczuk, C. Bayer, and F. Vezzani. 2004. Adição de carbono e nitrogênio e sua relação com os estoques no solo e com o rendimento do milho em sistemas de manejo. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo 28, 175-187. Doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000100017Mafra, A.L., S.D.F.F. Guedes, O. Klauberg Filho, J.C.P. Santos, J.A.D. Almeida, and J.D. Rosa. 2008. Carbono orgânico e atributos químicos do solo em áreas florestais. Rev. Árvore 32, 217-224. Doi: 10.1590/ S0100-67622008000200004Menezes Júnior, F.O.G., C. Kurtz, P.A.S. Gonçalves, V. Carré- Missio, E.Z. Sgrott, S.D. Lannes, G.H. Wamser, H. Werner, I.A. Santos, D.R. 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