Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators

1 recurso en línea (páginas 425-435).

Autores:
De Melo e Silva-Neto, Carlos
Ribeiro, Anna Clara Chaves
Gómes, Flaviana Lima
Neves, Jordana Guimarães
Campos de Melo, Aniela Pilar
Calil, Francine Neves
Abadia dos Reis, Nascimento
Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Repositorio:
RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2919
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2919
Palabra clave:
Relación insecto-planta
Polen de abejas
Plantas melíferas
Agrosavia
Bees
Pollen load
Bacillus subtilis
Trifloxystrobin
Tebuconazole
Compatibility of agrochemicals
Rights
openAccess
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv Interacción entre fungicidas biológicos y químicos con polinizadores de tomate
title Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
spellingShingle Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
Relación insecto-planta
Polen de abejas
Plantas melíferas
Agrosavia
Bees
Pollen load
Bacillus subtilis
Trifloxystrobin
Tebuconazole
Compatibility of agrochemicals
title_short Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
title_full Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
title_fullStr Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
title_full_unstemmed Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
title_sort Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators
dc.creator.fl_str_mv De Melo e Silva-Neto, Carlos
Ribeiro, Anna Clara Chaves
Gómes, Flaviana Lima
Neves, Jordana Guimarães
Campos de Melo, Aniela Pilar
Calil, Francine Neves
Abadia dos Reis, Nascimento
Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv De Melo e Silva-Neto, Carlos
Ribeiro, Anna Clara Chaves
Gómes, Flaviana Lima
Neves, Jordana Guimarães
Campos de Melo, Aniela Pilar
Calil, Francine Neves
Abadia dos Reis, Nascimento
Franceschinelli, Edivani Villaron
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv Relación insecto-planta
Polen de abejas
Plantas melíferas
topic Relación insecto-planta
Polen de abejas
Plantas melíferas
Agrosavia
Bees
Pollen load
Bacillus subtilis
Trifloxystrobin
Tebuconazole
Compatibility of agrochemicals
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Agrosavia
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Bees
Pollen load
Bacillus subtilis
Trifloxystrobin
Tebuconazole
Compatibility of agrochemicals
description 1 recurso en línea (páginas 425-435).
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-09-20
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-06T20:54:53Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-06T20:54:53Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Silva Neto, Carlos De Melo E y otros. (2018). Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 425-435. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7690. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2919
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2422-3719
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 2422-3719
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2919
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7690
identifier_str_mv Silva Neto, Carlos De Melo E y otros. (2018). Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 425-435. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7690. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2919
2422-3719
10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7690
url http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2919
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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Costa, L.M., T.C. Grella, R.A. Barbosa, O. Malaspina, and R.C.F. Nocelli. 2015. Determination of acute lethal doses (LD50 and LC50) of imidacloprid for the native bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Sociobiol. 62(4), 578-582. Doi: 10.13102/sociobiology. v62i4.792
Dafni, A., E. Pacini, and M. Nepi. 2005. Pollen and stigma biology. pp 83-142. In: Dafni, A., P. Kevan, and B. Husband (eds.). Practical pollination biology. Ontario, Canada
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Freitas, B.M. and J.N. Pinheiro. 2010. Efeitos sub-letais dos pesticidas agrícolas e seus impactos no manejo de polinizadores dos agroecossistemas brasileiros. Oecologia 14, 282-298. Doi: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1401.17
Gill, R.J. and N.E. Raine. 2014. Chronic impairment of bumblebee natural foraging behaviour induced by sublethal pesticide exposure. Funct. Ecol. 28(1), 1459- 1471. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12292
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Jacob, C.R.O., H.M. Soares, S.M. Carvalho, R.C.F. Nocelli, and O. Malaspina. 2013. Acute toxicity of fipronil to the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica Latreille. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 90(1), 69-72. Doi: 10.1007/ s00128-012-0892-4
Johnson, R.M., L. DahlGren, B.D. Siegfried, and M.D. Ellis. 2013. Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PloS One 8, e54092. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054092
Lima, M.A.P., G.F. Martins, E.E. Oliveira, and R.N.C. Guedes. 2016. Agrochemical-induced stress in stingless bees: peculiarities, underlying basis, and challenges. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 202(9-10), 733-747. Doi: 10.1007/ s00359-016-1110-3
McFrederick, Q.S., G. Ulrich, R. Mueller, and R. James. 2014. Interactions between fungi and bacteria influence microbial community structure in the Megachile rotundata larval gut. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 281(1779), 1-8.
Morandin, L.A., T.M. Laverty, and P.G. Kevan. 2001a. Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and pollination levels in commercial tomato greenhouses. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(2), 462-467. Doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.462
Morandin, L.A., T.M. Laverty, and P.G. Kevan. 2001b. Effect of bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination intensity on the quality of greenhouse tomatoes. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(1), 172-179. Doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.172
Mussen, E.C.M., I. Julio, E. Lopez, and C.Y. Peng. 2004. Effects of selected fungicides on growth and development of larval honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environ. Entomol. 33(5), 1151-1154. Doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-33.5.1151
Ngugi, H.K., S. Dedej, K.S. Delaplane, A.T. Savelle, and H. Scherm. 2005. Effect of flowerapplied Serenade biofungicide (Bacillus subtilis) on pollination-related variables in rabbiteye blueberry. Biol Control 33(1), 32-38. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.01.002
Nunes-Silva, P., M. Hnrcir, L. Shipp, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, and P.G. Kevan. 2013. The behaviour of Bombus impatiens (Apidae, Bombini) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanaceae) flowers: pollination and reward perception. J. Pollinat. Ecol. 11(5), 33-40.
Park, H.H., J.J. Kim, K.H. Kim, and S.G. Lee. 2013. Dissemination of Bacillus subtilis by using bee-vectoring technology in cherry tomato greenhouses. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 52(4), 357-364. Doi: 10.5656/ KSAE.2012.09.0.046
Peel, M.C., L.F. Brian, and T.A. McMahon. 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 4(2), 439-473. Doi: 10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007
Pettis, J.S., E.M. Lichtenberg, M. Andree, J. Stitzinger, and R. Rose. 2013. Crop pollination exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema ceranae. PLoS One 8, e70182. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070182
Pignati, W.A., A.N.D.S. Lima, S.S.D. Lara, M.L.M. Correa, J.R. Barbosa, L.H.D.C. Leão, and M.G. Pignatti. 2017. Spatial distribution of pesticide use in Brazil: a strategy for Health Surveillance. Cien. Saude Colet. 22(10), 3281- 3293. Doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172210.17742017
Riedl, H., E. Johansen, L. Brewer, and J. Barbour. 2006. How to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides. Oregon State University; University of Idaho; Washington State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Rocha, M.C.L.S.A. 2012. Efeitos dos agrotóxicos sobre as abelhas silvestres no Brasil: proposta metodológica de acompanhamento. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Brasilia, Brazil
Rodrigues, C.G., A.P. Kruger, W.F. Barbosa, and R.N.C. Guedes. 2016. Leaf fertilizers affect survival and behavior of the neotropical stingless bee Friesella schrottkyi (Meliponini: Apidae: Hymenoptera). J. Econ. Entomol. 109(30), 1001-1008. Doi: 10.1093/jee/tow044
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Santos, A.B. and F.S. Nascimento. 2011. Diversidade de visitantes florais e potenciais polinizadores de Solanum lycopersicum (Linnaeus) (Solanales: Solanaceae) em cultivos orgânicos e convencionais. Neotrop. Biol. Conserv. 6a(3), 162-169
Silva-Neto, C.M., F.G. Lima, B.B. Gonçalves, L.L. Bergamini, B.A. Bergamini, M.A.S. Elias, and E.V. Franceschinelli. 2013. Native bees pollinate tomato flowers and increase fruit production. J. Pollinat. Ecol. 11(6), 41-45.
Silva-Neto, C.M., E.V. Franceschinelli, L.L. Bergamini, M.A.S. Elias, J.M. Morais, G.L. Moreira, B.A. and Bergamini. 2016. High species richness of native pollinators in brazilian tomato crops. Braz. J. Biol. 77(3), 506-513. Doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.17515
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Solomon, M.G. and K.J.M. Hooker. 1989. Chemical repellents for reducing pesticide hazard to honeybees in apple orchards. J. Apic. Res. 28(4), 223-227. Doi: 10.1080/00218839.1989.11101188
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Vale, F.X.R., C.A. Lopes, and M.A.R. Alvarenga. 2013. Doenças fúngicas, bacterianas e causadas por nematoides. pp. 275-326. In: Alvarenga, M.A.R. (ed.). Tomate. Produção em campo, casa de vegetação e hidroponia. Editora Universitária de Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil.
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 12, número 2 (Mayo-Agosto 2018)
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Copyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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institution Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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spelling De Melo e Silva-Neto, Carlosc4e1f113e5494e37a3479fa9c8e940c2Ribeiro, Anna Clara Chaves22a23beef7ce521ebc813c0f89c1e5b7Gómes, Flaviana Limaab94b4f9a19e00bb8a3ca02da34e2eb8Neves, Jordana Guimarãesb39237c39dfb78bc5bd3ae7bd7468fdcCampos de Melo, Aniela Pilarbb903b10f028c93b808c0ef5136c4537Calil, Francine Nevesb59fac1675d159d386481a29e706964eAbadia dos Reis, Nascimento9c85e2e65f56cc573559e74692a391bcFranceschinelli, Edivani Villarona1240e5fa421f96dcdcb6ab518be6c202019-11-06T20:54:53Z2019-11-06T20:54:53Z2018-09-20Silva Neto, Carlos De Melo E y otros. (2018). Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 12(2), 425-435. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7690. http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/29192422-37192422-3719http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/291910.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.76901 recurso en línea (páginas 425-435).El uso inapropiado de agroquímicos es perjudicial para las abejas que visitan los cultivos agrícolas, lo que reduce la producción por la afectación de la polinización y son pocos los estudios sobre este tema. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la incidencia de diferentes fungicidas sobre la visita de abejas en cultivos de tomate y sus efectos sobre la deposición de granos de polen en el estigma, número de semillas, masa y tamaño del fruto. Los experimentos consistieron en 10 tratamientos que fueron: (T1) tratamiento control sin agroquímicos; (T2 y T3) Bacillus subtilis en diferentes frecuencias de aplicación; (T4) hidróxido de cobre; (T5) B. subtilis e hidróxido de cobre; (T6) acibenzolar-S-metilo; (T7) trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol y B. subtilis; (T8) hidróxido de cobre + Mancozeb; (T9) propineb+(-trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol); (T10) trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol)+B. subtilis+hidróxido de cobre. Se determinó la presencia de la marca de polinización en la flor, la carga de polen en los estigmas, el número de semillas por fruto, y el tamaño y masa de los frutos en cada tratamiento. Posteriormente, se estimó la tasa de mortalidad de Melipona quadrifasciata expuesta a cuatro fungicidas (trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol, manganeso y zinc, hidróxido de cobre, Bacillus subtilis). La tasa de mortalidad de M. quadrifasciata en 24 horas de evaluación fue mayor en los tratamientos con hidróxido de cobre y trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol (75 y 50%, respectivamente). La tasa de mortalidad fue menor en los tratamientos con manganeso y zinc, Bacillus subtilis y el tratamiento de control. Los tratamientos con trifloxistrobina y tebuconazol redujeron la presencia de marcas de mordida y granos de polen en el estigma de las flores. Los frutos de los tratamientos control y con B. subtilis e hidróxido de cobre fueron más grandes y tuvieron mayor masa. Por lo tanto, un mayor número de aplicaciones de pesticidas en las plantas de tomate reducen las tasas de visitas de abejas en las flores y en consecuencia, la cantidad de granos de polen depositados en los estigmas afectando también la producción de los frutos.The use of agrochemicals is harmful to bees visiting agricultural crops, reducing production gains from pollination, but the effect of fungicides on these bees is not known. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of bee visitation influenced by different fungicides on the tomato crop and on the deposition of pollen grains on the stigma, number of seeds, mass and fruit size. The experiment was conducted with 10 treatments: (T1) control treatment, without application of agrochemicals; (T2 and T3) Bacillus subtilis in different application frequencies; (T4) copper hydroxide; (T5) B. subtilis and copper hydroxide; (T6) acibenzolar-S-methyl; (T7) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole) and B. subtilis; (T8) copper hydroxide+Mancozeb; (T9) propineb+(trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole); (T10) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole)+B. subtilis+copper hydroxide. The presence of the pollination mark on the flower, the pollen load of the stigmas, the number of seeds per fruit, and the size and mass of the fruits were determined in each treatment. Subsequently, the mortality rate of Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) exposed to four fungicides (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole; manganese and zinc; copper hydroxide; Bacillus subtilis) was estimated. The mortality rate of M. quadrifasciata over 24 h of evaluation was higher in the treatments with copper hydroxide and trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole (75 and 50%, respectively). The mortality rate was lower in the treatments with manganese and zinc and Bacillus subtilis and in the control treatment. The treatments with trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole reduced the presence of bite marks on the flowers and of pollen grains on the flower stigma. The fruits of the control treatments and treatments with B. subtilis and copper hydroxide were larger and had greater mass, as compared to other agrochemicals. Thus, a higher number of pesticide applications on the tomatoes reduced bee visitation rates to the flowers and, consequently, reduced the amount of pollen grains deposited on the stigmas, also reducing the fruit production.Bibliografía: páginas 434-435application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2018 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencias_horticolas/article/view/7690/7105Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinatorsInteracción entre fungicidas biológicos y químicos con polinizadores de tomateArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Artz, D.R. and T.L. Pitts-Singer. 2015. Effects of fungicide and adjuvant sprays on nesting behavior in two managed solitary bees, Osmia lignaria and Megachile rotundata. PloS One 10, e0135688. Doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0135688Barbosa, W.F., G. Smagghe, and R.N.C. Guedes. 2015. Pesticides and reduced-risk insecticides, native bees and pantropical stingless bees: pitfalls and perspectives. Pest. Manag. Sci. 71(8), 1049-1053. Doi: 10.1002/ ps.4025Carvalho, S.M., G.A. Carvalho, C.F. Carvalho, J.S.S. Bueno- Filho, and A.P.M. Baptista. 2009. Toxicidade de acaricidas/ inseticidas empregados na citricultura para a abelha africanizada Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Arq. Inst. Biol. 76(4), 597-606.Costa, L.M., T.C. Grella, R.A. Barbosa, O. Malaspina, and R.C.F. Nocelli. 2015. Determination of acute lethal doses (LD50 and LC50) of imidacloprid for the native bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Sociobiol. 62(4), 578-582. Doi: 10.13102/sociobiology. v62i4.792Dafni, A., E. Pacini, and M. Nepi. 2005. Pollen and stigma biology. pp 83-142. In: Dafni, A., P. Kevan, and B. Husband (eds.). Practical pollination biology. Ontario, CanadaDegrandi-Hoffman, G., Y. Chen, E.W. Dejong, M.L. Chambers, and G. Hidalgo. 2015. Effects of oral exposure to fungicides on honey bee nutrition and virus levels. J. Econ. Entomol. 251(6), 1-11. Doi: 10.1093/jee/tov251Embrapa. 2006. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Fletcher, M. and L. Barnett. 2003. Bee poisoning incidents in the United Kingdom. Bull. Insectol. 56, 141-145.Franceschinelli, E.V., M.A. Elias, L.L. Bergamini, C.M. Silva- Neto, and E.R. Sujii. 2017. Influence of landscape context on the abundance of native bee pollinators in tomato crops in Central Brazil. J. Ins. Cons. 21(4), 715-726. Doi: 10.1007/s10841-017-0015-yFreitas, B.M. and J.N. Pinheiro. 2010. Efeitos sub-letais dos pesticidas agrícolas e seus impactos no manejo de polinizadores dos agroecossistemas brasileiros. 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Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054092Lima, M.A.P., G.F. Martins, E.E. Oliveira, and R.N.C. Guedes. 2016. Agrochemical-induced stress in stingless bees: peculiarities, underlying basis, and challenges. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 202(9-10), 733-747. Doi: 10.1007/ s00359-016-1110-3McFrederick, Q.S., G. Ulrich, R. Mueller, and R. James. 2014. Interactions between fungi and bacteria influence microbial community structure in the Megachile rotundata larval gut. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 281(1779), 1-8.Morandin, L.A., T.M. Laverty, and P.G. Kevan. 2001a. Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and pollination levels in commercial tomato greenhouses. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(2), 462-467. Doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.462Morandin, L.A., T.M. Laverty, and P.G. Kevan. 2001b. Effect of bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination intensity on the quality of greenhouse tomatoes. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(1), 172-179. Doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.172Mussen, E.C.M., I. Julio, E. Lopez, and C.Y. Peng. 2004. Effects of selected fungicides on growth and development of larval honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environ. Entomol. 33(5), 1151-1154. Doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-33.5.1151Ngugi, H.K., S. Dedej, K.S. Delaplane, A.T. Savelle, and H. Scherm. 2005. Effect of flowerapplied Serenade biofungicide (Bacillus subtilis) on pollination-related variables in rabbiteye blueberry. Biol Control 33(1), 32-38. Doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.01.002Nunes-Silva, P., M. Hnrcir, L. Shipp, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, and P.G. Kevan. 2013. The behaviour of Bombus impatiens (Apidae, Bombini) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanaceae) flowers: pollination and reward perception. J. Pollinat. Ecol. 11(5), 33-40.Park, H.H., J.J. Kim, K.H. Kim, and S.G. Lee. 2013. Dissemination of Bacillus subtilis by using bee-vectoring technology in cherry tomato greenhouses. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 52(4), 357-364. Doi: 10.5656/ KSAE.2012.09.0.046Peel, M.C., L.F. Brian, and T.A. McMahon. 2007. 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Martins, and R.N.C Guedes. 2015. Reduced risk insecticides in Neotropical stingless bee species: impact on survival and activity. Ann. Appl. Biol. 167(2), 186-196. Doi: 10.1111/aab.12217Vale, F.X.R., C.A. Lopes, and M.A.R. Alvarenga. 2013. Doenças fúngicas, bacterianas e causadas por nematoides. pp. 275-326. In: Alvarenga, M.A.R. (ed.). Tomate. Produção em campo, casa de vegetação e hidroponia. Editora Universitária de Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil.Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas;Volumen 12, número 2 (Mayo-Agosto 2018)Relación insecto-plantaPolen de abejasPlantas melíferasAgrosaviaBeesPollen loadBacillus subtilisTrifloxystrobinTebuconazoleCompatibility of agrochemicalsLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/f6510005-fc13-41db-890b-57748abf6a91/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52ORIGINALPPS_1519_Interaction_between_biological.pdfPPS_1519_Interaction_between_biological.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf643634https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/f9294a22-20f1-4b33-a54a-1004611c5aee/downloadf335f04e9f740ddd504f30f42ff3dfa9MD51TEXTPPS_1519.pdf.txtPPS_1519.pdf.txtExtracted 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