Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia
1 recurso en línea (páginas 49-58).
- Autores:
-
Hernández Agudelo, José Miguel
García Tamayo, Yadi Marcela
Fernández Silva, Jorge Arturo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2017
- Institución:
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RiUPTC: Repositorio Institucional UPTC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uptc.edu.co:001/2277
- Acceso en línea:
- http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/2277
- Palabra clave:
- Animales - Enfermedades
Animals - Diseases
Paratuberculosis Ovina
Ganado lanar
Rams
Livestock - Diseases
Ganado - Enfermedades
Rumiantes - Enfermedades
Agrosavia
Johne’s disease
Paratuberculosis
Small ruminants
Weight loss
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Copyright (c) 2017 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
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Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Seroprevalencia de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en pequeños rumiantes de un aprisco de Antioquia, Colombia |
| title |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia Animales - Enfermedades Animals - Diseases Paratuberculosis Ovina Ganado lanar Rams Livestock - Diseases Ganado - Enfermedades Rumiantes - Enfermedades Agrosavia Johne’s disease Paratuberculosis Small ruminants Weight loss |
| title_short |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| title_full |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| title_sort |
Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Hernández Agudelo, José Miguel García Tamayo, Yadi Marcela Fernández Silva, Jorge Arturo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Hernández Agudelo, José Miguel García Tamayo, Yadi Marcela Fernández Silva, Jorge Arturo |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Animales - Enfermedades Animals - Diseases Paratuberculosis Ovina Ganado lanar Rams Livestock - Diseases Ganado - Enfermedades |
| topic |
Animales - Enfermedades Animals - Diseases Paratuberculosis Ovina Ganado lanar Rams Livestock - Diseases Ganado - Enfermedades Rumiantes - Enfermedades Agrosavia Johne’s disease Paratuberculosis Small ruminants Weight loss |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Rumiantes - Enfermedades Agrosavia |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Johne’s disease Paratuberculosis Small ruminants Weight loss |
| description |
1 recurso en línea (páginas 49-58). |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2017-08-10 |
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2018-11-08T21:40:15Z |
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2018-11-08T21:40:15Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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Hernández Agudelo, J. M., García Tamayo Y. M. & Fernández Silva J. A. (2017). Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia. Revista Ciencia y Agricultura, 14(2), 49-58. DOI: http://doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7148. |
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2539-0899 |
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10.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7148 |
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Hernández Agudelo, J. M., García Tamayo Y. M. & Fernández Silva J. A. (2017). Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia. Revista Ciencia y Agricultura, 14(2), 49-58. DOI: http://doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7148. 2539-0899 10.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7148 |
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eng |
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Chiodini R. Abolish Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 18. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993; 31: 1958-1986. Kruze J., Salgado M., Collins M. Paratuberculosis en rebaños caprinos chilenos. Arch. Med. Vet. 2007; 39: 147-152. DOI: http:// doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2007000200008. Clarke CJ. The pathology and pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants and other species. J. Comp. Pathol. 1997; 116: 217- 261. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80001-1. Begg D., Whittington R. Paratuberculosis in Sheep. En: Behr MA., Collins DM. Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1ra ed. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International. 2010: 157-168. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936136.0157. Robbe-Austerman S. Control of paratuberculosis in small ruminants. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2011; 27: 609- 620. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.07.007. Clarke CJ., Little D. The pathology of ovine paratuberculosis: gross and histological changes in the intestine and other tissues. J. Comp. Pathol. 1996; 114: 419-437. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/ S0021-9975(96)80017-X. Juste RA., Perez V. Control of Paratuberculosis in Sheep and Goats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2011; 27: 127- 138. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.020. Anonymous. The economic impact of OJD infection on sheep farms. Meat and Livestock Australia. 2005. Disponible en: http://www.animalhealthaustraliacom.au/wp-content/ uploads/2011/04/The-economic-impact-of-OJD.pdf. Djønne B. Paratuberculosis in Goats. En: Behr MA, Collins DM, editores. Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1ra ed. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International; 2010:169-178. DOI: http:// doi.org/10.1079/9781845936136.0169. Storset AK., Hasvold HJ., Valheim M., Brun-Hansen H., Berntsen G. Subclinical paratuberculosis in goats following experimental infection. An immunological and microbiological study. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2001; 80: 271–287. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00294-X. Kostoulas P., Leontides L., Billinis C. The association of sub-clinical paratuberculosis with the fertility of greek dairy ewes and goats varies whit parity. Prev Vet Med. 2006; 74: 226-238. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.12.001. Angelidou E., Kostoulas P., Leontides L. Flock-level factors associated with the risk of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in Greek dairy goat flocks. Prev Vet Med. 2014; 117: 233-41. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed. 2014.09.002. Stewart D., Vaughan J., Stiles P. A long-term bacteriological and immunological study in Holstein- Friesian cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis and necropsy culture results for Holstein- Friesian cattle, merino sheep and angora goats. Vet. Microbiol. 2007; 122: 83-96. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.030. Castellanos MJ., Rodríguez CJ., Toro CW. Agenda de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico para la cadena cárnica ovino caprina en Colombia. MADR-Tecnos. 2010. De Juan L., Mateos A., Domínguez L., Sharp J., Stevenson K. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from goats detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Veterinary Microbiology. 2005: 106: 249-257. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.013. Over K., Crandall P., O’Bryan C., Ricke C. Current perspectiveson Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Johne’s disease, and Crohn’s disease: a review. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2011; 37:141-156. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/104084 1X.2010.532480. Sechi L., Mura M., Tanda F., Lissia A., Solinas A, et. al. Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in biopsy specimens from patients with Crohn’s disease identified by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001; 39: 4514-4517. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.12.4514-4517.2001. Mancipe L., Sánchez J., Rodríguez G. Estudio de la paratuberculosis en un rebaño de ovinos de la sabana de Bogotá mediante la utilización de tres técnicas diagnósticas. Rev. Med. Vet. 2009; 18: 33-51. Mogollón G., De Galvis A., Tovar L., Murillo N., Mosses N. Prevalencia de paratuberculosis ovina en el altiplano cundiboyacense. Revista ICA. 1983; 18: 479-484 Murillo-Rondón LE. Prevalencia serológica de la paratuberculosis ovina por la prueba de fijación de complemento. Tesis de pregrado, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. 1981. Fernández-Silva JA., Correa-Valencia NM., Ramírez-Vásquez N. Systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014; 46(8): 1321-40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/ s11250-014-0656-8. Fernández-Silva JA., Abdulmawjood A., Akineden O., Bulte M. Serological and molecular detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle of dairy herds in Colombia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011; 43: 1501-1507. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1007/s11250-011-9833-1. Fernández-Silva JA., Abdulmawjood A., Bulte M. Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from dairy cows in Colombia. Vet Med Int. 2011; 1: 29. Ramírez-Vásquez N., Rodríguez B., Fernández-Silva JA. Diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de paratuberculosis bovina en un hato lechero en Colombia. MVZ. 2001; 16(3): 2742-2753. Ramírez-García R., Maldonado-Estrada JG. Detection of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a cow with clinical stage IV of the disease. A case report. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu. 2013; 26: 219-225. Zapata MM., Arroyave O., Ramírez R., Piedrahita C., Rodas JD. Identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by PCR techniques and establishment of control programs for bovine paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu. 2010; 23: 17-27. Fry MP., Kruze J., Collins MT. Evaluation of four commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis in Chilean dairy herds. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2008;20(3): 329-32. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1177/104063870802000311. Clark DL., Koziczkowski JJ., Radcliff RP., Carlson RA., Ellingson JL. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: comparing fecal culture versus serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct fecal polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Dairy Science. 2008;91: 2620-2627. DOI: http://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2007-0902. Nielsen SS., Toft N. Ante-mortem diagnosis of paratuberculosis: a review of accuracies of ELISA, interferon-gamma assay and faecal culture techniques. Vet Microbiol. 2008; 2129:217-235. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.011. Stevenson K. Diagnosis of Johne´s disease: current limitations and prospects. Cattle Practice. 2010b; 18: 104-109. Bauman CA., Jones-Bitton A., Jansen J., Kelton D., Menzies P. Evaluation of fecal culture and fecal RT-PCR to detect Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding in dairy goats and dairy sheep using latent class Bayesian modeling. BMC veterinary Research. 2016; 12: 212. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/ s12917-016-0814-5. Nielsen SS., Toft N. A review of prevalence of paratuberculosis in flocked animals in Europe. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2009; 88:1-14. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed. 2008.07.003. Nielsen SS. Immune-based Diagnosis of Paratuberculosis. In: Behr, M.A., Collins, D.M. (Eds.), Paratuberculosis: Organism, Disease, Control. CAB International, Oxfordshire. 2010; 284-293. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936136.0284. Collins MT., Gardner IA., Garry FB., Roussel AJ., Wells SJ. Consensus recommendations on diagnostic testing for the detection of paratuberculosis in cattle in the United States. J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc. 2006; 229: 1912-1919. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2460/javma. 229.12.1912. Collins DM., Hilbink F., West DM. Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in sheep by faecal culture, DNA characterization and the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Rec. 1993; 133(24): 599. De Lisle GW., Collins DM., Huchzermeyer HF. Characterization of ovine strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA hybridization. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1992; 59(2): 163. Shulaw WP., Bech-Nielsen S., Rings DM., Getzy DM., Woodruff TS. Serodiagnosis of paratuberculosis in sheep by use of agar gel immunodiffusion. Am J Vet Res. 1993; 54: 13-19. Cocito CP., Coene M., De Kesel M., Poupart P., Vannuffel P. Paratuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994; 7: 328-345. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.7.3.328. Collins MT. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am. Food Anim Pract. 1996; 12: 357-371. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30411-4. Burnside DM., Rowley BO. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats. Am J Vet Res. 1994; 55: 465-466. Dubash K., Shulaw WP., Bech-Nielsen S., Stills HF., Slemons RD. Evaluation of an agar gel immunodiffusion test kit for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996; 208: 401-403 Nielsen SS., Nielsen KK., Huda A., Condron R., Collins MT. Diagnostic techniques for paratuberculosis. In: Bulletin of the international dairy federation. IDF. 2001; 362: 5-17. Ahmed IM. Serodiagnosis of Johne’s disease by indirect ELISA in ovine. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2010; 24: 41-43. Sergeant E., Marshall D., Eamens J., Kearns C., Whittington RJ. Evaluation of an absorbed ELISA and an agar-gel immuno-diffusion test for ovine paratuberculosis in sheep in Australia. Prev. Vet. Med. 2003; 61: 235-248. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed. 2003.08.010. Holstad G., Sigurðardóttir Ó., Storset A., Tharaldsen J., Nyberg O., Schönheit J., Djønne B. Description of the infection status in a Norwegian cattle herd naturally infected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Acta Vet. Scand. 2005; 46: 45- 56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-46-45. Hemalatha S., Parimal R., Purushothaman V., Iyue M. Paratuberculosis in different breeds of sheep: A retrospective study of cases. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2013; 2: 166-170. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2013.07.002. Morris CA., Hickey SM., Henderson HV. The effect of Johne’s disease on production traits in Romney, Merino and Merino × Romney-cross ewes. N Z Vet J. 2006; 54: 204-209. DOI: http:// doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2006.36698. Tripathi BW., Paritra NS. Status of paratuberculosis in goats – a 5 years study based on postmortem cases. Indian J. Vet. Pathol. 1999; 23:79-80. Jakobsen MB., Alban L., Nielsen SS. A cross-sectional study of paratuberculosis in 1155 Danish dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 2005; 46: 15-27. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167- 5877(00)00138-0. Radostits OM., Gay CC., Hinchcliff KW., Constable PD. Diseases associated with bacteria. En: Rodenhuis J, Ball E, editores. Veterinary Medicine: a Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 10 ed. USA: Saunders: Elsevier; 2007. p. 1017-1044 Mainar-Jaime R., Vázquez-Boland J. Factors associated with seroprevalence to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in small-ruminant farms in the Madrid region (Spain). Prev. Vet. Med. 1998; 34: 317-327. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(97)00091-3. |
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Hernández Agudelo, José MiguelGarcía Tamayo, Yadi MarcelaFernández Silva, Jorge Arturo2018-11-08T21:40:15Z2018-11-08T21:40:15Z2017-08-10Hernández Agudelo, J. M., García Tamayo Y. M. & Fernández Silva J. A. (2017). Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia. Revista Ciencia y Agricultura, 14(2), 49-58. DOI: http://doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7148.2539-0899http://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/handle/001/227710.19053/01228420.v14.n2.2017.71481 recurso en línea (páginas 49-58).La paratuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de MAP y la asociación existente entre el estatus serológico a MAP y factores individuales en cabras y ovejas de un aprisco en Antioquia, Colombia. Se estudiaron 53 caprinos y 6 ovinos mayores a dos años de edad, de los cuales se tomó información sobre factores individuales y una muestra de sangre para obtener suero sanguíneo. La presencia de anticuerpos contra MAP se determinó por medio de una prueba de ELISA, mientras que la información se analizó descriptivamente. La prueba de ELISA no detectó ningún animal positivo o sospechoso entre los 59 analizados, por lo que no se pudo establecer asociación entre el estatus serológico a MAP y factores individuales. Este es el primer estudio que reporta la búsqueda de anticuerpos contra MAP en una población caprina, y el cuarto en una población ovina en Colombia. Diversos factores pueden explicar el estatus serológico de los animales muestreados. Es necesario continuar con estudios similares en otros apriscos de la región y del país para determinar el estatus real de la infección en pequeños rumiantes en Colombia.Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This study aimed at determining the presence of antibodies against MAP, and the association between the serological status of MAP and individual factors in goats and sheep in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia. We studied fifty-three goats and 6 sheep over two years old, and took blood samples to obtain serum and information on individual factors. The presence of antibodies against MAP was determined by ELISA, whereas the information was descriptively analyzed. ELISA did not detect any positive or suspect animal among the 59 tested animals, so an association between serological status to MAP and individual factors could not be established. This is the first and the fourth study reporting the search for antibodies against MAP in a goat and in a sheep population in Colombia, respectively. Several factors may explain the serological status of the sampled animals. It is necessary to continue with similar studies in other flocks of the region and the country to determine the current MAP infection status in small ruminants in Colombia.Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 56-58.application/pdfengUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de ColombiaCopyright (c) 2017 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencia_agricultura/article/view/7148/5541Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in small ruminants in a flock in Antioquia, ColombiaSeroprevalencia de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en pequeños rumiantes de un aprisco de Antioquia, ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Chiodini R. Abolish Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 18. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993; 31: 1958-1986.Kruze J., Salgado M., Collins M. Paratuberculosis en rebaños caprinos chilenos. Arch. Med. Vet. 2007; 39: 147-152. DOI: http:// doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2007000200008.Clarke CJ. The pathology and pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants and other species. J. Comp. Pathol. 1997; 116: 217- 261. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80001-1.Begg D., Whittington R. Paratuberculosis in Sheep. En: Behr MA., Collins DM. Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1ra ed. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International. 2010: 157-168. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936136.0157.Robbe-Austerman S. Control of paratuberculosis in small ruminants. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2011; 27: 609- 620. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.07.007.Clarke CJ., Little D. The pathology of ovine paratuberculosis: gross and histological changes in the intestine and other tissues. J. Comp. Pathol. 1996; 114: 419-437. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/ S0021-9975(96)80017-X.Juste RA., Perez V. Control of Paratuberculosis in Sheep and Goats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2011; 27: 127- 138. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.020.Anonymous. The economic impact of OJD infection on sheep farms. Meat and Livestock Australia. 2005. Disponible en: http://www.animalhealthaustraliacom.au/wp-content/ uploads/2011/04/The-economic-impact-of-OJD.pdf.Djønne B. Paratuberculosis in Goats. En: Behr MA, Collins DM, editores. Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. 1ra ed. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International; 2010:169-178. DOI: http:// doi.org/10.1079/9781845936136.0169.Storset AK., Hasvold HJ., Valheim M., Brun-Hansen H., Berntsen G. Subclinical paratuberculosis in goats following experimental infection. An immunological and microbiological study. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2001; 80: 271–287. 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Agenda de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico para la cadena cárnica ovino caprina en Colombia. MADR-Tecnos. 2010.De Juan L., Mateos A., Domínguez L., Sharp J., Stevenson K. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from goats detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Veterinary Microbiology. 2005: 106: 249-257. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.013.Over K., Crandall P., O’Bryan C., Ricke C. Current perspectiveson Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Johne’s disease, and Crohn’s disease: a review. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2011; 37:141-156. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3109/104084 1X.2010.532480.Sechi L., Mura M., Tanda F., Lissia A., Solinas A, et. al. Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in biopsy specimens from patients with Crohn’s disease identified by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001; 39: 4514-4517. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.12.4514-4517.2001.Mancipe L., Sánchez J., Rodríguez G. 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A cross-sectional study of paratuberculosis in 1155 Danish dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 2005; 46: 15-27. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167- 5877(00)00138-0.Radostits OM., Gay CC., Hinchcliff KW., Constable PD. Diseases associated with bacteria. En: Rodenhuis J, Ball E, editores. Veterinary Medicine: a Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 10 ed. USA: Saunders: Elsevier; 2007. p. 1017-1044Mainar-Jaime R., Vázquez-Boland J. Factors associated with seroprevalence to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in small-ruminant farms in the Madrid region (Spain). Prev. Vet. Med. 1998; 34: 317-327. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(97)00091-3.Revista Ciencia y Agricultura;Volumen 14, número 2 (Julio-Diciembre 2017)Animales - EnfermedadesAnimals - DiseasesParatuberculosis OvinaGanado lanarRamsLivestock - DiseasesGanado - EnfermedadesRumiantes - EnfermedadesAgrosaviaJohne’s diseaseParatuberculosisSmall ruminantsWeight lossORIGINALPPS_774_Seriprevlence_of_microbacterium_avium_ssp.pdfPPS_774_Seriprevlence_of_microbacterium_avium_ssp.pdfArchivo principalapplication/pdf149732https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/20b6b785-cc1e-4ad2-9cfe-4a7477fbf725/download2474c2f92b5565668c414600f2b6bfceMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814798https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co/bitstreams/499a86e2-483b-4624-8587-ac2324917cf9/download88794144ff048353b359a3174871b0d5MD52TEXTPPS-774.pdf.txtPPS-774.pdf.txtExtracted 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