The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs
As an emerging market, global business is of greatest importance in Colombia and several efforts are implemented to keep up with the international competitive environment. However, these efforts should be accompanied with the development of entrepreneurial capabilities in a wide range of ambits, amo...
- Autores:
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2014
- Institución:
- Universidad de Medellín
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UDEM
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/4929
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- http://hdl.handle.net/11407/4929
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The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| spellingShingle |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title_short |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title_full |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title_fullStr |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| title_sort |
The effects of culture on planning and technology in the internationalisation of Medellín's SMEs |
| dc.contributor.affiliation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bustamante, L., Universidad de Medellín |
| description |
As an emerging market, global business is of greatest importance in Colombia and several efforts are implemented to keep up with the international competitive environment. However, these efforts should be accompanied with the development of entrepreneurial capabilities in a wide range of ambits, among others, cross-cultural management. This chapter describes cultural influences in internationalisation activities of Medellin's small and medium enterprises based on original research results using descriptive multi-case methods within five companies and documentary review of business publications. It starts with an overview of the Colombian SME and cross-cultural management theories; then, the cultural influences on planning and internationalisation are listed, suggesting that systematic plans during internationalisation are not followed and technology tools are not properly seized due to management styles, a changing business environment, and small education levels. � 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. |
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2014 |
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2014 |
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2018-10-31T13:44:26Z |
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2018-10-31T13:44:26Z |
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Book Chapter |
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9781466649804; 1466649798; 9781466649798 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11407/4929 |
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10.4018/978-1-4666-4979-8.ch043 |
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9781466649804; 1466649798; 9781466649798 10.4018/978-1-4666-4979-8.ch043 |
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eng |
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eng |
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https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946416737&doi=10.4018%2f978-1-4666-4979-8.ch043&partnerID=40&md5=05eda1a4b82d33f84a7f8e6a90ce086d |
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Cross-Cultural Interaction: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications |
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"Adler, N., (1997) International dimensions of organizational behavior, , Cincinnati, OH: South Western;Alierta, C., The Promise of Technology (2011) The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011, , W. E. Forum, (p. 435). Geneva, Switzerland:World Economic Forum Editors;Alvadbi, A., Keramati, A., Razmi, J., Assessing the impact of information technology on firm performance considering the role of intervening variables: Organizational infrastructures and business processes reengineering (2007) International Journal of Production Research, 45 (12), pp. 2697-2734;(2012) Informe de Resultados Gran Encuesta PYME 2012-1, , Bogot�: ANIF;Baird, I., Lyles, M., Orris, J., The choice of international strategies by small business (1994) Journal of Small Business Management, 48 (1), pp. 48-59;Baskerville-Morley, R., A research note:The unfinished business of culture (2005) Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30 (4), pp. 389-391;Bazerman, M., Neale, M., (1992) Negotiating Rationally, , New York: The Free Press;Boulanger, C., Ethnicity and practice in Malaysian unions (1996) Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19 (3), pp. 660-679;Bustamante, L., Aguilar, S., (2012) Retos de gesti�n intercultural en las actividades de internacionalizaci�n de microempresas de Medell�n, , Medell�n, Colombia: Universidad de Medell�n;Bustamante, L., Arboleda, A., Guti�rrez, J., Cultura, pol�tica industrial y competitividad internacional de PyMEs en Colombia (2010) Revista Ad-Minister, (16), pp. 83-98;Calle, A., Tamayo, V., Estrategia e internacionalizaci�n en las pymes: Caso Antioquia (2005) Cuadernos de Administraci�n, 18 (30), pp. 137-164;Cavusgil, T., On the Internationalization Process of Firms (1980) European Research, 8 (6), pp. 273-281;Cavusgil, T., Das, A., Methodological issues in empirical cross-cultural research: A survey of the management literature and a framework (1997) Management International Review, 37 (1), pp. 71-96;(2012) Acuerdos suscritos, vigentes y en negociaci�n, , http://www.tlc.gov.co/, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;(2012) Estad�sticas del Sector Educativo en Colombia, , http://menweb.mineducacion.gov.co/seguimiento/estadisticas/, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;(2012) Resumen de indicadores de Educaci�n Superior, , http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/sistemasdeinformacion/1735/w3-article-212350.html, September, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;Dalkir, K., (2011) Knowledge management in theory and practice, , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press;Danciu, V., The Impact of the Culture on the International Negotiations: An Analysis Based on Contextual Comparisons (2010) Theoretical and Applied Economics, 17 (8), pp. 87-102;Deresky, H., (2005) International Management. Managing across Borders and Cultures, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall;Dowling, P., Welch, D., Schuler, R., (1999) International human resource management. Managing people in a multinational context, , Cincinnati, OH: South-Western;Earley, C., Ang, S., Tan, J., (2006) CQ: Developing Cultural Intelligence at Work, , Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press;Earley, C., Murnieks, C., Mosakowski, E., Cultural Intelligence and the Global Mindset (2007) The Global Mindset (Advances in International Management, 19, pp. 75-103. , M. Javidan, R. Steers, & M. Hitt (Eds.), Oxford, UK:JAI Press;Earley, P., Redefining Interactions across Cultures and Organizations: Moving Forward with Cultural Intelligence (2002) Research in Organizational Behavior, 24 (1), pp. 271-299;Earley, P., Ang, S., (2003) Cultural intelligence:Individual interactions across cultures, , Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press;Earley, P., Mosakowski, E., Toward culture intelligence: Turning cultural differences into a workplace advantage (2004) The Academy of Management Executive, 18 (3), pp. 151-157;Earley, P., Peterson, R., The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager (2004) Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3 (1), pp. 100-115;Fayerweather, J., Kapoor, A., (1976) Strategy and Negotiation for the International Corporation, , Cambridge, MA: Ballinger;Fayol, H., (1974) Administraci�n Industrial y General, , M�xico: Herrero Hnos. Svcs. S.A;Fisher, R., Ury, W., Patton, B., (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in, , New York: Penguin;Fon Sim, O., Chinese ethnicity: Its relationship to some selected aspect of consumer behaviour (1993) Malaysian Management Review, 28 (2), pp. 29-43;Fontaine, R., Cross-cultural management:Six perspectives (2007) Cross-Cultural Management. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 14 (2), pp. 125-135;Fontaine, R., Richardson, S., On cultural values in Malaysia: Malays, Chinese and Indians compared (2005) Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12 (4), pp. 63-77;Galv�n, I., (2003) La formaci�n de la estrategia de selecci�n de mercados exteriores en el proceso de internacionalizaci�n de las empresas, , http://www.eumed.net/tesis/igs/, Retrieved August 25, 2009, from;Gankema, H., Snuif, H., Zwart, P., The internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises: An evaluation of stage theory (2000) Journal of Small Business Management, 38 (4), pp. 15-27;Ghauri, P., Usunier, J., (2003) International Business Negotiations, , New York: Pergamon;Gooderham, P., Nordhaug, O., (2004) International management: Cross-boundary challenges, , Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell;Griffith, D., Cavusgil, T., Xu, S., Emerging themes in international business research (2008) Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (7), pp. 1220-1235;Hall, E., (1976) Beyond culture, , New York:Doubleday;Hewstone, M., Intergroup contact: Panacea for prejudice? (2003) The Psychologist, 16 (7), pp. 352-355;Hill, C., Jones, G., (2000) Administraci�n estrat�gica: Un enfoque integrado, , M�xico:McGraw-Hill;Hodson, R., The Active Worker: Compliance and Autonomy at the Workplace (1991) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 20 (1), pp. 47-78;Hofstede, G., Value Systems in Forty Countries:Interpretation, Validation and Consequences for Theory (1979) Cross Cultural Contribution to Psychology, , L. Eckensberger, W. Looner, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlingerd;Hofstede, G., (1980) Culture's Consequences International Differences in Work Related Values, , Beverly Hills, CA: Sage;Hofstede, G., Dimensions of National Culture in Fifty Countries and Three Regions (1983) Explications in Cross Cultural Psychology, , J. Deregowski, S. Dzieurawiec, & R. Annios (Eds.), Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger;Hofstede, G., The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept (1984) Academy of Management Review, 9 (3), pp. 389-398;Hofstede, G., (1997) Cultures and Organizations:Software of the Mind, , New York: McGraw-Hill;Hofstede, G., Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney (2002) Human Relations, 55 (11), pp. 1355-1361;Hofstede, G., What is culture? A reply to Baskerville (2003) Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28 (7-8), pp. 811-813;Holden, N., (2002) Cross Cultural Management:A Knowledge Management Perspective, , Harlow, UK: Pearson;Howald, F., (2001) Obst�culos al desarrollo de la pyme causados por el estado en Colombia:el caso del sistema tributario, , Santiago, Chile:McGraw-Hill;Johanson, J., Vahlne, J., The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership (2009) Journal of International Business Studies, pp. 1411-1431;Jongeward, C., Shifting the ground of the familiar: Using autobiography and intercultural learning in a time of transition (1999) CJSAE, 13 (1), pp. 21-40;Klein, K., Kozlowski, S., (2000) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations:Foundations, Extensions and New Directions, , San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass;Kremenyuk, V., (2002) International Negotiation. Analysis, Approaches, Issues, , San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass;Leonidas, L., Katsikeas, C., The export development process: An integrative review of empirical models (1996) Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (3), pp. 517-551;Leung, K., Bhagat, R., Buchan, N., Erez, M., Gibson, C., Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for the future (2005) Journal of International Business Studies, 36 (4), pp. 357-378;Li, L., Li, D., Dalgic, T., Internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises:Toward a hybrid model of experiential learning and planning (2004) Management International Review, 44 (1), pp. 93-117;Maclure, S., Davies, P., (1991) Learning to think: Thinking to learn, , (Eds.). Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press;Mart�nez, P., Proceso del desarrollo exportador de la PYME Colombiana (2009) Cuadernos de Gesti�n, 9 (1), pp. 47-66;Marulanda, E., (2004) La Competitividad de las Pymes, Como ingresar exitosamente en el mercado globalizado. El Empresariado Colombiano y el TLC, , Bogot�, Colombia: CONFECAMARAS;Mc Sweeney, B., Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences:A Triumph of faith - A failure of analysis (2002) Human Relations, 55 (1), pp. 89-118;Mead, R., (2005) International management:Cross-cultural dimensions, , London: Blackwell;Miles, M., Huberman, M., (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book, , Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications;(2008) Reporte de Mipymes No. 03, , http://www.mincomercio.gov.co/econtent/Documentos/mipymes/2008/ReporteMipymes03.pdf, Retrieved July 22, 2009, from;Mintzberg, H., (1979) The structuring of organizations, , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall;Mintzberg, H., (1992) Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall;Myers, M., Tan, F., Beyond models of national culture in information systems research (2002) Journal of Global Information Management, 10 (1), pp. 24-32;Papadopoulos, N., Approaches to international market selection for small and medium sized enterprises (1987) Managing Export Entry and Expansion, pp. 128-158. , P. Rosson, & S. Reid (Eds.), New York: Praeger Publishers;Posada, M., (2012) Colombia's FDI Profile, , http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/files/vale/documents/Colombia_IFDI_-_FINAL_-_13_June_2012.pdf, June 13, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;Posada, M., (2012) Inward FDI in Colombia and its policy context, 2012, , http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/files/vale/documents/Colombia_IFDI_-_FINAL_-_13_June_2012.pdf, June 13, Retrieved August 7, 2012, from;Prahalad, C., Krishnah, H., (2008) The New Age of Innovation, , New York: McGraw Hill;Rialp, A., (1999) Los Enfoques Micro-organizativos de la Internacionalizaci�n de la Empresa: Una Revisi�n y S�ntesis de la Literatura. Informaci�n Comercial Espa�ola, , (ICE), October(781), 17-128;Rodr�guez, A., (2003) La realidad de la pyme colombiana: desaf�o para el desarrollo, , Bogot�, Colombia: FUNDES;Romero, M., Ram�rez, J., (2012) Conozca los pr�ximos tratados de libre comercio de Colombia, , http://www.portafolio.co/negocios/conozca-losproximos-tratados-libre-comercio-colombia, July 5, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;Root, F., (1994) Entry Strategies for International Markets, , New York: Lexington Books;Rugman, A., Oh, C., Lim, D., The regional and global competitiveness of multinational firms (2012) Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40 (2), pp. 218-235;Sallenave, J., (2002) La Gerencia Integral, , Bogot�, Colombia: Editorial Norma;Schneider, S., Barsoux, J., (1997) Managing across cultures, , London: Prentice-Hall;Senge, P., (2004) La quinta disciplina: El arte y la pr�ctica de la organizaci�n abierta al aprendizaje, , Barcelona, Spain: Granica;S�derberg, A., Holden, N., Rethinking Cross Cultural Management in a Globalizing Business World (2002) International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2 (103), pp. 103-121;Stawarski, C., Phillips, P., (2008) Data Collection:Planning for and Collecting All Types of Data, , San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons;Sterman, J., (2000) Business Dynamics: System Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World, , New York: McGraw-Hill;Struwig, M., Meru, A., The Relationship between Business Environment and Business Incubation (2011) China-USA Business Review, 10 (9), pp. 880-892;Thomas, D., Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness (2006) Group & Organization Management, 31 (1), pp. 78-99;Thomas, D., (2008) Cross-Cultural Management:Essential Concepts, , Los Angeles: Sage Publications;Thomas, D., Inkson, K., (2003) Cultural Intelligence. People Skills for the Global Business, , San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers;Thomas, D., Inkson, K., Cultivating your cultural intelligence (2004) Security Management, 48 (8), pp. 30-33;Thomas, D., Stahl, G., Ravlin, E., Poelmans, S., Pekerti, A., Maznevski, M., Cultural Intelligence: Domain and Assessment (2008) International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8 (2), pp. 123-143;Torres, G., The New ""Export-Culture"" in Latin America (2007) Global Business Languages, 12, pp. 149-165;Vel�squez, F., La estrategia, la estructura y las formas de asociaci�n: Fuentes de ventaja competitiva para las pymes colombianas (2004) Estudios Gerenciales, 93, pp. 73-97;Welch, L., Luostarinen, R., Internationalisation:Evolution of a Concept (1988) Journal of General Management, 14 (2), pp. 34-55;Wild, J., Wild, K., Han, J., (2001) International Business: An Integrated Approach, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall" |
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2018-10-31T13:44:26Z2018-10-31T13:44:26Z20149781466649804; 1466649798; 9781466649798http://hdl.handle.net/11407/492910.4018/978-1-4666-4979-8.ch043As an emerging market, global business is of greatest importance in Colombia and several efforts are implemented to keep up with the international competitive environment. However, these efforts should be accompanied with the development of entrepreneurial capabilities in a wide range of ambits, among others, cross-cultural management. This chapter describes cultural influences in internationalisation activities of Medellin's small and medium enterprises based on original research results using descriptive multi-case methods within five companies and documentary review of business publications. It starts with an overview of the Colombian SME and cross-cultural management theories; then, the cultural influences on planning and internationalisation are listed, suggesting that systematic plans during internationalisation are not followed and technology tools are not properly seized due to management styles, a changing business environment, and small education levels. � 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.engIGI GlobalAdministración de EmpresasFacultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativashttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946416737&doi=10.4018%2f978-1-4666-4979-8.ch043&partnerID=40&md5=05eda1a4b82d33f84a7f8e6a90ce086d2758776Cross-Cultural Interaction: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications"Adler, N., (1997) International dimensions of organizational behavior, , Cincinnati, OH: South Western;Alierta, C., The Promise of Technology (2011) The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011, , W. E. Forum, (p. 435). Geneva, Switzerland:World Economic Forum Editors;Alvadbi, A., Keramati, A., Razmi, J., Assessing the impact of information technology on firm performance considering the role of intervening variables: Organizational infrastructures and business processes reengineering (2007) International Journal of Production Research, 45 (12), pp. 2697-2734;(2012) Informe de Resultados Gran Encuesta PYME 2012-1, , Bogot�: ANIF;Baird, I., Lyles, M., Orris, J., The choice of international strategies by small business (1994) Journal of Small Business Management, 48 (1), pp. 48-59;Baskerville-Morley, R., A research note:The unfinished business of culture (2005) Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30 (4), pp. 389-391;Bazerman, M., Neale, M., (1992) Negotiating Rationally, , New York: The Free Press;Boulanger, C., Ethnicity and practice in Malaysian unions (1996) Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19 (3), pp. 660-679;Bustamante, L., Aguilar, S., (2012) Retos de gesti�n intercultural en las actividades de internacionalizaci�n de microempresas de Medell�n, , Medell�n, Colombia: Universidad de Medell�n;Bustamante, L., Arboleda, A., Guti�rrez, J., Cultura, pol�tica industrial y competitividad internacional de PyMEs en Colombia (2010) Revista Ad-Minister, (16), pp. 83-98;Calle, A., Tamayo, V., Estrategia e internacionalizaci�n en las pymes: Caso Antioquia (2005) Cuadernos de Administraci�n, 18 (30), pp. 137-164;Cavusgil, T., On the Internationalization Process of Firms (1980) European Research, 8 (6), pp. 273-281;Cavusgil, T., Das, A., Methodological issues in empirical cross-cultural research: A survey of the management literature and a framework (1997) Management International Review, 37 (1), pp. 71-96;(2012) Acuerdos suscritos, vigentes y en negociaci�n, , http://www.tlc.gov.co/, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;(2012) Estad�sticas del Sector Educativo en Colombia, , http://menweb.mineducacion.gov.co/seguimiento/estadisticas/, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;(2012) Resumen de indicadores de Educaci�n Superior, , http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/sistemasdeinformacion/1735/w3-article-212350.html, September, Retrieved October 29, 2012, from;Dalkir, K., (2011) Knowledge management in theory and practice, , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press;Danciu, V., The Impact of the Culture on the International Negotiations: An Analysis Based on Contextual Comparisons (2010) Theoretical and Applied Economics, 17 (8), pp. 87-102;Deresky, H., (2005) International Management. Managing across Borders and Cultures, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall;Dowling, P., Welch, D., Schuler, R., (1999) International human resource management. Managing people in a multinational context, , Cincinnati, OH: South-Western;Earley, C., Ang, S., Tan, J., (2006) CQ: Developing Cultural Intelligence at Work, , Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press;Earley, C., Murnieks, C., Mosakowski, E., Cultural Intelligence and the Global Mindset (2007) The Global Mindset (Advances in International Management, 19, pp. 75-103. , M. Javidan, R. Steers, & M. Hitt (Eds.), Oxford, UK:JAI Press;Earley, P., Redefining Interactions across Cultures and Organizations: Moving Forward with Cultural Intelligence (2002) Research in Organizational Behavior, 24 (1), pp. 271-299;Earley, P., Ang, S., (2003) Cultural intelligence:Individual interactions across cultures, , Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press;Earley, P., Mosakowski, E., Toward culture intelligence: Turning cultural differences into a workplace advantage (2004) The Academy of Management Executive, 18 (3), pp. 151-157;Earley, P., Peterson, R., The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager (2004) Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3 (1), pp. 100-115;Fayerweather, J., Kapoor, A., (1976) Strategy and Negotiation for the International Corporation, , Cambridge, MA: Ballinger;Fayol, H., (1974) Administraci�n Industrial y General, , M�xico: Herrero Hnos. Svcs. S.A;Fisher, R., Ury, W., Patton, B., (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in, , New York: Penguin;Fon Sim, O., Chinese ethnicity: Its relationship to some selected aspect of consumer behaviour (1993) Malaysian Management Review, 28 (2), pp. 29-43;Fontaine, R., Cross-cultural management:Six perspectives (2007) Cross-Cultural Management. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.), 14 (2), pp. 125-135;Fontaine, R., Richardson, S., On cultural values in Malaysia: Malays, Chinese and Indians compared (2005) Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12 (4), pp. 63-77;Galv�n, I., (2003) La formaci�n de la estrategia de selecci�n de mercados exteriores en el proceso de internacionalizaci�n de las empresas, , http://www.eumed.net/tesis/igs/, Retrieved August 25, 2009, from;Gankema, H., Snuif, H., Zwart, P., The internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises: An evaluation of stage theory (2000) Journal of Small Business Management, 38 (4), pp. 15-27;Ghauri, P., Usunier, J., (2003) International Business Negotiations, , New York: Pergamon;Gooderham, P., Nordhaug, O., (2004) International management: Cross-boundary challenges, , Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell;Griffith, D., Cavusgil, T., Xu, S., Emerging themes in international business research (2008) Journal of International Business Studies, 39 (7), pp. 1220-1235;Hall, E., (1976) Beyond culture, , New York:Doubleday;Hewstone, M., Intergroup contact: Panacea for prejudice? (2003) The Psychologist, 16 (7), pp. 352-355;Hill, C., Jones, G., (2000) Administraci�n estrat�gica: Un enfoque integrado, , M�xico:McGraw-Hill;Hodson, R., The Active Worker: Compliance and Autonomy at the Workplace (1991) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 20 (1), pp. 47-78;Hofstede, G., Value Systems in Forty Countries:Interpretation, Validation and Consequences for Theory (1979) Cross Cultural Contribution to Psychology, , L. Eckensberger, W. Looner, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlingerd;Hofstede, G., (1980) Culture's Consequences International Differences in Work Related Values, , Beverly Hills, CA: Sage;Hofstede, G., Dimensions of National Culture in Fifty Countries and Three Regions (1983) Explications in Cross Cultural Psychology, , J. Deregowski, S. Dzieurawiec, & R. Annios (Eds.), Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger;Hofstede, G., The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept (1984) Academy of Management Review, 9 (3), pp. 389-398;Hofstede, G., (1997) Cultures and Organizations:Software of the Mind, , New York: McGraw-Hill;Hofstede, G., Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney (2002) Human Relations, 55 (11), pp. 1355-1361;Hofstede, G., What is culture? 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