A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory

Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluoresce...

Full description

Autores:
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad de Medellín
Repositorio:
Repositorio UDEM
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/5903
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/11407/5903
Palabra clave:
atmospheric convection
cosmology
fluorescence spectroscopy
ionosphere
observatory
sampling
temporal analysis
thunderstorm
timescale
Argentina
Cordoba [Argentina]
Mendoza
Rights
License
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
id REPOUDEM2_7131879abac991cb58b2dbedcd89485e
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/5903
network_acronym_str REPOUDEM2
network_name_str Repositorio UDEM
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
title A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
spellingShingle A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
Erdmann M.
atmospheric convection
cosmology
fluorescence spectroscopy
ionosphere
observatory
sampling
temporal analysis
thunderstorm
timescale
Argentina
Cordoba [Argentina]
Mendoza
title_short A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
title_full A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
title_fullStr A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
title_full_unstemmed A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
title_sort A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Erdmann M.
Escobar C.O.
Etchegoyen A.
Falcke H.
Farmer J.
Farrar G.
Fauth A.C.
Fazzini N.
Feldbusch F.
Fenu F.
Ferreyro L.P.
Figueira J.M.
Filipčič A.
Freire M.M.
Fujii T.
Fuster A.
García B.
Gemmeke H.
Gherghel-Lascu A.
Ghia P.L.
Giaccari U.
Giammarchi M.
Giller M.
Głas D.
Glombitza J.
Gobbi F.
Golup G.
Gómez Berisso M.
Gómez Vitale P.F.
Gongora J.P.
González N.
Goos I.
Góra D.
Gorgi A.
Gottowik M.
Grubb T.D.
Guarino F.
Guedes G.P.
Guido E.
Halliday R.
Hampel M.R.
Hansen P.
Harari D.
Harrison T.A.
Harvey V.M.
Haungs A.
Hebbeker T.
Heck D.
Heimann P.
Hill G.C.
Hojvat C.
Holt E.M.
Homola P.
Hörandel J.R.
Horvath P.
Hrabovský M.
Huege T.
Hulsman J.
Insolia A.
Isar P.G.
Jandt I.
Johnsen J.A.
Josebachuili M.
Jurysek J.
Kääpä A.
Kampert K.H.
Keilhauer B.
Kemmerich N.
Kemp J.
Klages H.O.
Kleifges M.
Kleinfeller J.
Krause R.
Kuempel D.
Kukec Mezek G.
Kuotb Awad A.
Lago B.L.
LaHurd D.
Lang R.G.
Legumina R.
Leigui de Oliveira M.A.
Lenok V.
Letessier-Selvon A.
Lhenry-Yvon I.
Lippmann O.C.
Lo Presti D.
Lopes L.
López R.
López Casado A.
Lorek R.
Luce Q.
Lucero A.
Malacari M.
Mancarella G.
Mandat D.
Manning B.C.
Mantsch P.
Mariazzi A.G.
Mariş I.C.
Marsella G.
Martello D.
Martinez H.
Martínez Bravo O.
Mastrodicasa M.
Mathes H.J.
Mathys S.
Matthews J.
Matthiae G.
Mayotte E.
Mazur P.O.
Medina-Tanco G.
Melo D.
Menshikov A.
Merenda K.-D.
Michal S.
Micheletti M.I.
Middendorf L.
Miramonti L.
Mitrica B.
Mockler D.
Mollerach S.
Montanet F.
Morello C.
Morlino G.
Mostafá M.
Müller A.L.
Muller M.A.
Müller S.
Mussa R.
Nellen L.
Nguyen P.H.
Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.
Niechciol M.
Nitz D.
Nosek D.
Novotny V.
Noža L.
Nucita A.
Núñez L.A.
Olinto A.
Palatka M.
Pallotta J.
Panetta M.P.
Papenbreer P.
Parente G.
Parra A.
Pech M.
Pedreira F.
Pękala J.
Pelayo R.
Peña-Rodriguez J.
Pereira L.A.S.
Perlin M.
Perrone L.
Peters C.
Petrera S.
Phuntsok J.
Pierog T.
Pimenta M.
Pirronello V.
Platino M.
Poh J.
Pont B.
Porowski C.
Prado R.R.
Privitera P.
Prouza M.
Puyleart A.
Querchfeld S.
Quinn S.
Ramos-Pollan R.
Rautenberg J.
Ravignani D.
Reininghaus M.
Ridky J.
Riehn F.
Risse M.
Ristori P.
Rizi V.
Rodrigues de Carvalho W.
Rodriguez Rojo J.
Roncoroni M.J.
Roth M.
Roulet E.
Rovero A.C.
Ruehl P.
Saffi S.J.
Saftoiu A.
Salamida F.
Salazar H.
Salina G.
Sanabria Gomez J.D.
Sánchez F.
Santos E.M.
Santos E.
Sarazin F.
Sarmento R.
Sarmiento-Cano C.
Sato R.
Savina P.
Schauer M.
Scherini V.
Schieler H.
Schimassek M.
Schimp M.
Schlüter F.
Schmidt D.
Scholten O.
Schovánek P.
Schröder F.G.
Schröder S.
Schumacher J.
Sciutto S.J.
Scornavacche M.
Shellard R.C.
Sigl G.
Silli G.
Sima O.
Šmída R.
Snow G.R.
Sommers P.
Soriano J.F.
Souchard J.
Squartini R.
Stanca D.
Stanič S.
Stasielak J.
Stassi P.
Stolpovskiy M.
Streich A.
Suarez F.
Suárez-Durán M.
Sudholz T.
Suomijärvi T.
Supanitsky A.D.
Šupík J.
Szadkowski Z.
Taboada A.
Taborda O.A.
Tapia A.
Timmermans C.
Todero Peixoto C.J.
Tomé B.
Torralba Elipe G.
Travaini A.
Travnicek P.
Trini M.
Tueros M.
Ulrich R.
Unger M.
Urban M.
Valdés Galicia J.F.
Valiño I.
Valore L.
van Bodegom P.
van den Berg A.M.
van Vliet A.
Varela E.
Vargas Cárdenas B.
Veberič D.
Ventura C.
Vergara Quispe I.D.
Verzi V.
Vicha J.
Villaseñor L.
Vink J.
Vorobiov S.
Wahlberg H.
Watson A.A.
Weber M.
Weindl A.
Wiedeński M.
Wiencke L.
Wilczyński H.
Winchen T.
Wirtz M.
Wittkowski D.
Wundheiler B.
Yang L.
Yushkov A.
Zas E.
Zavrtanik D.
Zavrtanik M.
Zehrer L.
Zepeda A.
Zimmermann B.
Ziolkowski M.
Zong Z.
Zuccarello F.
author Erdmann M.
author_facet Erdmann M.
Escobar C.O.
Etchegoyen A.
Falcke H.
Farmer J.
Farrar G.
Fauth A.C.
Fazzini N.
Feldbusch F.
Fenu F.
Ferreyro L.P.
Figueira J.M.
Filipčič A.
Freire M.M.
Fujii T.
Fuster A.
García B.
Gemmeke H.
Gherghel-Lascu A.
Ghia P.L.
Giaccari U.
Giammarchi M.
Giller M.
Głas D.
Glombitza J.
Gobbi F.
Golup G.
Gómez Berisso M.
Gómez Vitale P.F.
Gongora J.P.
González N.
Goos I.
Góra D.
Gorgi A.
Gottowik M.
Grubb T.D.
Guarino F.
Guedes G.P.
Guido E.
Halliday R.
Hampel M.R.
Hansen P.
Harari D.
Harrison T.A.
Harvey V.M.
Haungs A.
Hebbeker T.
Heck D.
Heimann P.
Hill G.C.
Hojvat C.
Holt E.M.
Homola P.
Hörandel J.R.
Horvath P.
Hrabovský M.
Huege T.
Hulsman J.
Insolia A.
Isar P.G.
Jandt I.
Johnsen J.A.
Josebachuili M.
Jurysek J.
Kääpä A.
Kampert K.H.
Keilhauer B.
Kemmerich N.
Kemp J.
Klages H.O.
Kleifges M.
Kleinfeller J.
Krause R.
Kuempel D.
Kukec Mezek G.
Kuotb Awad A.
Lago B.L.
LaHurd D.
Lang R.G.
Legumina R.
Leigui de Oliveira M.A.
Lenok V.
Letessier-Selvon A.
Lhenry-Yvon I.
Lippmann O.C.
Lo Presti D.
Lopes L.
López R.
López Casado A.
Lorek R.
Luce Q.
Lucero A.
Malacari M.
Mancarella G.
Mandat D.
Manning B.C.
Mantsch P.
Mariazzi A.G.
Mariş I.C.
Marsella G.
Martello D.
Martinez H.
Martínez Bravo O.
Mastrodicasa M.
Mathes H.J.
Mathys S.
Matthews J.
Matthiae G.
Mayotte E.
Mazur P.O.
Medina-Tanco G.
Melo D.
Menshikov A.
Merenda K.-D.
Michal S.
Micheletti M.I.
Middendorf L.
Miramonti L.
Mitrica B.
Mockler D.
Mollerach S.
Montanet F.
Morello C.
Morlino G.
Mostafá M.
Müller A.L.
Muller M.A.
Müller S.
Mussa R.
Nellen L.
Nguyen P.H.
Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.
Niechciol M.
Nitz D.
Nosek D.
Novotny V.
Noža L.
Nucita A.
Núñez L.A.
Olinto A.
Palatka M.
Pallotta J.
Panetta M.P.
Papenbreer P.
Parente G.
Parra A.
Pech M.
Pedreira F.
Pękala J.
Pelayo R.
Peña-Rodriguez J.
Pereira L.A.S.
Perlin M.
Perrone L.
Peters C.
Petrera S.
Phuntsok J.
Pierog T.
Pimenta M.
Pirronello V.
Platino M.
Poh J.
Pont B.
Porowski C.
Prado R.R.
Privitera P.
Prouza M.
Puyleart A.
Querchfeld S.
Quinn S.
Ramos-Pollan R.
Rautenberg J.
Ravignani D.
Reininghaus M.
Ridky J.
Riehn F.
Risse M.
Ristori P.
Rizi V.
Rodrigues de Carvalho W.
Rodriguez Rojo J.
Roncoroni M.J.
Roth M.
Roulet E.
Rovero A.C.
Ruehl P.
Saffi S.J.
Saftoiu A.
Salamida F.
Salazar H.
Salina G.
Sanabria Gomez J.D.
Sánchez F.
Santos E.M.
Santos E.
Sarazin F.
Sarmento R.
Sarmiento-Cano C.
Sato R.
Savina P.
Schauer M.
Scherini V.
Schieler H.
Schimassek M.
Schimp M.
Schlüter F.
Schmidt D.
Scholten O.
Schovánek P.
Schröder F.G.
Schröder S.
Schumacher J.
Sciutto S.J.
Scornavacche M.
Shellard R.C.
Sigl G.
Silli G.
Sima O.
Šmída R.
Snow G.R.
Sommers P.
Soriano J.F.
Souchard J.
Squartini R.
Stanca D.
Stanič S.
Stasielak J.
Stassi P.
Stolpovskiy M.
Streich A.
Suarez F.
Suárez-Durán M.
Sudholz T.
Suomijärvi T.
Supanitsky A.D.
Šupík J.
Szadkowski Z.
Taboada A.
Taborda O.A.
Tapia A.
Timmermans C.
Todero Peixoto C.J.
Tomé B.
Torralba Elipe G.
Travaini A.
Travnicek P.
Trini M.
Tueros M.
Ulrich R.
Unger M.
Urban M.
Valdés Galicia J.F.
Valiño I.
Valore L.
van Bodegom P.
van den Berg A.M.
van Vliet A.
Varela E.
Vargas Cárdenas B.
Veberič D.
Ventura C.
Vergara Quispe I.D.
Verzi V.
Vicha J.
Villaseñor L.
Vink J.
Vorobiov S.
Wahlberg H.
Watson A.A.
Weber M.
Weindl A.
Wiedeński M.
Wiencke L.
Wilczyński H.
Winchen T.
Wirtz M.
Wittkowski D.
Wundheiler B.
Yang L.
Yushkov A.
Zas E.
Zavrtanik D.
Zavrtanik M.
Zehrer L.
Zepeda A.
Zimmermann B.
Ziolkowski M.
Zong Z.
Zuccarello F.
author_role author
author2 Escobar C.O.
Etchegoyen A.
Falcke H.
Farmer J.
Farrar G.
Fauth A.C.
Fazzini N.
Feldbusch F.
Fenu F.
Ferreyro L.P.
Figueira J.M.
Filipčič A.
Freire M.M.
Fujii T.
Fuster A.
García B.
Gemmeke H.
Gherghel-Lascu A.
Ghia P.L.
Giaccari U.
Giammarchi M.
Giller M.
Głas D.
Glombitza J.
Gobbi F.
Golup G.
Gómez Berisso M.
Gómez Vitale P.F.
Gongora J.P.
González N.
Goos I.
Góra D.
Gorgi A.
Gottowik M.
Grubb T.D.
Guarino F.
Guedes G.P.
Guido E.
Halliday R.
Hampel M.R.
Hansen P.
Harari D.
Harrison T.A.
Harvey V.M.
Haungs A.
Hebbeker T.
Heck D.
Heimann P.
Hill G.C.
Hojvat C.
Holt E.M.
Homola P.
Hörandel J.R.
Horvath P.
Hrabovský M.
Huege T.
Hulsman J.
Insolia A.
Isar P.G.
Jandt I.
Johnsen J.A.
Josebachuili M.
Jurysek J.
Kääpä A.
Kampert K.H.
Keilhauer B.
Kemmerich N.
Kemp J.
Klages H.O.
Kleifges M.
Kleinfeller J.
Krause R.
Kuempel D.
Kukec Mezek G.
Kuotb Awad A.
Lago B.L.
LaHurd D.
Lang R.G.
Legumina R.
Leigui de Oliveira M.A.
Lenok V.
Letessier-Selvon A.
Lhenry-Yvon I.
Lippmann O.C.
Lo Presti D.
Lopes L.
López R.
López Casado A.
Lorek R.
Luce Q.
Lucero A.
Malacari M.
Mancarella G.
Mandat D.
Manning B.C.
Mantsch P.
Mariazzi A.G.
Mariş I.C.
Marsella G.
Martello D.
Martinez H.
Martínez Bravo O.
Mastrodicasa M.
Mathes H.J.
Mathys S.
Matthews J.
Matthiae G.
Mayotte E.
Mazur P.O.
Medina-Tanco G.
Melo D.
Menshikov A.
Merenda K.-D.
Michal S.
Micheletti M.I.
Middendorf L.
Miramonti L.
Mitrica B.
Mockler D.
Mollerach S.
Montanet F.
Morello C.
Morlino G.
Mostafá M.
Müller A.L.
Muller M.A.
Müller S.
Mussa R.
Nellen L.
Nguyen P.H.
Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.
Niechciol M.
Nitz D.
Nosek D.
Novotny V.
Noža L.
Nucita A.
Núñez L.A.
Olinto A.
Palatka M.
Pallotta J.
Panetta M.P.
Papenbreer P.
Parente G.
Parra A.
Pech M.
Pedreira F.
Pękala J.
Pelayo R.
Peña-Rodriguez J.
Pereira L.A.S.
Perlin M.
Perrone L.
Peters C.
Petrera S.
Phuntsok J.
Pierog T.
Pimenta M.
Pirronello V.
Platino M.
Poh J.
Pont B.
Porowski C.
Prado R.R.
Privitera P.
Prouza M.
Puyleart A.
Querchfeld S.
Quinn S.
Ramos-Pollan R.
Rautenberg J.
Ravignani D.
Reininghaus M.
Ridky J.
Riehn F.
Risse M.
Ristori P.
Rizi V.
Rodrigues de Carvalho W.
Rodriguez Rojo J.
Roncoroni M.J.
Roth M.
Roulet E.
Rovero A.C.
Ruehl P.
Saffi S.J.
Saftoiu A.
Salamida F.
Salazar H.
Salina G.
Sanabria Gomez J.D.
Sánchez F.
Santos E.M.
Santos E.
Sarazin F.
Sarmento R.
Sarmiento-Cano C.
Sato R.
Savina P.
Schauer M.
Scherini V.
Schieler H.
Schimassek M.
Schimp M.
Schlüter F.
Schmidt D.
Scholten O.
Schovánek P.
Schröder F.G.
Schröder S.
Schumacher J.
Sciutto S.J.
Scornavacche M.
Shellard R.C.
Sigl G.
Silli G.
Sima O.
Šmída R.
Snow G.R.
Sommers P.
Soriano J.F.
Souchard J.
Squartini R.
Stanca D.
Stanič S.
Stasielak J.
Stassi P.
Stolpovskiy M.
Streich A.
Suarez F.
Suárez-Durán M.
Sudholz T.
Suomijärvi T.
Supanitsky A.D.
Šupík J.
Szadkowski Z.
Taboada A.
Taborda O.A.
Tapia A.
Timmermans C.
Todero Peixoto C.J.
Tomé B.
Torralba Elipe G.
Travaini A.
Travnicek P.
Trini M.
Tueros M.
Ulrich R.
Unger M.
Urban M.
Valdés Galicia J.F.
Valiño I.
Valore L.
van Bodegom P.
van den Berg A.M.
van Vliet A.
Varela E.
Vargas Cárdenas B.
Veberič D.
Ventura C.
Vergara Quispe I.D.
Verzi V.
Vicha J.
Villaseñor L.
Vink J.
Vorobiov S.
Wahlberg H.
Watson A.A.
Weber M.
Weindl A.
Wiedeński M.
Wiencke L.
Wilczyński H.
Winchen T.
Wirtz M.
Wittkowski D.
Wundheiler B.
Yang L.
Yushkov A.
Zas E.
Zavrtanik D.
Zavrtanik M.
Zehrer L.
Zepeda A.
Zimmermann B.
Ziolkowski M.
Zong Z.
Zuccarello F.
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dc.subject.keyword.eng.fl_str_mv atmospheric convection
cosmology
fluorescence spectroscopy
ionosphere
observatory
sampling
temporal analysis
thunderstorm
timescale
Argentina
Cordoba [Argentina]
Mendoza
topic atmospheric convection
cosmology
fluorescence spectroscopy
ionosphere
observatory
sampling
temporal analysis
thunderstorm
timescale
Argentina
Cordoba [Argentina]
Mendoza
description Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3.106 km2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Córdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage. ©2020. The Authors.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-05T14:57:44Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-05T14:57:44Z
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv Article
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 23335084
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11407/5903
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1029/2019EA000582
identifier_str_mv 23335084
10.1029/2019EA000582
url http://hdl.handle.net/11407/5903
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv 7
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv 4
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Boeck, W.L., Vaughan, O.H., Blakeslee, R., Vonnegut, B., Brook, M., Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer (1992) Geophysical Research Letters, 19 (2), pp. 99-102. , https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL03168
Capel, F., Belov, A., Casolino, M., Klimov, P., Mini-EUSO: A high resolution detector for the study of terrestrial and cosmic UV emission from the International Space Station (2018) Advances in Space Research, 62 (10), pp. 2954-2965. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASR.2017.08.030
Chen, A.B., Kuo, C., Lee, Y., Su, H., Hsu, R., Chern, J., Frey, H.U., Fukunishi, H., Global distributions and occurrence rates of transient luminous events (2008) Journal of Geophysical Research, 113. , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013101
Chern, J.L., Hsu, R.R., Su, H.T., Mende, S.B., Fukunishi, H., Takahashi, Y., Lee, L.C., Global survey of upper atmospheric transient luminous events on the ROCSAT-2 satellite (2003) Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 65 (5), pp. 647-659. , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00317-6
Cho, M., Rycroft, M.J., Non-uniform ionisation of the upper atmosphere due to the electromagnetic pulse from a horizontal lightning discharge (2001) Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63 (6), pp. 559-580. , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00235-2
da Silva, C.L., Pasko, V.P., Physical mechanism of initial breakdown pulses and narrow bipolar events in lightning discharge (2015) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120, pp. 4989-5009. , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023209
Demetriades, N., (2012) Advanced lightning warning systems are now available worldwide, , Meteorological Technology International
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Goodman, S.J., Blakeslee, R.J., Koshak, W.J., Mach, D., Bailey, J., Buechler, D., Carey, L., Stano, G., The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) (2013) Atmospheric Research, 125-126, pp. 34-49. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSRES.2013.01.006
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Hutchins, M.L., Holzworth, R.H., Rodger, C.J., Brundell, J.B., Far-field power of lightning strokes as measured by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (2012) Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29 (8), pp. 1102-1110. , https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00174.1
Inan, U.S., Barrington-Leigh, C., Hansen, S., Glukhov, V.S., Bell, T.F., Rairden, R., Rapid lateral expansion of optical luminosity in lightning-induced ionospheric flashes referred to as 'elves' (1997) Geophysical Research Letters, 24 (5), pp. 583-586. , https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00404
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dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
rights_invalid_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Básicas
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Earth and Space Science
institution Universidad de Medellín
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellin
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio@udem.edu.co
_version_ 1814159192156536832
spelling Erdmann M.Escobar C.O.Etchegoyen A.Falcke H.Farmer J.Farrar G.Fauth A.C.Fazzini N.Feldbusch F.Fenu F.Ferreyro L.P.Figueira J.M.Filipčič A.Freire M.M.Fujii T.Fuster A.García B.Gemmeke H.Gherghel-Lascu A.Ghia P.L.Giaccari U.Giammarchi M.Giller M.Głas D.Glombitza J.Gobbi F.Golup G.Gómez Berisso M.Gómez Vitale P.F.Gongora J.P.González N.Goos I.Góra D.Gorgi A.Gottowik M.Grubb T.D.Guarino F.Guedes G.P.Guido E.Halliday R.Hampel M.R.Hansen P.Harari D.Harrison T.A.Harvey V.M.Haungs A.Hebbeker T.Heck D.Heimann P.Hill G.C.Hojvat C.Holt E.M.Homola P.Hörandel J.R.Horvath P.Hrabovský M.Huege T.Hulsman J.Insolia A.Isar P.G.Jandt I.Johnsen J.A.Josebachuili M.Jurysek J.Kääpä A.Kampert K.H.Keilhauer B.Kemmerich N.Kemp J.Klages H.O.Kleifges M.Kleinfeller J.Krause R.Kuempel D.Kukec Mezek G.Kuotb Awad A.Lago B.L.LaHurd D.Lang R.G.Legumina R.Leigui de Oliveira M.A.Lenok V.Letessier-Selvon A.Lhenry-Yvon I.Lippmann O.C.Lo Presti D.Lopes L.López R.López Casado A.Lorek R.Luce Q.Lucero A.Malacari M.Mancarella G.Mandat D.Manning B.C.Mantsch P.Mariazzi A.G.Mariş I.C.Marsella G.Martello D.Martinez H.Martínez Bravo O.Mastrodicasa M.Mathes H.J.Mathys S.Matthews J.Matthiae G.Mayotte E.Mazur P.O.Medina-Tanco G.Melo D.Menshikov A.Merenda K.-D.Michal S.Micheletti M.I.Middendorf L.Miramonti L.Mitrica B.Mockler D.Mollerach S.Montanet F.Morello C.Morlino G.Mostafá M.Müller A.L.Muller M.A.Müller S.Mussa R.Nellen L.Nguyen P.H.Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.Niechciol M.Nitz D.Nosek D.Novotny V.Noža L.Nucita A.Núñez L.A.Olinto A.Palatka M.Pallotta J.Panetta M.P.Papenbreer P.Parente G.Parra A.Pech M.Pedreira F.Pękala J.Pelayo R.Peña-Rodriguez J.Pereira L.A.S.Perlin M.Perrone L.Peters C.Petrera S.Phuntsok J.Pierog T.Pimenta M.Pirronello V.Platino M.Poh J.Pont B.Porowski C.Prado R.R.Privitera P.Prouza M.Puyleart A.Querchfeld S.Quinn S.Ramos-Pollan R.Rautenberg J.Ravignani D.Reininghaus M.Ridky J.Riehn F.Risse M.Ristori P.Rizi V.Rodrigues de Carvalho W.Rodriguez Rojo J.Roncoroni M.J.Roth M.Roulet E.Rovero A.C.Ruehl P.Saffi S.J.Saftoiu A.Salamida F.Salazar H.Salina G.Sanabria Gomez J.D.Sánchez F.Santos E.M.Santos E.Sarazin F.Sarmento R.Sarmiento-Cano C.Sato R.Savina P.Schauer M.Scherini V.Schieler H.Schimassek M.Schimp M.Schlüter F.Schmidt D.Scholten O.Schovánek P.Schröder F.G.Schröder S.Schumacher J.Sciutto S.J.Scornavacche M.Shellard R.C.Sigl G.Silli G.Sima O.Šmída R.Snow G.R.Sommers P.Soriano J.F.Souchard J.Squartini R.Stanca D.Stanič S.Stasielak J.Stassi P.Stolpovskiy M.Streich A.Suarez F.Suárez-Durán M.Sudholz T.Suomijärvi T.Supanitsky A.D.Šupík J.Szadkowski Z.Taboada A.Taborda O.A.Tapia A.Timmermans C.Todero Peixoto C.J.Tomé B.Torralba Elipe G.Travaini A.Travnicek P.Trini M.Tueros M.Ulrich R.Unger M.Urban M.Valdés Galicia J.F.Valiño I.Valore L.van Bodegom P.van den Berg A.M.van Vliet A.Varela E.Vargas Cárdenas B.Veberič D.Ventura C.Vergara Quispe I.D.Verzi V.Vicha J.Villaseñor L.Vink J.Vorobiov S.Wahlberg H.Watson A.A.Weber M.Weindl A.Wiedeński M.Wiencke L.Wilczyński H.Winchen T.Wirtz M.Wittkowski D.Wundheiler B.Yang L.Yushkov A.Zas E.Zavrtanik D.Zavrtanik M.Zehrer L.Zepeda A.Zimmermann B.Ziolkowski M.Zong Z.Zuccarello F.20202021-02-05T14:57:44Z2021-02-05T14:57:44Z23335084http://hdl.handle.net/11407/590310.1029/2019EA000582Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3.106 km2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Córdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage. ©2020. The Authors.engWiley-Blackwell Publishing LtdFacultad de Ciencias Básicashttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083673851&doi=10.1029%2f2019EA000582&partnerID=40&md5=00d687850a3b8f304d10436b80f043c674Aab, A., Techniques for measuring aerosol attenuation using the Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory (2013) Journal of Instrumentation, 8 (4). , http://stacks.iop.org/1748-0221/8/i=04/a=P04009Aab, A., (2013) The Pierre Auger Observatory: Contributions to the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2013), , http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5059Aab, A., The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory (2015) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 798, pp. 172-213. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058Abraham, J., The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory (2010) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 620 (2-3), pp. 227-251. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.04.023Allekotte, I., Barbosa, A.F., Bauleo, P., Bonifazi, C., Civit, B., Escobar, C.O., García, B., Warner, D., The surface detector system of the Pierre Auger Observatory (2008) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 586 (3), pp. 409-420. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2007.12.016Arqueros, F., Hörandel, J.R., Keilhauer, B., Air fluorescence relevant for cosmic-ray detection—Summary of the 5th fluorescence workshop, El Escorial 2007 (2008) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 597 (1), pp. 1-22. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.08.056Baba, Y., Rakov, V.A., Electromagnetic models of the lightning return stroke (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research, 112. , https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007222Barrington-Leigh, C.P., Inan, U.S., Elves triggered by positive and negative lightning discharges (1999) Geophysical Research Letters, 26, pp. 683-686Blaes, P.R., Marshall, R.A., Inan, U.S., Return stroke speed of cloud-to-ground lightning estimated from elve hole radii (2014) Geophysical Research Letters, 41, pp. 9182-9187. , https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062392Boeck, W.L., Vaughan, O.H., Blakeslee, R., Vonnegut, B., Brook, M., Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer (1992) Geophysical Research Letters, 19 (2), pp. 99-102. , https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL03168Capel, F., Belov, A., Casolino, M., Klimov, P., Mini-EUSO: A high resolution detector for the study of terrestrial and cosmic UV emission from the International Space Station (2018) Advances in Space Research, 62 (10), pp. 2954-2965. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASR.2017.08.030Chen, A.B., Kuo, C., Lee, Y., Su, H., Hsu, R., Chern, J., Frey, H.U., Fukunishi, H., Global distributions and occurrence rates of transient luminous events (2008) Journal of Geophysical Research, 113. , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013101Chern, J.L., Hsu, R.R., Su, H.T., Mende, S.B., Fukunishi, H., Takahashi, Y., Lee, L.C., Global survey of upper atmospheric transient luminous events on the ROCSAT-2 satellite (2003) Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 65 (5), pp. 647-659. , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00317-6Cho, M., Rycroft, M.J., Non-uniform ionisation of the upper atmosphere due to the electromagnetic pulse from a horizontal lightning discharge (2001) Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63 (6), pp. 559-580. , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00235-2da Silva, C.L., Pasko, V.P., Physical mechanism of initial breakdown pulses and narrow bipolar events in lightning discharge (2015) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120, pp. 4989-5009. , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023209Demetriades, N., (2012) Advanced lightning warning systems are now available worldwide, , Meteorological Technology InternationalFukunishi, H., Takahashi, Y., Kubota, M., Sakanoi, K., Inan, U.S., Lyons, W.A., Elves: Lightning-induced transient luminous events in the lower ionosphere (1996) Geophysical Research Letters, 23 (16), pp. 2157-2160. , https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01979Goodman, S.J., Blakeslee, R.J., Koshak, W.J., Mach, D., Bailey, J., Buechler, D., Carey, L., Stano, G., The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) (2013) Atmospheric Research, 125-126, pp. 34-49. , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSRES.2013.01.006Heckman, S., ENTLN status update (2014) XV International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, , Norman, OK, National Weather ServiceHutchins, M.L., Holzworth, R.H., Brundell, J.B., Rodger, C.J., Relative detection efficiency of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (2012) Radio Science, 47. , https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RS005049Hutchins, M.L., Holzworth, R.H., Rodger, C.J., Brundell, J.B., Far-field power of lightning 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(2006) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87 (8), pp. 1057-1071. , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1057Earth and Space ScienceA 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray ObservatoryArticleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1atmospheric convectioncosmologyfluorescence spectroscopyionosphereobservatorysamplingtemporal analysisthunderstormtimescaleArgentinaCordoba [Argentina]MendozaAab, A., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NetherlandsAbreu, P., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalAglietta, M., Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyAlbuquerque, I.F.M., Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilAlbury, J.M., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaAllekotte, I., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaAlmela, A., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAlvarez Castillo, J., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MexicoAlvarez-Muñiz, J., Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (I.G.F.A.E.), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainAnastasi, G.A., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyAnchordoqui, L., Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, United StatesAndrada, B., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAndringa, S., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalAramo, C., INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyAsorey, H., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, ColombiaAssis, P., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalAvila, G., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina, Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaBadescu, A.M., University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaBakalova, A., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicBalaceanu, A., “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaBarbato, F., INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, ItalyBarreira Luz, R.J., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalBaur, S., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyBecker, K.H., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyBellido, J.A., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaBerat, C., Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, FranceBertaina, M.E., INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, ItalyBertou, X., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaBiermann, P.L., Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyBiteau, J., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceBlaess, S.G., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaBlanco, A., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalBlazek, J., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicBleve, C., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyBoháčová, M., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicBoncioli, D., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyBonifazi, C., Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilBorodai, N., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandBotti, A.M., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaBrack, J., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United StatesBretz, T., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyBridgeman, A., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyBriechle, F.L., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyBuchholz, P., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyBueno, A., Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainBuitink, S., Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumBuscemi, M., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyCaballero-Mora, K.S., Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MexicoCaccianiga, L., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, ItalyCalcagni, L., IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaCancio, A., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCanfora, F., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, NetherlandsCarceller, J.M., Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainCaruso, R., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyCastellina, A., Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyCatalani, F., Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP, BrazilCataldi, G., INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyCazon, L., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalCerda, M., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaChinellato, J.A., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilChudoba, J., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicChytka, L., RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicClay, R.W., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaCobos Cerutti, A.C., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaColalillo, R., INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, ItalyColeman, A., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United StatesColuccia, M.R., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyConceição, R., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalCondorelli, A., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyConsolati, G., INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, ItalyContreras, F., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina, Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaCooper, M.J., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaCoutu, S., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United StatesCovault, C.E., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesDaniel, B., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilDasso, S., Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDaumiller, K., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyDawson, B.R., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaDay, J.A., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australiade Almeida, R.M., EEIMVR, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazilde Jong, S.J., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, NetherlandsMauro, G., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlandsde Mello Neto, J.R.T., Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Observatório do Valongo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilMitri, I., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italyde Oliveira, J., EEIMVR, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazilde Oliveira Salles, F.O., Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazilde Souza, V., Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, BrazilDebatin, J., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germanydel Río, M., Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaDeligny, O., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceDhital, N., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandDíaz Castro, M.L., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilDiogo, F., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalDobrigkeit, C., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilD'Olivo, J.C., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MexicoDorosti, Q., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germanydos Anjos, R.C., Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilDova, M.T., IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaDundovic, A., II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyEbr, J., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicEngel, R., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyErdmann, M., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyEscobar, C.O., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United StatesEtchegoyen, A., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFalcke, H., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, NetherlandsFarmer, J., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesFarrar, G., New York University, New York, NY, United StatesFauth, A.C., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilFazzini, N., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United StatesFeldbusch, F., Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyFenu, F., INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, ItalyFerreyro, L.P., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFigueira, J.M., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFilipčič, A., Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaFreire, M.M., Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) – CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, ArgentinaFujii, T., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, Now at the Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanFuster, A., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGarcía, B., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaGemmeke, H., Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyGherghel-Lascu, A., “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaGhia, P.L., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceGiaccari, U., Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilGiammarchi, M., INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyGiller, M., Faculty of Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, PolandGłas, D., Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, PolandGlombitza, J., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyGobbi, F., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaGolup, G., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaGómez Berisso, M., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaGómez Vitale, P.F., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina, Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaGongora, J.P., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaGonzález, N., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGoos, I., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyGóra, D., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandGorgi, A., Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyGottowik, M., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyGrubb, T.D., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaGuarino, F., INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, ItalyGuedes, G.P., Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BrazilGuido, E., INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, ItalyHalliday, R., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesHampel, M.R., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaHansen, P., IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaHarari, D., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaHarrison, T.A., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaHarvey, V.M., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaHaungs, A., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyHebbeker, T., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyHeck, D., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyHeimann, P., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyHill, G.C., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaHojvat, C., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United StatesHolt, E.M., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyHomola, P., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandHörandel, J.R., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, NetherlandsHorvath, P., RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicHrabovský, M., RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicHuege, T., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumHulsman, J., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyInsolia, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyIsar, P.G., Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaJandt, I., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyJohnsen, J.A., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United StatesJosebachuili, M., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJurysek, J., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicKääpä, A., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyKampert, K.H., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyKeilhauer, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyKemmerich, N., Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilKemp, J., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyKlages, H.O., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyKleifges, M., Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyKleinfeller, J., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaKrause, R., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyKuempel, D., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyKukec Mezek, G., Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaKuotb Awad, A., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyLago, B.L., Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo, BrazilLaHurd, D., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesLang, R.G., Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, BrazilLegumina, R., Faculty of Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, PolandLeigui de Oliveira, M.A., Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, BrazilLenok, V., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyLetessier-Selvon, A., Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceLhenry-Yvon, I., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceLippmann, O.C., Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLo Presti, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyLopes, L., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalLópez, R., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MexicoLópez Casado, A., Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (I.G.F.A.E.), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainLorek, R., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesLuce, Q., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceLucero, A., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMalacari, M., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesMancarella, G., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyMandat, D., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicManning, B.C., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaMantsch, P., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United StatesMariazzi, A.G., IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaMariş, I.C., Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumMarsella, G., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyMartello, D., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyMartinez, H., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., MexicoMartínez Bravo, O., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MexicoMastrodicasa, M., INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, ItalyMathes, H.J., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyMathys, S., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyMatthews, J., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United StatesMatthiae, G., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, ItalyMayotte, E., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyMazur, P.O., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United StatesMedina-Tanco, G., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MexicoMelo, D., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMenshikov, A., Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyMerenda, K.-D., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United StatesMichal, S., RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicMicheletti, M.I., Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) – CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, ArgentinaMiddendorf, L., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyMiramonti, L., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyMitrica, B., “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaMockler, D., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyMollerach, S., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaMontanet, F., Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, FranceMorello, C., Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyMorlino, G., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyMostafá, M., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United StatesMüller, A.L., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyMuller, M.A., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Also at Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de Caldas, BrazilMüller, S., Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyMussa, R., INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyNellen, L., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MexicoNguyen, P.H., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaNiculescu-Oglinzanu, M., “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaNiechciol, M., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyNitz, D., Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States, Also at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyNosek, D., Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech RepublicNovotny, V., Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech RepublicNoža, L., RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicNucita, A., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyNúñez, L.A., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, ColombiaOlinto, A., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesPalatka, M., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicPallotta, J., Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, ArgentinaPanetta, M.P., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyPapenbreer, P., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyParente, G., Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (I.G.F.A.E.), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainParra, A., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MexicoPech, M., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicPedreira, F., Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (I.G.F.A.E.), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainPękala, J., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandPelayo, R., Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, D.F., MexicoPeña-Rodriguez, J., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, ColombiaPereira, L.A.S., IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BrazilPerlin, M., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPerrone, L., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyPeters, C., III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyPetrera, S., Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyPhuntsok, J., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United StatesPierog, T., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyPimenta, M., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalPirronello, V., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyPlatino, M., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPoh, J., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesPont, B., IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NetherlandsPorowski, C., Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandPrado, R.R., Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, BrazilPrivitera, P., Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesProuza, M., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicPuyleart, A., Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United StatesQuerchfeld, S., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyQuinn, S., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesRamos-Pollan, R., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, ColombiaRautenberg, J., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyRavignani, D., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaReininghaus, M., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyRidky, J., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicRiehn, F., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalRisse, M., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyRistori, P., Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, ArgentinaRizi, V., INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, ItalyRodrigues de Carvalho, W., Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilRodriguez Rojo, J., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaRoncoroni, M.J., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaRoth, M., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyRoulet, E., Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaRovero, A.C., Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaRuehl, P., Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanySaffi, S.J., University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSaftoiu, A., “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaSalamida, F., INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, ItalySalazar, H., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MexicoSalina, G., INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, ItalySanabria Gomez, J.D., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, ColombiaSánchez, F., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSantos, E.M., Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilSantos, E., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicSarazin, F., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United StatesSarmento, R., Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalSarmiento-Cano, C., Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSato, R., Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaSavina, P., Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalySchauer, M., Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyScherini, V., INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalySchieler, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanySchimasshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecAab A.Abreu P.Aglietta M.Albuquerque I.F.M.Albury J.M.Allekotte I.Almela A.Alvarez Castillo J.Alvarez-Muñiz J.Anastasi G.A.Anchordoqui L.Andrada B.Andringa S.Aramo C.Asorey H.Assis P.Avila G.Badescu A.M.Bakalova A.Balaceanu A.Barbato F.Barreira Luz R.J.Baur S.Becker K.H.Bellido J.A.Berat C.Bertaina M.E.Bertou X.Biermann P.L.Biteau J.Blaess S.G.Blanco A.Blazek J.Bleve C.Boháčová M.Boncioli D.Bonifazi C.Borodai N.Botti A.M.Brack J.Bretz T.Bridgeman A.Briechle F.L.Buchholz P.Bueno A.Buitink S.Buscemi M.Caballero-Mora K.S.Caccianiga L.Calcagni L.Cancio A.Canfora F.Carceller J.M.Caruso R.Castellina A.Catalani F.Cataldi G.Cazon L.Cerda M.Chinellato J.A.Chudoba J.Chytka L.Clay R.W.Cobos Cerutti A.C.Colalillo R.Coleman A.Coluccia M.R.Conceição R.Condorelli A.Consolati G.Contreras F.Cooper M.J.Coutu S.Covault C.E.Daniel B.Dasso S.Daumiller K.Dawson B.R.Day J.A.de Almeida R.M.de Jong S.J.Mauro G.de Mello Neto J.R.T.Mitri I.de Oliveira J.de Oliveira Salles F.O.de Souza V.Debatin J.del Río M.Deligny O.Dhital N.Díaz Castro M.L.Diogo F.Dobrigkeit C.D'Olivo J.C.Dorosti Q.dos Anjos R.C.Dova M.T.Dundovic A.Ebr J.Engel R.11407/5903oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/59032021-02-05 09:57:44.409Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellinrepositorio@udem.edu.co

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