Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+

Fire is an important tool in tropical forest management, as it alters forest composition, structure, and the carbon budget. The United Nations program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) aims to sustainably manage forests, as well as to conserve and enhance their...

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Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2017
Institución:
Universidad de Medellín
Repositorio:
Repositorio UDEM
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/4340
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/11407/4340
Palabra clave:
edge
fire
forest loss
modeling
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
monitoring
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
id REPOUDEM2_54b4faf72c530e587e819ec23762d662
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.udem.edu.co:11407/4340
network_acronym_str REPOUDEM2
network_name_str Repositorio UDEM
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
title Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
spellingShingle Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
edge
fire
forest loss
modeling
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
monitoring
title_short Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
title_full Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
title_fullStr Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
title_full_unstemmed Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
title_sort Integrating remotely sensed fires for predicting deforestation for REDD+
dc.contributor.affiliation.spa.fl_str_mv Armenteras, D., Grupo de Ecología Del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 421 Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
Gibbes, C., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
Anaya, J.A., Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 Nro. 30-65, Medellín, Colombia
Dávalos, L.M., Department of Ecology and Evolution and Consortium for Interdisciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
dc.subject.keyword.eng.fl_str_mv edge
fire
forest loss
modeling
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
monitoring
topic edge
fire
forest loss
modeling
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
monitoring
description Fire is an important tool in tropical forest management, as it alters forest composition, structure, and the carbon budget. The United Nations program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) aims to sustainably manage forests, as well as to conserve and enhance their carbon stocks. Despite the crucial role of fire management, decision-making on REDD+ interventions fails to systematically include fires. Here, we address this critical knowledge gap in two ways. First, we review REDD+ projects and programs to assess the inclusion of fires in monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems. Second, we model the relationship between fire and forest for a pilot site in Colombia using near-real-time (NRT) fire monitoring data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The literature review revealed fire remains to be incorporated as a key component of MRV systems. Spatially explicit modeling of land use change showed the probability of deforestation declined sharply with increasing distance to the nearest fire the preceding year (multi-year model area under the curve [AUC] 0.82). Deforestation predictions based on the model performed better than the official REDD early-warning system. The model AUC for 2013 and 2014 was 0.81, compared to 0.52 for the early-warning system in 2013 and 0.68 in 2014. This demonstrates NRT fire monitoring is a powerful tool to predict sites of forest deforestation. Applying new, publicly available, and open-access NRT fire data should be an essential element of early-warning systems to detect and prevent deforestation. Our results provide tools for improving both the current MRV systems, and the deforestation early-warning system in Colombia. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of America.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2017-12-19T19:36:49Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2017-12-19T19:36:49Z
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv 2017
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv Article
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 19395582
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11407/4340
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1002/eap.1522
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellín
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad de Medellín
identifier_str_mv 19395582
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reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellín
instname:Universidad de Medellín
url http://hdl.handle.net/11407/4340
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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dc.relation.ispartofes.spa.fl_str_mv Ecological Applications
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Alencar, A.A., Brando, P.M., Asner, G.P., Putz, F.E., Ca, S., Df, B., Ambiental, P., Ecology, G., Landscape fragmentation, severe drought, and the new Amazon forest fire regime (2015) Ecological Applications, 25, pp. 1493-1505
Aragao, L.E., Malhi, Y., Barbier, N., Lima, A., Shimabukuro, Y., Anderson, L., Saatchi, S.O.C., Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, pp. 1779-1785
Aragao, L.E., Shimabukuro, Y.E.O.C., The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD (2010) Science, 328, pp. 1275-1278
Ariza, E., Ramirez, M., Vega, L., (1998) Atlas Cultural de la Amazonia Colombiana: La Construccion Del Territorio en El Siglo XX, , Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia, Bogota, D. C., Colombia
Armenteras, D., Gonzalez, T.M., Retana, J., Forest fragmentation and edge influence on fire occurrence and intensity under different management types in Amazon forests (2013) Biological Conservation, 159, pp. 73-79
Armenteras, D., Rodriguez, N., Retana, J., Landscape dynamics in Northwestern Amazonia: An assessment of pastures, fire and illicit crops as drivers of tropical deforestation (2013) PLoS ONE, 8, p. e54310
Balch, J.K., The susceptibility of Southeastern Amazon forests to fire: Insights from a large-scale burn experiment (2015) BioScience, 65, pp. 893-905
Barlow, J., Peres, C.A., Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, pp. 1787-1794
Barlow, J., Parry, L., Gardner, T.A., Ferreira, J., Aragao, L.E.O.C., Carmenta, R., Berenguer, E., Cochrane, M.A., The critical importance of considering fire in REDD+ programs (2012) Biological Conservation, 154, pp. 1-8
Besag, J., Kooperberg, C., On conditional and intrinsic autoregressions (1995) Biometrika, 82, pp. 733-746
Bowman, D.M., Murphy, B.P.J.S., Australia-a model system for the development of pyrogeography (2011) Fire Ecology, 7, pp. 5-12
Bowman, D.M.J.S., Fire in the earth system (2009) Science, 324, pp. 481-484
Brando, P.M., Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions (2014) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, pp. 6347-6352
Chen, Y., Morton, D.C., Jin, Y., Collatz, G.J., Kasibhatla, P.S., Der Van Werf, G.R., DeFries, R.S., Randerson, J.T., Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America (2013) Carbon Management, 4, pp. 617-638
Cochrane, M.A., Fire science for rainforests (2003) Nature, 421, pp. 913-918
Cochrane, M., (2009) Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics, , Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Cochrane, M.A., Laurance, W.F., Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests (2002) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, pp. 311-325
Cochrane, M.A., Alencar, A., Schulze, M.D., Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests (1999) Science, 284, pp. 1832-1835
Cochrane, M.A., Schulze, M.D., Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: Effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 2-16
Davalos, L.M., Bejarano, A.C., Hall, M.A., Correa, H.L., Corthals, A., Espejo, O.J., Forests and drugs: Coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots (2011) Environmental Science & Technology, 45, pp. 1219-1227
Davalos, L.M., Holmes, J.S., Rodriguez, N., Armenteras, D., Demand for beef is unrelated to pasture expansion in northwestern Amazonia (2014) Biological Conservation, 170, pp. 64-73
Fearnside, P.M., Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and consequences (2005) Conservation Biology, 19, pp. 680-688
Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C.O., Kaufman, Y.J., An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment, 87, pp. 273-282
Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., Justice, C.O., The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products (2016) Remote Sensing of Environment, 178, pp. 31-41
Giglio, L., Der Van Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Collatz, G.J., Kasibhatla, P., Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, pp. 957-974
Hanley, J.A., McNeil, B.J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (1982) Radiology, 143, pp. 29-36
Hansen, M.C., Stehman, S.V., Potapov, P.V., Quantification of global gross forest cover loss (2010) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, pp. 8650-8655
Houghton, R.A., Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics (2012) Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, pp. 597-603
Houghton, R.A., Skole, D.L., Nobre, C.A., Hackler, J.L., Lawrence, K.T., Chomentowski, W.H., Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon (2000) Nature, 403, pp. 301-304
(2013) AT-Deforestacion: Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono para Colombia, Primer y Segundo Trimestre Del 2013, , IDEAM. Reporte de alertas tempranas de deforestacion para Colombia. No. 01, 02., IDEAM, Colombia
(2014) AT-Deforestacion: Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono para Colombia, , IDEAM. Segundo semestre del 2014, reporte de alertas tempranas de deforestacion para Colombia, No. 04, IDEAM, Colombia
Kass, R., Raftery, A., Bayes factors (1995) Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, pp. 773-795
Lopez-Raton, M., Rodriguez-Alvarez, M.X., Suarez, C.C., Sampedro, F.G., OptimalCutpoints: An R package for selecting optimal cutpoints in diagnostic tests (2014) Journal of Statistical Software, 61, pp. 1-36
Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., Der Van Werf, G.R., Agricultural intensification increases deforestation fire activity in Amazonia (2008) Global Change Biology, 14, pp. 2262-2275
Morton, D.C., Le Page, Y., DeFries, R., Collatz, G.J., Hurtt, G.C., Understorey fire frequency and the fate of burned forests in southern Amazonia (2013) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368, p. 20120163
Morton, D.C., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Rudorff, B.F.T., Freitas, R.M., DeFries, R.S., Conservation challenge at the agricultural frontier: Deforestation, fire, and land use dynamics in Mato Grosso Desafios para conservacao nas areas de fronteiras agricolas: Ica do uso da terra no Mato Grosso (2007) Revista Ambiente e Agua, 2, pp. 5-20
Muller, D., Suess, S., Hoffmann, A.A., Buchholz, G., The value of satellite-based active fire data for monitoring, reporting and verification of REDD+ in the Lao PDR (2013) Human Ecology, 41, pp. 7-20
(2016) Veredas de Colombia, , OCHA Colombia, DANE, Esri Colombia, Unidad para las Victimas, Defensoria del Pueblo, Departamento para la prosperidad Social, Consejeria DDHH Presidencia de la Republica, Unidad Administrativa para la Consolidacion Territorial-UACT, Direccion para la Accion Integral contra Minas, and Unidad de Planificacion Rural Agropecuaria-UPRA. Bogota, Colombia
Panfil, S.N., Harvey, C.A., REDD+ and biodiversity conservation: A review of the biodiversity goals, monitoring methods, and impacts of 80 REDD+ projects (2016) Conservation Letters, 9, pp. 143-150
Pontius, R.G., Batchu, K., Using the relative operating characteristic to quantify certainty in prediction of location of land cover change in India (2003) Transactions in GIS, 7, pp. 467-484
(2016) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, , http://www.R-project.org/, R Development Core Team. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
Romijn, E., Herold, M., Kooistra, L., Murdiyarso, D., Verchot, L., Assessing capacities of non-Annex i countries for national forest monitoring in the context of REDD+ (2012) Environmental Science and Policy, 19-20, pp. 33-48
Rue, H., Martino, S., Chopin, N., Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations (2009) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 71, pp. 319-392
Rue, H., Martino, S., Lindgren, F., Simpson, D., Riebler, A., Krainski, E.T., Fuglstad, G.-A., Functions which allow to perform full Bayesian analysis of latent Gaussian models using integrated nested Laplace approximation (2016) R Package Version 0. 0-1455098891, , http://www.r-inla.org/
Salvini, G., Herold, M., De Sy, V., Kissinger, G., Brockhaus, M., Skutsch, M., How countries link REDD+ interventions to drivers in their readiness plans: Implications for monitoring systems (2014) Environmental Research Letters, 9, p. 74004
Schroeder, W., Csiszar, I., Morisette, J., Quantifying the impact of cloud obscuration on remote sensing of active fires in the Brazilian Amazon (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, pp. 456-470
Silvestrini, R.A., Soares-Filho, B.S., Nepstad, D., Coe, M., Rodrigues, H., Assuncao, R., Simulating fire regimes in the Amazon in response to climate change and deforestation (2011) Ecological Applications, 21, pp. 1573-1590
Sing, T., Sander, O., Beerenwinkel, N., Lengauer, T., ROCR: Visualizing classifier performance in R (2005) Bioinformatics, 21, pp. 3940-3941
Soares-Filho, B., Forest fragmentation, climate change and understory fire regimes on the Amazonian landscapes of the Xingu headwaters (2012) Landscape Ecology, 27, pp. 585-598
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Ecological Society of America
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Ambiental
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ingenierías
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repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellin
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spelling 2017-12-19T19:36:49Z2017-12-19T19:36:49Z201719395582http://hdl.handle.net/11407/434010.1002/eap.1522reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellíninstname:Universidad de MedellínFire is an important tool in tropical forest management, as it alters forest composition, structure, and the carbon budget. The United Nations program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) aims to sustainably manage forests, as well as to conserve and enhance their carbon stocks. Despite the crucial role of fire management, decision-making on REDD+ interventions fails to systematically include fires. Here, we address this critical knowledge gap in two ways. First, we review REDD+ projects and programs to assess the inclusion of fires in monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems. Second, we model the relationship between fire and forest for a pilot site in Colombia using near-real-time (NRT) fire monitoring data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The literature review revealed fire remains to be incorporated as a key component of MRV systems. Spatially explicit modeling of land use change showed the probability of deforestation declined sharply with increasing distance to the nearest fire the preceding year (multi-year model area under the curve [AUC] 0.82). Deforestation predictions based on the model performed better than the official REDD early-warning system. The model AUC for 2013 and 2014 was 0.81, compared to 0.52 for the early-warning system in 2013 and 0.68 in 2014. This demonstrates NRT fire monitoring is a powerful tool to predict sites of forest deforestation. Applying new, publicly available, and open-access NRT fire data should be an essential element of early-warning systems to detect and prevent deforestation. Our results provide tools for improving both the current MRV systems, and the deforestation early-warning system in Colombia. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of America.engEcological Society of AmericaIngeniería AmbientalFacultad de Ingenieríashttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020207873&doi=10.1002%2feap.1522&partnerID=40&md5=039df2d0f4b1711de1cc46189d0505f5Ecological ApplicationsAlencar, A.A., Brando, P.M., Asner, G.P., Putz, F.E., Ca, S., Df, B., Ambiental, P., Ecology, G., Landscape fragmentation, severe drought, and the new Amazon forest fire regime (2015) Ecological Applications, 25, pp. 1493-1505Aragao, L.E., Malhi, Y., Barbier, N., Lima, A., Shimabukuro, Y., Anderson, L., Saatchi, S.O.C., Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, pp. 1779-1785Aragao, L.E., Shimabukuro, Y.E.O.C., The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD (2010) Science, 328, pp. 1275-1278Ariza, E., Ramirez, M., Vega, L., (1998) Atlas Cultural de la Amazonia Colombiana: La Construccion Del Territorio en El Siglo XX, , Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia, Bogota, D. C., ColombiaArmenteras, D., Gonzalez, T.M., Retana, J., Forest fragmentation and edge influence on fire occurrence and intensity under different management types in Amazon forests (2013) Biological Conservation, 159, pp. 73-79Armenteras, D., Rodriguez, N., Retana, J., Landscape dynamics in Northwestern Amazonia: An assessment of pastures, fire and illicit crops as drivers of tropical deforestation (2013) PLoS ONE, 8, p. e54310Balch, J.K., The susceptibility of Southeastern Amazon forests to fire: Insights from a large-scale burn experiment (2015) BioScience, 65, pp. 893-905Barlow, J., Peres, C.A., Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, pp. 1787-1794Barlow, J., Parry, L., Gardner, T.A., Ferreira, J., Aragao, L.E.O.C., Carmenta, R., Berenguer, E., Cochrane, M.A., The critical importance of considering fire in REDD+ programs (2012) Biological Conservation, 154, pp. 1-8Besag, J., Kooperberg, C., On conditional and intrinsic autoregressions (1995) Biometrika, 82, pp. 733-746Bowman, D.M., Murphy, B.P.J.S., Australia-a model system for the development of pyrogeography (2011) Fire Ecology, 7, pp. 5-12Bowman, D.M.J.S., Fire in the earth system (2009) Science, 324, pp. 481-484Brando, P.M., Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions (2014) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, pp. 6347-6352Chen, Y., Morton, D.C., Jin, Y., Collatz, G.J., Kasibhatla, P.S., Der Van Werf, G.R., DeFries, R.S., Randerson, J.T., Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America (2013) Carbon Management, 4, pp. 617-638Cochrane, M.A., Fire science for rainforests (2003) Nature, 421, pp. 913-918Cochrane, M., (2009) Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics, , Springer-Verlag, Berlin HeidelbergCochrane, M.A., Laurance, W.F., Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests (2002) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, pp. 311-325Cochrane, M.A., Alencar, A., Schulze, M.D., Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests (1999) Science, 284, pp. 1832-1835Cochrane, M.A., Schulze, M.D., Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: Effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 2-16Davalos, L.M., Bejarano, A.C., Hall, M.A., Correa, H.L., Corthals, A., Espejo, O.J., Forests and drugs: Coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots (2011) Environmental Science & Technology, 45, pp. 1219-1227Davalos, L.M., Holmes, J.S., Rodriguez, N., Armenteras, D., Demand for beef is unrelated to pasture expansion in northwestern Amazonia (2014) Biological Conservation, 170, pp. 64-73Fearnside, P.M., Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and consequences (2005) Conservation Biology, 19, pp. 680-688Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C.O., Kaufman, Y.J., An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment, 87, pp. 273-282Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., Justice, C.O., The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products (2016) Remote Sensing of Environment, 178, pp. 31-41Giglio, L., Der Van Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Collatz, G.J., Kasibhatla, P., Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, pp. 957-974Hanley, J.A., McNeil, B.J., The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (1982) Radiology, 143, pp. 29-36Hansen, M.C., Stehman, S.V., Potapov, P.V., Quantification of global gross forest cover loss (2010) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, pp. 8650-8655Houghton, R.A., Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics (2012) Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, pp. 597-603Houghton, R.A., Skole, D.L., Nobre, C.A., Hackler, J.L., Lawrence, K.T., Chomentowski, W.H., Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon (2000) Nature, 403, pp. 301-304(2013) AT-Deforestacion: Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono para Colombia, Primer y Segundo Trimestre Del 2013, , IDEAM. Reporte de alertas tempranas de deforestacion para Colombia. No. 01, 02., IDEAM, Colombia(2014) AT-Deforestacion: Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono para Colombia, , IDEAM. Segundo semestre del 2014, reporte de alertas tempranas de deforestacion para Colombia, No. 04, IDEAM, ColombiaKass, R., Raftery, A., Bayes factors (1995) Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, pp. 773-795Lopez-Raton, M., Rodriguez-Alvarez, M.X., Suarez, C.C., Sampedro, F.G., OptimalCutpoints: An R package for selecting optimal cutpoints in diagnostic tests (2014) Journal of Statistical Software, 61, pp. 1-36Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., Der Van Werf, G.R., Agricultural intensification increases deforestation fire activity in Amazonia (2008) Global Change Biology, 14, pp. 2262-2275Morton, D.C., Le Page, Y., DeFries, R., Collatz, G.J., Hurtt, G.C., Understorey fire frequency and the fate of burned forests in southern Amazonia (2013) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368, p. 20120163Morton, D.C., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Rudorff, B.F.T., Freitas, R.M., DeFries, R.S., Conservation challenge at the agricultural frontier: Deforestation, fire, and land use dynamics in Mato Grosso Desafios para conservacao nas areas de fronteiras agricolas: Ica do uso da terra no Mato Grosso (2007) Revista Ambiente e Agua, 2, pp. 5-20Muller, D., Suess, S., Hoffmann, A.A., Buchholz, G., The value of satellite-based active fire data for monitoring, reporting and verification of REDD+ in the Lao PDR (2013) Human Ecology, 41, pp. 7-20(2016) Veredas de Colombia, , OCHA Colombia, DANE, Esri Colombia, Unidad para las Victimas, Defensoria del Pueblo, Departamento para la prosperidad Social, Consejeria DDHH Presidencia de la Republica, Unidad Administrativa para la Consolidacion Territorial-UACT, Direccion para la Accion Integral contra Minas, and Unidad de Planificacion Rural Agropecuaria-UPRA. Bogota, ColombiaPanfil, S.N., Harvey, C.A., REDD+ and biodiversity conservation: A review of the biodiversity goals, monitoring methods, and impacts of 80 REDD+ projects (2016) Conservation Letters, 9, pp. 143-150Pontius, R.G., Batchu, K., Using the relative operating characteristic to quantify certainty in prediction of location of land cover change in India (2003) Transactions in GIS, 7, pp. 467-484(2016) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, , http://www.R-project.org/, R Development Core Team. 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