Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism
Tariff barriers (TBs) are regulated under the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), such as the most-favoured-nation treatment article, which establishes that trade concessions granted to one member are applied immediately and without conditions to all other members. Likew...
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Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| title |
Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| spellingShingle |
Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| title_short |
Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| title_full |
Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| title_fullStr |
Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
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Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
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Tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers: Appraising Colombia’s protectionism |
| description |
Tariff barriers (TBs) are regulated under the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), such as the most-favoured-nation treatment article, which establishes that trade concessions granted to one member are applied immediately and without conditions to all other members. Likewise, the schedule of concessions on goods, which indicates that all trade concessions made by members must be reported under the legal agreement’s ‘bound’ rates. Then, if one World Trade Organization (WTO) member raises applied tariffs above their bound level, any WTO member can sue the country for this action. However, on the other hand, the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are more complex to regulate due to a state’s ability to adopt many different new measures, which makes the measures hard to identify as barriers. Furthermore, the opacity of many NTBs also makes enforcement of regulations a complicated international endeavour. Thus, the international trading system assumes that there will be essential challenges and seeks to develop explicit provisions for this kind of protectionism. This paper, which is based on the findings of a comprehensive review of Colombia’s situation, provides a general explanation of TBs and NTBs as protectionist measures within the foreign trade of this Latin American country. In doing so, the research identifies the TBs and NTBs currently adopted, the effects of these barriers on this economy, and the sectors that are meaningfully affected by these measures. © 2020, International Network of Customs Universities. All rights reserved. |
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Acharyya, R., A note on quantitative trade restrictions, income effects and wage inequality (2011) Economic Modelling, 28 (6), pp. 2628-2633 Argüello, R., Trade diversification in Colombia, 1991-2011 (2017) Cuadernos De Economía, 36 (71), pp. 345-378 Baccini, L., Kim, S., Pammolli, F., Globalization and economic crisis: Does information really matter? (2010) After the Crisis: Rethinking Finance, pp. 101-124. , T. Lagoarde-Segot, Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers Incorporated Baena, J., Barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias como restricciones al comercio internacional (2018) Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 23 (83), pp. 543-562 Baena, J., La política de comercio exterior y las exportaciones colombianas (2019) Revista De Economía Institucional, 21 (41), pp. 51-70 Baena, J., Proteccionismo inverso y política comercial dentro del sistema multilateral de comercio: El caso de las restricciones a la exportación (2019) Estudos Internacionais, 7 (3), pp. 28-50 Baena, J., Fernández, X., Aproximaciones a la inserción de Colombia en el sistema multilateral de comercio en 1995–2015 (2016) Análisis Político, 29 (87), pp. 114-131 Baena, J., Montoya, A., Torres, D., La crisis económica mundial ¿La proliferación del proteccionismo como una causa-efecto? (2017) En-Contexto, 5 (6), pp. 185-207 Baldwin, R., Haberler, G., (1965) Trade, Growth, and the Balance of Payments: Essays in Honor of Gottfried Haberler., , Chicago: Rand McNally Bao, X., Qiu, L., Do technical barriers to trade promote or restrict trade? Evidence from China (2010) Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 17, pp. 253-280 Bejarano, J., (1998) Economía De La Agricultura, , Bogotá: IICA Fonade Beshkar, M., Trade skirmishes safeguards: A theory of the WTO dispute settlement process (2010) Journal of International Economics, 82 (1), pp. 35-48 Bhagwati, J., More on the equivalence of tariffs and quotas (1968) The American Economic Review, 58 (1), pp. 142-146 Blonigen, B., Prusa, T., Antidumping (2003) K. Choi, & J. Harrigan, Handbook of International Trade, pp. 251-284. , Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Bown, C., Why are safeguards under the WTO so unpopular? 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An exporter’s perception approach (2012) Food Policy, 37 (2), pp. 162-170 Espitia, J., Ferrari, C., Hernández, G., Hernández, I., Gónzalez, J., Reyes, L., Zafra, G., Sobre la reforma tributaria estructural que se requiere en Colombia reflexiones y propuestas (2017) Revista De Economía Institucional, 19 (36), pp. 149-174 Fontagné, L., Orefice, G., Let’s try next door: Technical barriers to trade and multi-destination firms (2018) European Economic Review, 101, pp. 643-663 Gallardo-Sánchez, C., Vallejo-Zamudio, L., Política comercial y evolución del sector externo en Colombia 1970–2016 (2019) Apuntes Del Cenes, 38 (67), pp. 123-155 Gamboa, N., (2005) La economía Colombiana. Del Modelo De protección Al Modelo De Apertura, , Medellín García, J., (2004) Estudios Descriptivos. Nure Investigación, 7, pp. 1-3 García, J., López, D., Montes, E., Esguerra, P., Una visión general de la política comercial colombiana entre 1950 y 2012 (2014) Borradores De Economía, 817, pp. 1-68 (1986) The Text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, , https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47.pdf, Retrieved from (2019) Global Dynamics., , https://www.globaltradealert.org/global_dynamics/area_all/year-to_2018, Retrieved from Gupta, K., (2006) A Study of World Trade Organisation, , New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Hathaway, D., (2002) A Special Agricultural Safeguard (SAS): Buttressing the Market Access Reforms of Developing Countries., , In FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome: FAO Irwin, D., (2017) Peddling Protectionism Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression, , New Jersey: Princeton University Press Jiménez, R., (1998) Metodología De La Investigación. Elementos básicos Para La investigación clínica, , La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas Junguito, A., Tariff history lessons from the European periphery. Protection intensity and the infant industry argument in Spain and Italy 1870–1930 (2010) Historical Social Research, 35 (1), pp. 340-362 Kagitani, K., Harimaya, K., Safeguards and voluntary export restraints under the World Trade Organization: The case of Japan’s vegetable trade (2015) Japan and the World Economy, 36, pp. 29-41 Kaneda, M., Policy designs in a dynamic model of infant industry protection (2003) Journal of Development Economics, 72 (1), pp. 91-115 Kang, J., Dagli, S., Tariff barriers and industrial spillover effects (2018) Journal of Korea Trade, 22 (3), pp. 228-246 Khorana, S., (2011) Tariff Rate Quotas: A Market Access Barrier for Developing Countries Products? The Case of Switzerland, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228777194_Tariff_Rate_Quotas_A_Market_Access_Barrier_for_Developing_Countries_Products_The_Case_of_Switzerland, Retrieved from Konings, J., Vandenbussche, H., Antidumping protection and markups of domestic firms (2005) Journal of International Economics, 65 (1), pp. 151-165 Lee, G., Subsidies and countervailing duties (2016) Handbook of Commercial Policy, pp. 161-2010. , K. Bagwell, & R. W. Staiger, Elsevier Levy, S., Export subsidies and the balance of trade (1989) Journal of Development Economics, 31 (1), pp. 99-121 Lewis, J., Industrial policy, politics and competition: Assessing the post-crisis wind power industry (2014) Business and Politics, 16 (4), pp. 511-547 Li, Y., Beghin, J.C., A meta-analysis of estimates of the impact of technical barriers to trade (2012) Journal of Policy Modeling, 34 (3), pp. 497-511 Londoño, A., El enfoque de gobernanza en la evaluación del desarrollo sostenible a escala local (Caso del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia) (2015) Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agrícolas, 1 (1), pp. 257-263 Londoño, A., Baena, J., Análisis de la relación entre los subsidios al sector energético y algunas variables vinculantes en el desarrollo sostenible en México en el periodo 2004-2010 (2017) Gestión Y política pública, 26 (2), pp. 491-526 Londoño, J., Cardona, G., Abadía, J., Los Acuerdos Comerciales Regionales y el Regionalismo Abierto: Posibles efectos de desviación de comercio o erosión de preferencias (2017) En Contexto, 5 (6), pp. 137-162 López, L., Transformación productiva de la industria en Colombia y sus regiones después de la apertura económica (2010) Cuadernos De Economía, 29 (53), pp. 239-286 Maccharles, D., (2013) Trade among Multinationals: Intra-Industry Trade and National Competitiveness, , New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group Marette, S., Beghin, J., Are standards always protectionist? (2010) Review of International Economics, 18 (1), pp. 179-192 Martin, A., Vergote, W., On the role of retaliation in trade agreements (2008) Journal of International Economics, 76, pp. 61-77 Melitz, M., When and how should infant industries be protected? (2005) Journal of International Economics, 66 (1), pp. 177-196 Melo, O., Engler, A., Nahuehual, L., Cofré, G., Barrena, J., Do sanitary, phytosanitary, and quality-related standards affect international trade? Evidence from Chilean fruit exports (2014) World Development, 54, pp. 350-359 Merrills, J., (2005) International Dispute Settlement, , New York: Cambridge University Press Millet, M., García-Durán, P., ¿Vuelve el proteccionismo? (2009) ICE: Revista De Economía, 1 (870), pp. 73-87 (2016) Decreto 2153 De 2016 – Arancel De Aduanas, , http://www.mincit.gov.co/getattachment/7d5829b5-a7f3-4fb1-94d2-b648faac81b1/Decreto-2153-quot;Por-la-cual-se-adopta-el-Arancel.aspx, Retrieved from (2019) Normatividad – Decretos, , http://www.mincit.gov.co/normatividad/decretos, Retrieved from Miravete, E., Time-consistent protection with learning by doing (2003) European Economic Review, 47 (5), pp. 761-790 Moncayo, E., Resultados de las reformas del consenso de Washington en los países andinos: Estabilización incompleta, profundización de los desequilibrios sociales y crecimiento precario (2003) Economía Y Desarrollo, 2 (1), pp. 73-95 Montoya, C., Colombia y su inserción a la economía mundial (2011) Revista Ecos De Economía, 15 (32), pp. 172-193 Montoya, J., The Colombian urban system in the face of globalization: Economic restructuring and regional change (2013) Cuadernos De Vivienda Y Urbanismo, 6 (12), pp. 302-320 Nagurney, A., Besik, D., Dong, J., Tariffs and quotas in world trade: A unified variational inequality framework (2019) European Journal of Operational Research, 275, pp. 347-360 Najar, A.S., Apertura económica en colombia y el sector externo (1990–2004) (2006) Apuntes Del Cenes, pp. 77-98 Nayar, S., Stanley, M., (2015) Qualitatives Research Methodologies for Occupational Sciences and Therapy, , New York and London: Routledge-Taylor and Francis Ocampo, J., (2017) Historia económica De Colombia (2019) Tax Revenue, , https://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-revenue.htm, Retrieved from (2019) Nota De La OCDE Sobre La Ley De Financiamiento En Colombia, , http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/OCDE_nota_sobre_la_ley_de_financiamiento_en_Colombia.pdf, Retrieved from Olson, L., Roy, S., Dynamic sanitary and phytosanitary trade policy (2010) Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 60 (1), pp. 21-30 Pagell, R., Halperin, M., International business information: How to find it (1998) How to Use It, , Phoenix: Oryx Press Panagariya, A., Duttagupta, R., Politics of free trade areas: Tariffs versus quotas (2002) Journal of International Economics, 58, pp. 413-427 Pearce, R., Sharma, R., (2000) Market Access II: Tariff Rate Quotas, , http://www.fao.org/3/x7353e/X7353e03.htm, Retrieved from Peng, M., The global strategy of emerging multinationals from China (2012) Global Strategy Journal, 2 (2), pp. 97-107 Pereyra, D., Librecambio vs. Proteccionismo: Un debate desde la teoría del comercio internacional (2015) Rihumso: Revista De Investigación Del Departamento De Humanidades Y Ciencias Sociales, 1 (7), pp. 65-88 Porter, M., Stern, S., Innovation: Location matters (2001) MIT Sloan Management Review, 42 (4), pp. 28-36 Qiu, L., Why can’t countervailing duties deter export subsidization? (1995) Journal of International Economics, 39 (3), pp. 249-272 Rosales, O., El conflicto US–China: Nueva fase de la globalización (2019) Estudios Internacionales, (192), pp. 97-126 Ruíz, J.I., (2012) Teoría Y Práctica De La Investigación Cualitativa, , Bilbao Serna, C., Londoño, A., Vélez, O., Subnational governance model from the integration of online media and social networks: The case of Medellin City, Colombia (2016) Handbook of Research on Sub-National Governance and Development. Sub-National Governance and Development Sarmiento, E., (2002) El Modelo Propio: teorías económicas E Instrumentos, , Bogotá: Editorial Norma Schularick, M., Solomou, S., Tariffs and economic growth in the first era of globalization (2011) Journal of Economic Growth, 16 (1), pp. 33-70 Steinberg, F., La economía política del proteccionismo (2006) Cuadernos De Economía, 26, pp. 65-95 Sykes, A., (2006) The WTO Agreement on Safeguards, , Oxford: Oxford University Press Thennakoon, J., Anderson, K., Could the proposed WTO Special Safeguard Mechanism protect farmers from low international prices? (2015) Food Policy, 50, pp. 106-113 Toro, J., Garavito, A., López, D., Montes, E., El choque petrolero y sus implicaciones en la economía colombiana (2015) Borradores De Economía, (906) Torres, D., (2011) Sesenta años De La política Comercial En Colombia. Del Letargo De La protección Al Saldo Al vacío De La Apertura, , Bogotá: Editorial jorge Tadeo Lozano Tovar, P., Preferential and multilateral liberalization: Evidence from Latin America’s use of tariffs, antidumping and safeguards (2019) Journal of Development Economics, 141 (1-19) United Nations (2003) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, , New York: United Nations van der Mensbrugghe, D., Beghin, J., Mitchell, D., (2003) Modeling Tariff Rate Quotas in a Global Context: The Case of Sugar Markets in OECD Countries, , https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/card_workingpapers/368/, Retrieved from Vanegas, J., Baena, J., Virtual protectionism: Overview of MFN tariffs and bound tariffs in South America (2019) Journal of International Studies, 12 (4), pp. 63-78 Vargas-Alzate, L., Sosa, S., Rodriguez-Ríos, J.D., El comercio como plataforma de la política exterior colombiana en la administración de Juan Manuel Santos (2012) Colombia Internacional, 76 (1), pp. 259-292 (2019) MFN Simple Average by Country All Products from World – WITS World Integrated Trade Solution, , https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/country/by-country/startyear/LTST/endyear/LTST/tradeFlow/Import/indicator/MFN-SMPL-AVRG/partner/WLD/product/Total, Retrieved from Bound rate, simple mean, all products (%) – Colombia (2019) Retrieved From, , https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MRCH.BR.ZS?locations=CO, (a) (2019) Bound Rate, Simple Mean, Primary Products, , https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.TCOM.BR.ZS, (%). Retrieved from (2019) Bound Rate, Simple Mean, Manufactured Products., , https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MANF.BR.ZS, Retrieved from (1995) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, , http://www.wto.org:http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15sps_01_e.htm, Retrieved from (1999) The Legal Texts the Results of the Uruguay round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, , New York: Cambridge University Press (2001) Market Access: Tariffs and Tariff Quotas, , https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negs_bkgrnd06_access_e.htm, Retrieved from (2004) Market Access: Special Agricultural Safeguards (Ssgs), , https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negs_bkgrnd11_ssg_e.htm, Retrieved from (2005) The Doha Agenda, , https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/doha1_e.htm, Retrieved from Examen de las políticas comerciales (2006) Informe De La Secretaría, , Bogotá: WTO (2015) Technical Barriers to Trade. WTO. (2019) International Trade and Market Access Data., , https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e.htm?solution=WTO&path=/Dashboards/MAPS&file=Tariff.wcdf&bookmarkState=%7b%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:%7b%22langParam%22:%22en%22%7d%7d, Retrieved from (2019) I-TIP Goods: Integrated Analysis and Retrieval of Notified Non-Tariff Measures, , http://i-tip.wto.org/goods/Forms/MemberView.aspx?mode=modify&action=search, Retrieved from (2019) Regional Trade Agreements Data Base, , http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicSearchByMemberResult.aspx?membercode=170, Retrieved from Yalcin, E., Felbermayr, G., Kinzius, L., (2017) Hidden Protectionism: Non-Tariff Barriers and Implications for International Trade, , https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/ifo_Forschungsberichte_91_2017_Yalcin_etal_Protectionism.pdf, Retrieved from Zhang, H., Political connections and antidumping investigations: Evidence from China (2018) China Economics Review, 50, pp. 34-41 |
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20202021-02-05T14:58:52Z2021-02-05T14:58:52Z18346707http://hdl.handle.net/11407/6026Tariff barriers (TBs) are regulated under the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), such as the most-favoured-nation treatment article, which establishes that trade concessions granted to one member are applied immediately and without conditions to all other members. Likewise, the schedule of concessions on goods, which indicates that all trade concessions made by members must be reported under the legal agreement’s ‘bound’ rates. Then, if one World Trade Organization (WTO) member raises applied tariffs above their bound level, any WTO member can sue the country for this action. However, on the other hand, the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are more complex to regulate due to a state’s ability to adopt many different new measures, which makes the measures hard to identify as barriers. Furthermore, the opacity of many NTBs also makes enforcement of regulations a complicated international endeavour. Thus, the international trading system assumes that there will be essential challenges and seeks to develop explicit provisions for this kind of protectionism. This paper, which is based on the findings of a comprehensive review of Colombia’s situation, provides a general explanation of TBs and NTBs as protectionist measures within the foreign trade of this Latin American country. In doing so, the research identifies the TBs and NTBs currently adopted, the effects of these barriers on this economy, and the sectors that are meaningfully affected by these measures. © 2020, International Network of Customs Universities. All rights reserved.engInternational Network of Customs UniversitiesNegocios InternacionalesFacultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativashttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086920652&partnerID=40&md5=9a958e362d4c14c2c9ca41814e6cd9691417194Acharyya, R., A note on quantitative trade restrictions, income effects and wage inequality (2011) Economic Modelling, 28 (6), pp. 2628-2633Argüello, R., Trade diversification in Colombia, 1991-2011 (2017) Cuadernos De Economía, 36 (71), pp. 345-378Baccini, L., Kim, S., Pammolli, F., Globalization and economic crisis: Does information really matter? (2010) After the Crisis: Rethinking Finance, pp. 101-124. , T. Lagoarde-Segot, Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers IncorporatedBaena, J., Barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias como restricciones al comercio internacional (2018) Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 23 (83), pp. 543-562Baena, J., La política de comercio exterior y las exportaciones colombianas (2019) Revista De Economía Institucional, 21 (41), pp. 51-70Baena, J., Proteccionismo inverso y política comercial dentro del sistema multilateral de comercio: El caso de las restricciones a la exportación (2019) Estudos Internacionais, 7 (3), pp. 28-50Baena, J., Fernández, X., Aproximaciones a la inserción de Colombia en el sistema multilateral de comercio en 1995–2015 (2016) Análisis Político, 29 (87), pp. 114-131Baena, J., Montoya, A., Torres, D., La crisis económica mundial ¿La proliferación del proteccionismo como una causa-efecto? (2017) En-Contexto, 5 (6), pp. 185-207Baldwin, R., Haberler, G., (1965) Trade, Growth, and the Balance of Payments: Essays in Honor of Gottfried Haberler., , Chicago: Rand McNallyBao, X., Qiu, L., Do technical barriers to trade promote or restrict trade? Evidence from China (2010) Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 17, pp. 253-280Bejarano, J., (1998) Economía De La Agricultura, , Bogotá: IICA FonadeBeshkar, M., Trade skirmishes safeguards: A theory of the WTO dispute settlement process (2010) Journal of International Economics, 82 (1), pp. 35-48Bhagwati, J., More on the equivalence of tariffs and quotas (1968) The American Economic Review, 58 (1), pp. 142-146Blonigen, B., Prusa, T., Antidumping (2003) K. Choi, & J. Harrigan, Handbook of International Trade, pp. 251-284. , Oxford: Blackwell PublishingBown, C., Why are safeguards under the WTO so unpopular? (2002) World Trade Review, pp. 47-62Bussière, M., Pérez-Barreiro, E., Straub, R., Taglioni, D., Protectionist responses to the crisis: Global trends and implications (2011) World Economy, 34 (5), pp. 826-852Cardona, D., La política exterior de la Administración Pastrana (1998–2002). 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