Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024

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2026
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Universidad de Caldas
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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spa
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oai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/26626
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Palabra clave:
610 - Medicina y salud
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
Linfoma no Hodgkin
Factores pronósticos
Prognostic factors
Colombia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cáncer
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
id REPOUCALDA_eec9c3bf17b10c12634b7e3578571ec6
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/26626
network_acronym_str REPOUCALDA
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
title Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
spellingShingle Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
610 - Medicina y salud
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
Linfoma no Hodgkin
Factores pronósticos
Prognostic factors
Colombia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cáncer
title_short Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
title_full Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
title_fullStr Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
title_full_unstemmed Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
title_sort Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Pineda Isaza, Alejandro
Chacón José Arnoby
Castaño Quintero, Santiago
Hoyos, Carlos A
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 610 - Medicina y salud
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
Linfoma no Hodgkin
Factores pronósticos
Prognostic factors
Colombia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cáncer
topic 610 - Medicina y salud
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
Linfoma no Hodgkin
Factores pronósticos
Prognostic factors
Colombia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cáncer
description Tablas
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026-02-16T21:10:06Z
2026-02-16T21:10:06Z
2026-02-12
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Especialización
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18ws
Text
info:eu-repo/semantics/report
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_93fc
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26626
Universidad de Caldas
Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas
repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
url https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26626
identifier_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas
repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Klener P, Klanova M. Drug Resistance in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:2081.
Hough B, Lytvynova O, Sindel A, Willard P, Yazbeck V. New and developing first line pharmacotherapies for treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024;25:1677–89.
Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The Lancet 2012;380:848–57.
Al-Hamadani M, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Macon WR, Maurer MJ, Go RS. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype distribution, geodemographic patterns, and survival in the US: A longitudinal analysis of the National Cancer Data Base from 1998 to 2011. Am J Hematol 2015;90:790–5.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Lee Harris N, Stein H, Siebert R, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood 2016;127:2375–90.
Bowzyk Al-Naeeb A, Ajithkumar T, Behan S, Hodson DJ. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ 2018;362.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394–424.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, et al. Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2018 - SEER Statistics. National Cancer Institute 2020.
Laurini JA, Perry AM, Boilesen E, Diebold J, MacLennan KA, Müller-Hermelink HK, et al. Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Central and South America: a review of 1028 cases. Blood 2012;120:4795–801.
García Ramírez CA, Uribe Pérez CJ, Niño Vargas PM, Salazar Radi DS, Vásquez Pinto LE. Linfomas no Hodgkin: Área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Revista de La Universidad Industrial de Santander 2011;43:47–56.
Combariza JF, Lombana M, Torres AM, Castellanos AM, Arango M. General features and epidemiology of lymphoma in Colombia. A multicentric study. Ann Hematol 2015;94:975–80.
Cubillos Rojas JD. Clinical characteristics of patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma: a cross sectional study. Universidad El Bosque, Facultad de Medicina, 2019.
Lenz G, Staudt LM. Aggressive Lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:1417–29.
Blombery PA, Wall M, Seymour JF. The molecular pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2015;95:280–93.
Al-Khreisat MJ, Hussain FA, Abdelfattah AM, Almotiri A, Al-Sanabra OM, Johan MF. The Role of NOTCH1, GATA3, and c-MYC in T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14.
Suarez F, Lecuit M. Infection-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015;21:991–7.
Berard CW, Hutchison RE. The problem of classifying lymphomas: an orderly prescription for progress - PubMed. Annals of Oncology 1997;8:3–9.
Falini B, Martino G, Lazzi S. A comparison of the International Consensus and 5th World Health Organization classifications of mature B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2023;37:18–34.
Naresh KN, Karube K, Borges A, Cheuk W, Gujral S, Sayed S, et al. Fifth edition WHO classification: mature B-cell neoplasms. J Clin Pathol 2025:jcp-2025-210260.
Sehn LH, Salles G. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;384:842–58.
Qiu L, Medeiros LJ, Li S. High-grade B-cell lymphomas: Double hit and non-double hit. Hum Pathol 2025;156.
de Leval L, Gaulard P, Dogan A. A practical approach to the modern diagnosis and classification of T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;144:1855–72.
Feldman AL, Laurent C, Narbaitz M, Nakamura S, Chan WC, de Leval L, et al. Classification and diagnostic evaluation of nodal T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Virchows Arch 2023;482:265–79.
Vega F, Medeiros LJ. A suggested immunohistochemical algorithm for the classification of T-cell lymphomas involving lymph nodes. Hum Pathol 2020;102:104–16.
Willemze R. Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: Back to the future. J Cutan Pathol 2024;51:468–76.
Mozas P, Sorigué M, López-Guillermo A. Follicular lymphoma: an update on diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Med Clin (Barc) 2021;157:440–8.
Vodicka P, Masar M, Benesova K, Koren J, Klener P, Polgarova K, et al. The journey of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: from symptoms to diagnosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2025;66:1293–9.
Rossi D, Bertoni F, Zucca E. Marginal-Zone Lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2022;386:568–81.
de Oliveira EM, de Cáceres CVBL, Santos-Silva AR, Vargas PA, Lopes MA, Pontes HAR, et al. Clinical diagnostic approach for oral lymphomas: a multi-institutional, observational study based on 107 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023;136:427–35.
Valvano L, Vilella R, D’Auria F, D’Arena G, Libonati R, Soda M, et al. Prognostic relevance of bone marrow immune cell fractions in newly diagnosed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Ann Med 2025;57.
Amini RM, Enblad G, Hollander P, Laszlo S, Eriksson E, Ayoola Gustafsson K, et al. Altered profile of immune regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients. BMC Cancer 2019;19.
Devi A, Thielemans L, Ladikou EE, Nandra TK, Chevassut T. Lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: investigation and management. Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 2022;22:225–9.
Panjan M, Šetrajčič Dragoš V, Gašljević G, Novaković S, Jezeršek Novaković B. Male Sex, B Symptoms, Bone Marrow Involvement, and Genetic Alterations as Predictive Factors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2025;26.
Bellas C, García D, Vicente Y, Kilany L, Abraira V, Navarro B, et al. Immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics with prognostic significance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014;9.
Zhang W, Ruan J, Zhou D, Han X, Zhang Y, Wang W, et al. Predicting worse survival for newly diagnosed T cell lymphoma based on the decreased baseline CD16-/CD16 + monocyte ratio. Sci Rep 2020;10.
Lu R, Jiang M, Chen Z, Xu X, Hu H, Zhao X, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase 5 expression in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with the induced hypoxia regulated protein and poor prognosis. PLoS One 2013;8.
Ferraris A, Giuntini P, Gaetani G. Serum Lactic Dehydrogenase as a Prognostic Tool for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Blood 1979;54:928–32.
Li N, Feng Y, Chen X, Zou LQ. The prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase/albumin ratio in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2025;25.
Shen Z, Zhang S, Zhang M, Hu L, Sun Q, He C, et al. The Addition of Ferritin Enhanced the Prognostic Value of International Prognostic Index in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2022;11.
Israel A, Bornstein G, Gilad L, Shechtman L, Furie N, Ben-Zvi I, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of elevated ferritin levels in hospitalised adults. Postgrad Med J 2022;98:622–5.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209–49.
Singh D, Vaccarella S, Gini A, De Paula Silva N, Steliarova-Foucher E, Bray F. Global patterns of Hodgkin lymphoma incidence and mortality in 2020 and a prediction of the future burden in 2040. Int J Cancer 2022;150:1941–7.
Tilly H, Gomes da Silva M, Vitolo U, Jack A, Meignan M, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 2015;26:vii78–82.
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Shi X, Wu C, Deng W, Wu J. Prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase to absolute lymphocyte count ratio and albumin to fibrinogen ratio in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Medicine 2024;103:e39097.
Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, Crews J, Gleason C, Hawley DK, et al. Outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical practice guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2018;36:1443–53.
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Prakash G, Sharma A, Raina V, Kumar L, Sharma MC, Mohanti BK. B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: experience from a tertiary care cancer center. Ann Hematol 2012;91:1603–11.
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dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv 36 páginas
application/pdf
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud
Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
Especialización Medicina Interna
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud
Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
Especialización Medicina Interna
institution Universidad de Caldas
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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spelling Caracterización de pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024610 - Medicina y salud3. Ciencias Médicas y de la SaludLinfoma no HodgkinFactores pronósticosPrognostic factorsColombiaNon-Hodgkin lymphomaCáncerTablasIntroducción: el linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) comprende un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias linfoides con amplia variabilidad clínica, histológica y pronóstica. En Colombia, la información epidemiológica local es escasa, especialmente en la región de Caldas. Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas de los pacientes diagnosticados con LNH atendidos en el S.E.S Hospital de Caldas entre enero de 2021 y abril de 2024. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de LNH. Se analizaron variables clínicas, demográficas, de laboratorio y los subtipos histológicos según la clasificación de la OMS 2022. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante SPSS v25. Resultados: se incluyeron 71 pacientes, con edad media de 61,6 años y predominio masculino (54,9%). El subtipo más frecuente fue el linfoma difuso de células B grandes (LDCBG) (50,7%), seguido de la leucemia linfocítica crónica (15,5%) y el linfoma folicular (11,3%). El 62% de los casos se diagnosticaron en estadios avanzados (III–IV). La LDH se encontró elevada en el 53,5%. La anemia fue un hallazgo común, especialmente en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica y diabetes mellitus. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue la adenopatía periférica (29,6%), seguida de dolor abdominal (21,1%) y síntomas B (14,1%). Conclusión: el LNH en esta cohorte se caracterizó por una presentación predominante en adultos mayores, subtipos histológicos agresivos y diagnóstico en fases avanzadas. La elevación de LDH y ferritina sugiere su valor como marcadores pronósticos. Se recomienda fortalecer las estrategias diagnósticas y crear registros locales de linfomas para optimizar la atención y seguimiento de estos pacientes.Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with broad clinical, histological, and prognostic variability. In Colombia, local epidemiological data are limited, particularly in the Caldas region. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with NHL treated at the S.E.S Hospital de Caldas between January 2021 and April 2024. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study was conducted including all patients aged 18 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of NHL. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory variables were analyzed, along with histological subtypes according to the 2022 World Health Organization classification. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v25. Results: Seventy-one patients were included, with a mean age of 61.6 years and a male predominance (54.9%). The most common subtype was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (50.7%), followed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (15.5%) and follicular lymphoma (11.3%). Sixty-two percent of cases were diagnosed at advanced stages (III–IV). LDH was elevated in 53.5% of patients. Anemia was frequent, particularly among those with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. The most frequent reasons for consultation were peripheral lymphadenopathy (29.6%), abdominal pain (21.1%), and B symptoms (14.1%). Conclusion: In this cohort, NHL predominantly affected older adults and was characterized by aggressive histological subtypes and advanced-stage diagnosis. Elevated LDH and ferritin levels suggest their potential role as prognostic markers. Strengthening diagnostic strategies and developing local lymphoma registries are essential to improve patient management and outcomes.Introducción -- Antecedentes y planteamiento del problema -- Justificación -- Pregunta de investigación -- Marco teórico -- Linfoma no Hodgkin -- Clasificación -- Formas de presentación -- Predictores de mal pronóstico -- Objetivos -- Objetivo general -- Objetivos específicos -- Metodología -- Población y muestra -- Criterios de inclusión -- Aspectos éticos -- Operacionalización de variables -- Análisis -- Resultados -- Tabla 1. Características demográficas y clínicas de la población estudiada (n = 71) -- Tabla 1 (continuación). Características categóricas -- Tabla 2. Distribución de subtipos de linfoma no Hodgkin según la clasificación OMS -- Discusión -- Limitaciones -- Conclusión -- ReferenciasEspecializaciónTipo de investigación: cuantitativo. Nivel de investigación: descriptivo. Se trata de un estudio observacional porque no se realizó intervención en ninguna variable, con recolección retrospectiva de datos. Población y muestra. Todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin atendidos en el S.E.S Hospital de Caldas entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024. No se realizó muestreo ya que tomaron todas las historias clínicas de las personas con diagnóstico de Linfoma no Hodgkin diagnosticados entre enero del 2021 y abril del 2024. Criterios de inclusión. - Ser mayor de 18 años. - Haber sido diagnosticado con Linfoma no Hodgkin en el lapso mencionado. Aspectos éticos. Se trata de un estudio observacional y descriptivo a partir de datos de historia clínica ya recolectados así que las implicaciones éticas son mínimas. Se mantuvo la confidencialidad de la información de los pacientes, identificándolos con número de historia y sin datos personales. Clasificado desde el punto de vista ético teniendo en cuenta la resolución 8430. (REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA MINISTERIO DE SALUD - 4 DE OCTUBRE DE 1993). Se recibió aceptación del comité de ética de la Universidad de Caldas y del S.E.S Hospital de Caldas.Especialista Medicina InternaUniversidad de CaldasFacultad de Ciencias para la SaludManizales, Caldas, ColombiaEspecialización Medicina InternaPineda Isaza, AlejandroChacón José ArnobyCastaño Quintero, SantiagoHoyos, Carlos AGómez Gómez, Juan Alejandro2026-02-16T21:10:06Z2026-02-16T21:10:06Z2026-02-12Trabajo de grado - Especializaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18wsTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/reporthttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_93fc36 páginasapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/26626Universidad de CaldasRepositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldasrepositorio.ucaldas.edu.cospaKlener P, Klanova M. Drug Resistance in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:2081.Hough B, Lytvynova O, Sindel A, Willard P, Yazbeck V. New and developing first line pharmacotherapies for treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024;25:1677–89.Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The Lancet 2012;380:848–57.Al-Hamadani M, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Macon WR, Maurer MJ, Go RS. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype distribution, geodemographic patterns, and survival in the US: A longitudinal analysis of the National Cancer Data Base from 1998 to 2011. Am J Hematol 2015;90:790–5.Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Lee Harris N, Stein H, Siebert R, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood 2016;127:2375–90.Bowzyk Al-Naeeb A, Ajithkumar T, Behan S, Hodson DJ. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ 2018;362.Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394–424.Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, et al. Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2018 - SEER Statistics. National Cancer Institute 2020.Laurini JA, Perry AM, Boilesen E, Diebold J, MacLennan KA, Müller-Hermelink HK, et al. Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Central and South America: a review of 1028 cases. Blood 2012;120:4795–801.García Ramírez CA, Uribe Pérez CJ, Niño Vargas PM, Salazar Radi DS, Vásquez Pinto LE. Linfomas no Hodgkin: Área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Revista de La Universidad Industrial de Santander 2011;43:47–56.Combariza JF, Lombana M, Torres AM, Castellanos AM, Arango M. General features and epidemiology of lymphoma in Colombia. A multicentric study. Ann Hematol 2015;94:975–80.Cubillos Rojas JD. Clinical characteristics of patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma: a cross sectional study. Universidad El Bosque, Facultad de Medicina, 2019.Lenz G, Staudt LM. Aggressive Lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:1417–29.Blombery PA, Wall M, Seymour JF. The molecular pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2015;95:280–93.Al-Khreisat MJ, Hussain FA, Abdelfattah AM, Almotiri A, Al-Sanabra OM, Johan MF. The Role of NOTCH1, GATA3, and c-MYC in T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14.Suarez F, Lecuit M. Infection-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015;21:991–7.Berard CW, Hutchison RE. The problem of classifying lymphomas: an orderly prescription for progress - PubMed. Annals of Oncology 1997;8:3–9.Falini B, Martino G, Lazzi S. A comparison of the International Consensus and 5th World Health Organization classifications of mature B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2023;37:18–34.Naresh KN, Karube K, Borges A, Cheuk W, Gujral S, Sayed S, et al. Fifth edition WHO classification: mature B-cell neoplasms. J Clin Pathol 2025:jcp-2025-210260.Sehn LH, Salles G. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;384:842–58.Qiu L, Medeiros LJ, Li S. High-grade B-cell lymphomas: Double hit and non-double hit. Hum Pathol 2025;156.de Leval L, Gaulard P, Dogan A. A practical approach to the modern diagnosis and classification of T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;144:1855–72.Feldman AL, Laurent C, Narbaitz M, Nakamura S, Chan WC, de Leval L, et al. Classification and diagnostic evaluation of nodal T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Virchows Arch 2023;482:265–79.Vega F, Medeiros LJ. A suggested immunohistochemical algorithm for the classification of T-cell lymphomas involving lymph nodes. Hum Pathol 2020;102:104–16.Willemze R. Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: Back to the future. J Cutan Pathol 2024;51:468–76.Mozas P, Sorigué M, López-Guillermo A. Follicular lymphoma: an update on diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Med Clin (Barc) 2021;157:440–8.Vodicka P, Masar M, Benesova K, Koren J, Klener P, Polgarova K, et al. The journey of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: from symptoms to diagnosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2025;66:1293–9.Rossi D, Bertoni F, Zucca E. Marginal-Zone Lymphomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2022;386:568–81.de Oliveira EM, de Cáceres CVBL, Santos-Silva AR, Vargas PA, Lopes MA, Pontes HAR, et al. Clinical diagnostic approach for oral lymphomas: a multi-institutional, observational study based on 107 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023;136:427–35.Valvano L, Vilella R, D’Auria F, D’Arena G, Libonati R, Soda M, et al. Prognostic relevance of bone marrow immune cell fractions in newly diagnosed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Ann Med 2025;57.Amini RM, Enblad G, Hollander P, Laszlo S, Eriksson E, Ayoola Gustafsson K, et al. Altered profile of immune regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients. BMC Cancer 2019;19.Devi A, Thielemans L, Ladikou EE, Nandra TK, Chevassut T. 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