Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals

Comparamos el uso de parches artificiales (técnica de densidades de abandono DDA) por pequeños mamíferos granívoros en el interior del bosque y el borde bosque-pastizal, estrato (suelo y sotobosque), en diferentes niveles de iluminación de la luna, en un pequeño fragmento de bosque de roble en los A...

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Fecha de publicación:: 2013

Institución:: Universidad de Caldas

Repositorio:: Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	REPOUCALDA
network_name_str	Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals Uso del comportamiento de forrajeo para detectar efectos de borde: Un estudio de caso con mamíferos andinos colombianos.
title	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
spellingShingle	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals Andes bosque de roble densidades de abandono uso óptimo de parches Andes giving-up density oak forest optimal patch use
title_short	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
title_full	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
title_fullStr	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
title_full_unstemmed	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
title_sort	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammals
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Andes bosque de roble densidades de abandono uso óptimo de parches Andes giving-up density oak forest optimal patch use
topic	Andes bosque de roble densidades de abandono uso óptimo de parches Andes giving-up density oak forest optimal patch use
description	Comparamos el uso de parches artificiales (técnica de densidades de abandono DDA) por pequeños mamíferos granívoros en el interior del bosque y el borde bosque-pastizal, estrato (suelo y sotobosque), en diferentes niveles de iluminación de la luna, en un pequeño fragmento de bosque de roble en los Andes colombianos. Los costos de forrajeo para los pequeños mamíferos fueron mayores cerca al borde que en el interior en el suelo, pero no en el sotobosque. Los pequeños mamíferos prefirieron forrajear en el suelo que en el sotobosque. La iluminación de la luna no tuvo efecto. Nuestros resultados indican que la destrucción del bosque y su asociado efecto de borde, reduce el área disponible para los pequeños mamíferos, consecuentemente puede afectar las interacciones bióticas y la dinámica de los remanentes de bosques andinos, y sus efectos son modulados por la heterogeneidad vertical del bosque. Por lo tanto, el uso de indicadores comportamentales como el uso de parches alimentarios, medidos con la técnica de DDA, es un método efectivo para medir las respuestas de los mamíferos granívoros andinos ante las alteraciones humanas.
publishDate	2013
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2013-07-01T00:00:00Z 2013-07-01T00:00:00Z 2013-07-01 2025-10-08T21:03:29Z 2025-10-08T21:03:29Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	0123-3068 https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/23038 2462-8190 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4491
identifier_str_mv	0123-3068 2462-8190
url	https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/23038 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4491
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	120 2 110 17 Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural ABRANCHES, J., VALENTE, P., NÓBREGA, H.N., FERNÁNDEZ, F.A.S., MENDOÇA-HAGLER, L.C. & HAGLER, A.N., 1998. Yeast diversity and killer activity dispersed in fecal pellets from marsupials and rodents in a Brazilian tropical habitat mosaic. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 26: 27-33. ALTENDORF, K.B., LAUNDRE, J.W., GONZÁLEZ, C.A.L. & BROWN, J.S., 2001. Assessing effects of predation risk on foraging behavior of mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy, 82: 430-439. ANDERSON, E.M. & BOUTIN, S., 2002. Edge effects on survival and behaviour of juvenile red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80: 1038-1046. ARMENTERAS, D., GAST, F. & VILLAREAL, H., 2003. Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia. Biological Conservation, 113: 245-256. ASQUITH, N.M., WRIGHT, S.J. & CLAUSS, M.J., 1997. Does mammal community composition control recruitment in Neotropical forests? Evidence from Panama. Ecology, 78: 941-946. BERGER-TAL, O., MUKHERJEE, S., KOTLER, B.P. & BROWN, J.S., 2009. Look before you leap: is risk of injury a foraging cost? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 63: 1821-1827. BONFIL, C., 2006. Regeneration and population dynamics of Quercus rugosa at the Ajusco Volcano, Mexico: 155-163 (in) KAPPELLE, M. (ed.) Book title. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. BROWN, J.S., 1988. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behavior, Ecology and Sociobiology, 22: 37-47. ________., 1992. Patch use under predation risk: I. Models and predictions. Annales Zoologici Fennici 29: 301-309. ________., 1999. Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: Foraging under predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 1: 49-71. ________., 2000. Foraging ecology of animals in response to heterogeneous environments: 181-215 (in) HUTCHINGS, J. & STEWART, A. (eds.) Book title. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. BROWN, J.S., KOTLER, B.P. & MITCHEL, W.A., 1997. Competition between birds and mammals: a comparison of giving-up densitites between crested larks and gerbils. Evolutionary Ecology, 11: 757-771. BURKEY, T.V., 1993. Edge effects in seed and egg predation at two Neotropical rainforest sites. Biological Conservation, 66: 139-143. CADENASSO, M.L., PICKETT, S.T.A., WEATHERS, K.C. & JONES, C.G., 2003. A framework for a theory of ecology boundaries. BioScience, 53: 750-758. CARLETON, M.D. & MUSSER, G.G., 1989. Systematic studies of Oryzomyinae rodents (Muridae, Sigmodontinae): A synopsis of Microryzomys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 191: 1-83. CHARNOV, E.L., 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology, 9: 129-136. CHAVES, M.E. & ARANGO, N., 1998. Informe nacional sobre el estado de la biodiversidad-Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, PNUMA, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. DÍAZ DE PASCUAL, A., 1994. The rodent community of the Venezuelan cloud forest, Mérida. Polish Ecological Studies, 20: 155-161. DÍAZ DE PASCUAL, A. & DE ASCENÇAO, A., 2000. Diet of the cloud forest shrew Cryptotis meridensis (Insectivora: Soricidae) in the Venezuelan Andes. Acta Theriologica, 45: 13-24. DONOVAN, T.M., JONES, P.W., ANNAND, E.M. & THOMPSON, F.R., III. 1997. Variation in local-scale edge effects: mechanisms and landscape context. Ecology, 78: 2064-2075. EISENBERG, J.F., 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics: The northern Neotropics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. EMMONS, L.H., 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ESTRADA, A., RIVERA, A. & COATES-ESTRADA, R., 2002. Predation of arti?cial nests in a fragmented landscape in the tropical region of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 106: 199-209. EWERS, R.M. & DIDHAM, R.K., 2007. The effect of fragment shape and species' sensitivity to habitat edges on animal population size. Conservation Biology, 21: 926-936. FAGAN, W.F., CANTRELL, R.S. & COSNER, C., 1999. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist, 153: 165-182. FERNÁNDEZ, F., 2011. The greatest impediment to the study of biodiversity in Colombia. Caldasia, 33 (2). FLEMING, T.H. & SOSA, V.J., 1994. Effects of nectarivorous and frugivorous mammals on reproductive success of plants. Journal of Mammalogy, 75: 845-851. HESKE, E.J., 1995. Mammalian abundances on forest-farm edges versus forest interiors in southern Illinois: is there an edge effect? Journal of Mammalogy, 76: 562-568. HOULE, A., VICKERY, W.L. & CHAPMAN, C.A., 2006. Testing mechanisms of coexistence among two species of frugivorous primates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75: 1034-1044. KATTAN, G.H. & ÁLVAREZ-LÓPEZ, H., 1996. Preservation and management of biodiversity in fragmented landscapes in the Colombian Andes: 3-18 (in) SCHELHAS, J. & GREENBERG, R. (eds.) Book title. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. KOTLER, B.P. & BLAUSTEIN, L., 1995. Titrating food and safety in a heterogeneous environment: when are risky and safe patches of equal value? Oikos, 74: 251-258. KOTLER, B.P., BROWN, J.S. & MITCHELL, W.A., 1993. Environmental factors affecting patch use in two species of gerbilline rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 74: 614-620. KOTLER, B., GROSS, J.E. & MITCHEL, W.A., 1994. Applying patch use to assess aspects of foraging behavior in Nubian ibex. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58: 299-307. LIC, V., 2001. Applying foraging theory to wildlife conservation: An application with the raccoon (Procyon lotor). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago. LIDICKER, W.Z., Jr., 1999. Responses of mammals to habitat edges: an overview. Landscape Ecology, 14: 333-343. LIDICKER, W.Z., Jr. & PETERSON, J.A., 1999. Responses of small mammals to habitat edges: 211-227 (in) BARRET, G.W. & PELES, J.D. (eds.) Book title. New York: Springer-Berlag. LINDELL, C.A., 2008. The value of animal behavior in evaluations of restoration success. Restoration Ecology, 16: 197-203. LÓPEZ-BARRERA, F. & MANSON, R.H., 2006. Ecology of acorn dispersal by small mammals in montane forests of Chiapas, Mexico: 165-176 (in) KAPPELLE, M. (ed.) Book title. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. LÓPEZ-BARRERA, F., NEWTON, A. & MANSON, R., 2005. Edge effects in a tropical montane forest mosaic: experimental tests of post-dispersal acorn removal. Ecological Research, 20: 31-40. MILLS, L.S., 1995. Edge effects and isolation: red-backed voles on forest remnants. Conservation Biology, 9: 395-403. MORRIS, D.W., KOTLER, B.P., BROWN, J.S., SUNDARARAJ, V. & ALE, S.B., 2009. Behavioral indicators for conserving mammal diversity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1162: 334-356. MURCIA, C., 1995. Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. TREE, 10: 58-62. OTÁLORA-ARDILA, A. & LÓPEZ-ARÉVALO, H.F., 2006. Incedencia de algunos elementos del paisaje fragmentado de Encino (Santander, Colombia) sobre la riqueza y diversidad de murciélagos: 83-94 (en) SOLANO, C. & VARGAS, N. (eds.) Book title. Bogotá: Fundación Natura-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. PÉREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, R., SORIANO, P. & LEW, D., 1994. Marsupiales de Venezuela. Cuadernos Lagoven, Caracas, Venezuela. PRIMACK, R.B., 2006. Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates. REID, F., 2009. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press. RIES, L. & SISK, T.D., 2004. A predictive model of edge effects. Ecology, 85: 2917-2926. SÁNCHEZ, F. & ALVEAR, M., 2003. Comentarios sobre el uso de hábitat, dieta y conocimiento popular de los mamíferos en un bosque andino de Caldas, Colombia. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas, 7: 121-144. SCHMIDT, K.A., 2000. Interactions between food chemistry and predation risk in fox squirrels. Ecology, 81: 2077-2085. ________., 2004. Incidental predation, enemy-free space and the coexistence of incidental prey. Oikos, 106: 335-343. SOLANO, C. & VARGAS, N., 2006. Memorias del I Simposio Internacional de Robles y Ecosistemas Asociados. Bogotá: Fundación Natura-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. STEVENS, S.M. & HUSBAND, T.P., 1998. The influence of edge on small mammals: evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments. Biological Conservation, 85: 1-8. STRAYER, D.L., POWER, M.E., FAGAN, W.F., PICKETT, S.T.A. & BELNA, J., 2003. A classification of ecological boundaries. BioScience, 53: 723-729. WHITMORE, T.C. & SAYER, J.A., 1992. Deforestation and species extinction in tropical moist forests: 1-14 (in) WHITMORE, T.C. & SAYER, J.A. (eds.) Book title. London: Chapman & Hall. WILSON, K. & HARDY, I.C.W., 2002. Statistical analysis of sex ratios: an introduction: 424 (in) HARDY, I.C.W. (ed.) Book title. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ZAR, J.H., 1999. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N. J. Núm. 2 , Año 2013 : Julio - Diciembre https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/download/4491/4124
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Boletín Científico
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spelling	Using foraging behavior to detect edge effects: A case study with colombian andean mammalsUso del comportamiento de forrajeo para detectar efectos de borde: Un estudio de caso con mamíferos andinos colombianos.Andesbosque de robledensidades de abandonouso óptimo de parchesAndesgiving-up densityoak forestoptimal patch useComparamos el uso de parches artificiales (técnica de densidades de abandono DDA) por pequeños mamíferos granívoros en el interior del bosque y el borde bosque-pastizal, estrato (suelo y sotobosque), en diferentes niveles de iluminación de la luna, en un pequeño fragmento de bosque de roble en los Andes colombianos. Los costos de forrajeo para los pequeños mamíferos fueron mayores cerca al borde que en el interior en el suelo, pero no en el sotobosque. Los pequeños mamíferos prefirieron forrajear en el suelo que en el sotobosque. La iluminación de la luna no tuvo efecto. Nuestros resultados indican que la destrucción del bosque y su asociado efecto de borde, reduce el área disponible para los pequeños mamíferos, consecuentemente puede afectar las interacciones bióticas y la dinámica de los remanentes de bosques andinos, y sus efectos son modulados por la heterogeneidad vertical del bosque. Por lo tanto, el uso de indicadores comportamentales como el uso de parches alimentarios, medidos con la técnica de DDA, es un método efectivo para medir las respuestas de los mamíferos granívoros andinos ante las alteraciones humanas.We compared the use of artificial food patches (giving-up density GUD technique) by small-granivorous mammals between forest interior and forest-pasture edge, strata (ground and understory), and across different moon illumination occurrence in a small, oak forest fragment in the Colombian Andes. Foraging costs for small mammals were higher near the edge than in the interior on the ground, but not at the understory. Small mammals preferred foraging on the ground than at the understory. Moon illumination had no effect. Our results indicate that forest destruction and its associated edge effect may reduce the area available for small mammals, consequently may affect the biotic interactions and the dynamics of Andean forest remnants, and this effect is modulated by the forest's vertical heterogeneity. Therefore, the use of behavioral indicators such as the food patch use, measured with the GUD technique, is an effective method to measure responses of Andean small granivorous mammals to human alterations.Boletín Científico2013-07-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:03:29Z2013-07-01T00:00:00Z2025-10-08T21:03:29Z2013-07-01Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1application/pdf0123-3068https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/230382462-8190https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4491https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4491eng120211017Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia NaturalABRANCHES, J., VALENTE, P., NÓBREGA, H.N., FERNÁNDEZ, F.A.S., MENDOÇA-HAGLER, L.C. & HAGLER, A.N., 1998. Yeast diversity and killer activity dispersed in fecal pellets from marsupials and rodents in a Brazilian tropical habitat mosaic. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 26: 27-33.ALTENDORF, K.B., LAUNDRE, J.W., GONZÁLEZ, C.A.L. & BROWN, J.S., 2001. Assessing effects of predation risk on foraging behavior of mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy, 82: 430-439.ANDERSON, E.M. & BOUTIN, S., 2002. Edge effects on survival and behaviour of juvenile red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80: 1038-1046.ARMENTERAS, D., GAST, F. & VILLAREAL, H., 2003. Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia. Biological Conservation, 113: 245-256.ASQUITH, N.M., WRIGHT, S.J. & CLAUSS, M.J., 1997. Does mammal community composition control recruitment in Neotropical forests? Evidence from Panama. Ecology, 78: 941-946.BERGER-TAL, O., MUKHERJEE, S., KOTLER, B.P. & BROWN, J.S., 2009. Look before you leap: is risk of injury a foraging cost? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 63: 1821-1827.BONFIL, C., 2006. Regeneration and population dynamics of Quercus rugosa at the Ajusco Volcano, Mexico: 155-163 (in) KAPPELLE, M. (ed.) Book title. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.BROWN, J.S., 1988. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behavior, Ecology and Sociobiology, 22: 37-47.________., 1992. Patch use under predation risk: I. Models and predictions. Annales Zoologici Fennici 29: 301-309.________., 1999. Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: Foraging under predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 1: 49-71.________., 2000. Foraging ecology of animals in response to heterogeneous environments: 181-215 (in) HUTCHINGS, J. & STEWART, A. (eds.) Book title. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.BROWN, J.S., KOTLER, B.P. & MITCHEL, W.A., 1997. Competition between birds and mammals: a comparison of giving-up densitites between crested larks and gerbils. Evolutionary Ecology, 11: 757-771.BURKEY, T.V., 1993. Edge effects in seed and egg predation at two Neotropical rainforest sites. Biological Conservation, 66: 139-143.CADENASSO, M.L., PICKETT, S.T.A., WEATHERS, K.C. & JONES, C.G., 2003. A framework for a theory of ecology boundaries. BioScience, 53: 750-758.CARLETON, M.D. & MUSSER, G.G., 1989. Systematic studies of Oryzomyinae rodents (Muridae, Sigmodontinae): A synopsis of Microryzomys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 191: 1-83.CHARNOV, E.L., 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology, 9: 129-136.CHAVES, M.E. & ARANGO, N., 1998. Informe nacional sobre el estado de la biodiversidad-Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, PNUMA, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.DÍAZ DE PASCUAL, A., 1994. The rodent community of the Venezuelan cloud forest, Mérida. Polish Ecological Studies, 20: 155-161.DÍAZ DE PASCUAL, A. & DE ASCENÇAO, A., 2000. Diet of the cloud forest shrew Cryptotis meridensis (Insectivora: Soricidae) in the Venezuelan Andes. Acta Theriologica, 45: 13-24.DONOVAN, T.M., JONES, P.W., ANNAND, E.M. & THOMPSON, F.R., III. 1997. Variation in local-scale edge effects: mechanisms and landscape context. Ecology, 78: 2064-2075.EISENBERG, J.F., 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics: The northern Neotropics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.EMMONS, L.H., 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.ESTRADA, A., RIVERA, A. & COATES-ESTRADA, R., 2002. Predation of arti?cial nests in a fragmented landscape in the tropical region of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 106: 199-209.EWERS, R.M. & DIDHAM, R.K., 2007. The effect of fragment shape and species' sensitivity to habitat edges on animal population size. Conservation Biology, 21: 926-936.FAGAN, W.F., CANTRELL, R.S. & COSNER, C., 1999. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist, 153: 165-182.FERNÁNDEZ, F., 2011. The greatest impediment to the study of biodiversity in Colombia. Caldasia, 33 (2).FLEMING, T.H. & SOSA, V.J., 1994. Effects of nectarivorous and frugivorous mammals on reproductive success of plants. Journal of Mammalogy, 75: 845-851.HESKE, E.J., 1995. Mammalian abundances on forest-farm edges versus forest interiors in southern Illinois: is there an edge effect? Journal of Mammalogy, 76: 562-568.HOULE, A., VICKERY, W.L. & CHAPMAN, C.A., 2006. Testing mechanisms of coexistence among two species of frugivorous primates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75: 1034-1044.KATTAN, G.H. & ÁLVAREZ-LÓPEZ, H., 1996. Preservation and management of biodiversity in fragmented landscapes in the Colombian Andes: 3-18 (in) SCHELHAS, J. & GREENBERG, R. (eds.) Book title. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.KOTLER, B.P. & BLAUSTEIN, L., 1995. Titrating food and safety in a heterogeneous environment: when are risky and safe patches of equal value? Oikos, 74: 251-258.KOTLER, B.P., BROWN, J.S. & MITCHELL, W.A., 1993. Environmental factors affecting patch use in two species of gerbilline rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 74: 614-620.KOTLER, B., GROSS, J.E. & MITCHEL, W.A., 1994. Applying patch use to assess aspects of foraging behavior in Nubian ibex. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58: 299-307.LIC, V., 2001. Applying foraging theory to wildlife conservation: An application with the raccoon (Procyon lotor). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.LIDICKER, W.Z., Jr., 1999. Responses of mammals to habitat edges: an overview. Landscape Ecology, 14: 333-343.LIDICKER, W.Z., Jr. & PETERSON, J.A., 1999. Responses of small mammals to habitat edges: 211-227 (in) BARRET, G.W. & PELES, J.D. (eds.) Book title. New York: Springer-Berlag.LINDELL, C.A., 2008. The value of animal behavior in evaluations of restoration success. Restoration Ecology, 16: 197-203.LÓPEZ-BARRERA, F. & MANSON, R.H., 2006. Ecology of acorn dispersal by small mammals in montane forests of Chiapas, Mexico: 165-176 (in) KAPPELLE, M. (ed.) Book title. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.LÓPEZ-BARRERA, F., NEWTON, A. & MANSON, R., 2005. Edge effects in a tropical montane forest mosaic: experimental tests of post-dispersal acorn removal. Ecological Research, 20: 31-40.MILLS, L.S., 1995. Edge effects and isolation: red-backed voles on forest remnants. Conservation Biology, 9: 395-403.MORRIS, D.W., KOTLER, B.P., BROWN, J.S., SUNDARARAJ, V. & ALE, S.B., 2009. Behavioral indicators for conserving mammal diversity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1162: 334-356.MURCIA, C., 1995. Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. TREE, 10: 58-62.OTÁLORA-ARDILA, A. & LÓPEZ-ARÉVALO, H.F., 2006. Incedencia de algunos elementos del paisaje fragmentado de Encino (Santander, Colombia) sobre la riqueza y diversidad de murciélagos: 83-94 (en) SOLANO, C. & VARGAS, N. (eds.) Book title. Bogotá: Fundación Natura-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.PÉREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, R., SORIANO, P. & LEW, D., 1994. Marsupiales de Venezuela. Cuadernos Lagoven, Caracas, Venezuela.PRIMACK, R.B., 2006. Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates.REID, F., 2009. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.RIES, L. & SISK, T.D., 2004. A predictive model of edge effects. Ecology, 85: 2917-2926.SÁNCHEZ, F. & ALVEAR, M., 2003. Comentarios sobre el uso de hábitat, dieta y conocimiento popular de los mamíferos en un bosque andino de Caldas, Colombia. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas, 7: 121-144.SCHMIDT, K.A., 2000. Interactions between food chemistry and predation risk in fox squirrels. Ecology, 81: 2077-2085.________., 2004. 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J.Núm. 2 , Año 2013 : Julio - Diciembrehttps://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/download/4491/4124https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Narváez, GinnaSánchez, Franciscooai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/230382025-10-08T21:03:29Z

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