Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)

Ilustraciones, gráficas

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2022
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Universidad de Caldas
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Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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Herbicidas
Toxicidad
Glifosato
Efectos letales y subletales
Dosis letal media
Morfometría geométrica
Desempeño locomotor
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network_acronym_str REPOUCALDA
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
title Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
spellingShingle Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
Herbicidas
Toxicidad
Glifosato
Efectos letales y subletales
Dosis letal media
Morfometría geométrica
Desempeño locomotor
title_short Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
title_full Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
title_fullStr Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
title_full_unstemmed Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
title_sort Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ramírez Castaño, Viviana Andrea
Montaño Campaz, Milton Leoncio
Grupo de Ecología y Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles (Categoría B)
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Herbicidas
Toxicidad
Glifosato
Efectos letales y subletales
Dosis letal media
Morfometría geométrica
Desempeño locomotor
topic Herbicidas
Toxicidad
Glifosato
Efectos letales y subletales
Dosis letal media
Morfometría geométrica
Desempeño locomotor
description Ilustraciones, gráficas
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022-05-02T18:15:47Z
2022-05-02T18:15:47Z
2022-04-27
2023-11-10
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
Text
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/17583
Universidad de Caldas
Repositorio de la Universidad de Caldas
https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
url https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/17583
https://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co
identifier_str_mv Universidad de Caldas
Repositorio de la Universidad de Caldas
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
spa
language eng
spa
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Annett, R., Habibi, H. R., & Hontela, A. (2014). Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides on the freshwater environment. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 34(5), 458- 479.
Arendt, J. (2010). Morphological correlates of sprint swimming speed in five species of spadefoot toad tadpoles: comparison of morphometric methods. Journal of Morphology, 271(9), 1044-1052.
Bernal, M. H., Solomon, K. R., & Carrasquilla, G. (2009). Toxicity of formulated glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to larval Colombian frogs 1. Laboratory acute toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72(15-16), 961-965.
Bolívar, W., Renjifo, J.M. (2004): Dendropsophus columbianus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018; Version 2019.1. Disponible en: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 25 March 2019.
Brain, R. A., & Solomon, K. R. (2009). Comparison of the hazards posed to amphibians by the glyphosate spray control program versus the chemical and physical activities of coca production in Colombia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72(15-16), 937-948.
Bridges, C. M. (1997). Tadpole swimming performance and activity affected by acute exposure to sublethal levels of carbaryl. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(9), 1935-1939.
Costa, R. N., Solé, M., & Nomura, F. (2017). Agropastoral activities increase fluctuating asymmetry in tadpoles of two neotropical anuran species. Austral Ecology, 42(7), 801-809.
Davalos, L. M., Bejarano, A. C., Hall, M. A., Correa, H. L., Corthals, A., & Espejo, O. J. (2011). Forests and drugs: Coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots. Environmental science & technology, 45(4), 1219-1227.
Denoël, M., Libon, S., Kestemont, P., Brasseur, C., Focant, J. F., & De Pauw, E. (2013). Effects of a sublethal pesticide exposure on locomotor behavior: a video-tracking analysis in larval amphibians. Chemosphere, 90(3), 945-951.
Duellman, W. E., & Trueb, L. (1983). Frogs of the Hyla columbiana group: taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology, 33- 51.
Duke, S. O., & Powles, S. B. (2008). Glyphosate: a once‐in‐a‐century herbicide. Pest management science, 64(4), 319-325.
Frost, D. R. 2019. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accesed on 25 March 2019.
Figueiredo, J., & de Jesus Rodrigues, D. (2014). Effects of four types of pesticides on survival, time and size to metamorphosis of two species of tadpoles (Rhinella and Physalaemus centralis) from the southern Amazon, Brazil. The Herpetological Journal, 24(1), 7-15.
Fort, D. J., Degitz, S., Tietge, J., & Touart, L. W. (2007). The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in frogs and its role in frog development and reproduction. Critical reviews in toxicology, 37(1-2), 117-161
Giesy, J. P., Dobson, S., & Solomon, K. R. (2000). Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, 35- 120.
Gosner, K. L. (1960). A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16(3), 183-190.
Henao Muñoz, L. M., Montes Rojas, C. M., & Bernal Bautista, M. H. (2015). Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of the mixture glyphosate (Roundup® Active) and CosmoFlux® 411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species. Revista de biologia tropical, 63(1), 223-233.
Herek, J. S., Vargas, L., Trindade, S. A. R., Rutkoski, C. F., Macagnan, N., Hartmann, P. A., & Hartmann, M. T. (2020). Can environmental concentrations of glyphosate affect 21 survival and cause malformation in amphibians? Effects from a glyphosate-based herbicide on Physalaemus cuvieri and P. gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), 22619- 22630.
Herkovits, J., & Perez-Coll, C. S. (2003). AMPHITOX: a customized set of toxicity tests employing amphibian embryos. In Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations. ASTM International.
Hoyos-Hoyos, J. M., Isaacs-Cubides, P., Devia, N., Galindo-Uribe, D. M., & Acosta-Galvis, A. R. (2012). An approach to the ecology of the herpetofauna in agroecosystems of the Colombian coffee zone. South American Journal of Herpetology, 7(1), 25-35.
Howe, C. M., Berrill, M., Pauli, B. D., Helbing, C. C., Werry, K., & Veldhoen, N. (2004). Toxicity of glyphosate‐based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23(8), 1928-1938.
Jones, D. K., Hammond, J. I., & Relyea, R. A. (2011). Competitive stress can make the herbicide Roundup® more deadly to larval amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30(2), 446-454
Katzenberger, M., Hammond, J., Duarte, H., Tejedo, M., Calabuig, C., & Relyea, R. A. (2014). Swimming with predators and pesticides: how environmental stressors affect the thermal physiology of tadpoles. PloS one, 9(5), e98265
Jayawardena, U. A., Rajakaruna, R. S., Navaratne, A. N., & Amerasinghe, P. H. (2010). Toxicity of agrochemicals to common hourglass tree frog (Polypedates cruciger) in acute and chronic exposure. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(5), 641-648.
Lajmanovich, R., Lorenzatti, E., Maitre, M. I., Enrique, S., & Peltzer, P. (2003). Comparative acute toxicity of the commercial herbicides glyphosate to neotropical tadpoles Scinax nasicus (Anura: Hylidae). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12(4), 364-367.
Lanctot, C., Navarro-Martín, L., Robertson, C., Park, B., Jackman, P., Pauli, B. D., & Trudeau, V. L. (2014). Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on survival, development, growth and sex ratios of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. II: agriculturally relevant exposures to Roundup WeatherMax® and Vision® under laboratory conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 154, 291-303.
Meza‐Joya, F. L., Ramírez‐Pinilla, M. P., & Fuentes-Lorenzo, J. L. (2013). Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup® SL–Cosmoflux® 411F) in the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 54(5), 362-373.
Pavan, F. A., Samojeden, C. G., Rutkoski, C. F., Folador, A., Da Fré, S. P., Müller, C., ... & Hartmann, M. T. (2021). Morphological, behavioral and genotoxic effects of glyphosate and 2, 4-D mixture in tadpoles of two native species of South American amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 85, 103637.
Ramírez-Chaves, H. E., Pisso-Florez, G. A., Liévano-Bonilla, A. F., Ayerbe-Quiñones, F., Criollo, M. A., & Noguera-Urbano, E. A. (2018). On the distribution of the endemic Boettger’s Colombian Treefrog, Dendropsophus columbianus (Anura: Hylidae) with distribution extension in southwestern Colombia. Herpetology Notes, 11, 49-58.
Relyea, R. A. (2004). Growth and survival of five amphibian species exposed to combinations of pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 23(7), 1737-1742
Relyea, R. A. (2005). The lethal impact of Roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians. Ecological applications, 15(4), 1118-1124
Relyea, R. A., & Jones, D. K. (2009). The toxicity of Roundup Original Max® to 13 species of larval amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 28(9), 2004-2008.
Rodriguez, A., Zhang, H., Klaminder, J., Brodin, T., Andersson, P. L., & Andersson, M. (2018). ToxTrac: a fast and robust software for tracking organisms. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(3), 460-464.
Salgado-Negret, B.A. (Ed.). (2016). La ecología funcional como aproximación al estudio, manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad: protocolos y aplicaciones. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Schönbrunn, E., Eschenburg, S., Shuttleworth, W. A., Schloss, J. V., Amrhein, N., Evans, J. N., & Kabsch, W. (2001). Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(4), 1376-1380
Sievers, M., Hale, R., Parris, K. M., Melvin, S. D., Lanctot, C. M., & Swearer, S. E. (2019). Contaminant-induced behavioural changes in amphibians: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 693, 133570.
Sparling, D. W. (2017). Basics of Ecotoxicology. CRC Press.
Solomon, K. R., Anadón, A., Carrasquilla, G., Cerdeira, A. L., Marshall, E. J. P., & Sanin, L. H. (2007). Coca and poppy eradication in Colombia: Environmental and human health assessment of aerially applied glyphosate. In Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology (pp. 43-125). Springer, New York, NY.
Wagner, N., Reichenbecher, W., Teichmann, H., Tappeser, B., & Lötters, S. (2013). Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate‐based herbicides on amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 32(8), 1688-1700.
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
Manizales
Biología
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
Manizales
Biología
institution Universidad de Caldas
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spelling Efectos letales y subletales del glifosato (roundup®) sobre larvas de dendropsophus colombianus (anura: hylidae)HerbicidasToxicidadGlifosatoEfectos letales y subletalesDosis letal mediaMorfometría geométricaDesempeño locomotorIlustraciones, gráficasspa:El uso de los herbicidas como el glifosato en cualquiera de sus marcas comerciales ha sido un tema de controversia en las últimas décadas. Ha sido usado ampliamente en la agricultura para la erradicación de malezas y en el programa de aspersión aérea para erradicación de cultivos ilícitos hasta el año 2015. Diversos estudios han revelado efectos letales y subletales en anfibios, en su mayoría en renacuajos. Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda y crónica del glifosato en larvas de Dendropsophus columbianus, donde se encontró un efecto en la medidas morfométricas de la cabeza y en el desempeño locomotor. Se considera que el efecto del glifosato en D. columbianus es moderadamente tóxico.eng:The use of herbicides such as glyphosate in any of its commercial brands has been a subject of controversy in recent decades. This herbicide has been widely used by farmers for weed eradication and from 2000 to 2015 in the aerial spraying program for the eradication of illicit crops. Although their half-life in water is shorter than that in soil, amphibians are susceptible to this type of contaminant due to their dual life cycle. There have been a number of studies on the lethal and sublethal effects of glyphosate on various species around the world, with acute and chronic toxicity tests revealing a wide variety of results as measured by the median lethal dose and some body measurements. Evaluating these lethal effects with the median lethal dose (LC50) and sublethal effects on mormometric measurements and locomotor performance of glyphosate in its Roundup® commercial presentation on Dendropsophus colombianus larvae was the objective of this study. Adults of D. columbianus were collected and placed in fish tanks to induce an amplexus and subsequent fertilization of the clutch, waiting until the 25th larval stage to start the experiments. The LC50 was found to be 4mg/L over a 96h exposure period. The chronic tests revealed there was an effect of the sublethal doses LC01 and LC10 on the measures of head width and weight of the tadpoles, also with geometric morphometry variations in the shape and size of the head were revealed. Finally, the herbicide had an effect on locomotor performance where it directly affected exploration rate and average freezing time. Thanks to these findings, he considers that glyphosate is moderately toxic in this type of organisms.Resumen/ Abstract/ Capítulo 1/ 1. Introducción/ 2. Metodología/ 2.1 Obtención de larvas y aclimatación/ 2.2 Ensayo de toxicidad aguda/ 2.3 Ensayo de toxicidad crónica/ 2.3.1 Medidas morfométricas lineales/ 2.3.1 Desempeño locomotor/ 2.3.1 Morfometría geométrica/ 2.4 Análisis de datos/ 3. Resultados/ 3.1 Toxicidad aguda/ 3.2 Toxicidad crónica/ 3.2.1 Medidas morfo métricas lineales/ 3.2.1 Desempeño locomotor/ 3.2.1 Morfometría geométrica/ 4. Discusión/ 5. Conclusiones/ 6. Bibliografía.UniversitarioBiólogo(a)EcotoxicologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesManizalesBiologíaRamírez Castaño, Viviana AndreaMontaño Campaz, Milton LeoncioGrupo de Ecología y Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles (Categoría B)Moreno-M, Carlos Alberto2022-05-02T18:15:47Z2023-11-102022-05-02T18:15:47Z2022-04-27Trabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85application/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/17583Universidad de CaldasRepositorio de la Universidad de Caldashttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.coengspaAnnett, R., Habibi, H. R., & Hontela, A. (2014). Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides on the freshwater environment. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 34(5), 458- 479.Arendt, J. (2010). Morphological correlates of sprint swimming speed in five species of spadefoot toad tadpoles: comparison of morphometric methods. Journal of Morphology, 271(9), 1044-1052.Bernal, M. H., Solomon, K. R., & Carrasquilla, G. (2009). Toxicity of formulated glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to larval Colombian frogs 1. Laboratory acute toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72(15-16), 961-965.Bolívar, W., Renjifo, J.M. (2004): Dendropsophus columbianus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018; Version 2019.1. Disponible en: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 25 March 2019.Brain, R. A., & Solomon, K. R. (2009). Comparison of the hazards posed to amphibians by the glyphosate spray control program versus the chemical and physical activities of coca production in Colombia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72(15-16), 937-948.Bridges, C. M. (1997). Tadpole swimming performance and activity affected by acute exposure to sublethal levels of carbaryl. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(9), 1935-1939.Costa, R. N., Solé, M., & Nomura, F. (2017). Agropastoral activities increase fluctuating asymmetry in tadpoles of two neotropical anuran species. Austral Ecology, 42(7), 801-809.Davalos, L. M., Bejarano, A. C., Hall, M. A., Correa, H. L., Corthals, A., & Espejo, O. J. (2011). Forests and drugs: Coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots. Environmental science & technology, 45(4), 1219-1227.Denoël, M., Libon, S., Kestemont, P., Brasseur, C., Focant, J. F., & De Pauw, E. (2013). Effects of a sublethal pesticide exposure on locomotor behavior: a video-tracking analysis in larval amphibians. Chemosphere, 90(3), 945-951.Duellman, W. E., & Trueb, L. (1983). Frogs of the Hyla columbiana group: taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology, 33- 51.Duke, S. O., & Powles, S. B. (2008). Glyphosate: a once‐in‐a‐century herbicide. Pest management science, 64(4), 319-325.Frost, D. R. 2019. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accesed on 25 March 2019.Figueiredo, J., & de Jesus Rodrigues, D. (2014). Effects of four types of pesticides on survival, time and size to metamorphosis of two species of tadpoles (Rhinella and Physalaemus centralis) from the southern Amazon, Brazil. The Herpetological Journal, 24(1), 7-15.Fort, D. J., Degitz, S., Tietge, J., & Touart, L. W. (2007). The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in frogs and its role in frog development and reproduction. Critical reviews in toxicology, 37(1-2), 117-161Giesy, J. P., Dobson, S., & Solomon, K. R. (2000). Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, 35- 120.Gosner, K. L. (1960). A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16(3), 183-190.Henao Muñoz, L. M., Montes Rojas, C. M., & Bernal Bautista, M. H. (2015). Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of the mixture glyphosate (Roundup® Active) and CosmoFlux® 411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species. Revista de biologia tropical, 63(1), 223-233.Herek, J. S., Vargas, L., Trindade, S. A. R., Rutkoski, C. F., Macagnan, N., Hartmann, P. A., & Hartmann, M. T. (2020). Can environmental concentrations of glyphosate affect 21 survival and cause malformation in amphibians? Effects from a glyphosate-based herbicide on Physalaemus cuvieri and P. gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), 22619- 22630.Herkovits, J., & Perez-Coll, C. S. (2003). AMPHITOX: a customized set of toxicity tests employing amphibian embryos. In Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations. ASTM International.Hoyos-Hoyos, J. M., Isaacs-Cubides, P., Devia, N., Galindo-Uribe, D. M., & Acosta-Galvis, A. R. (2012). An approach to the ecology of the herpetofauna in agroecosystems of the Colombian coffee zone. South American Journal of Herpetology, 7(1), 25-35.Howe, C. M., Berrill, M., Pauli, B. D., Helbing, C. C., Werry, K., & Veldhoen, N. (2004). Toxicity of glyphosate‐based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23(8), 1928-1938.Jones, D. K., Hammond, J. I., & Relyea, R. A. (2011). Competitive stress can make the herbicide Roundup® more deadly to larval amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30(2), 446-454Katzenberger, M., Hammond, J., Duarte, H., Tejedo, M., Calabuig, C., & Relyea, R. A. (2014). Swimming with predators and pesticides: how environmental stressors affect the thermal physiology of tadpoles. PloS one, 9(5), e98265Jayawardena, U. A., Rajakaruna, R. S., Navaratne, A. N., & Amerasinghe, P. H. (2010). Toxicity of agrochemicals to common hourglass tree frog (Polypedates cruciger) in acute and chronic exposure. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(5), 641-648.Lajmanovich, R., Lorenzatti, E., Maitre, M. I., Enrique, S., & Peltzer, P. (2003). Comparative acute toxicity of the commercial herbicides glyphosate to neotropical tadpoles Scinax nasicus (Anura: Hylidae). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12(4), 364-367.Lanctot, C., Navarro-Martín, L., Robertson, C., Park, B., Jackman, P., Pauli, B. D., & Trudeau, V. L. (2014). Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on survival, development, growth and sex ratios of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. II: agriculturally relevant exposures to Roundup WeatherMax® and Vision® under laboratory conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 154, 291-303.Meza‐Joya, F. L., Ramírez‐Pinilla, M. P., & Fuentes-Lorenzo, J. L. (2013). Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup® SL–Cosmoflux® 411F) in the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 54(5), 362-373.Pavan, F. A., Samojeden, C. G., Rutkoski, C. F., Folador, A., Da Fré, S. P., Müller, C., ... & Hartmann, M. T. (2021). Morphological, behavioral and genotoxic effects of glyphosate and 2, 4-D mixture in tadpoles of two native species of South American amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 85, 103637.Ramírez-Chaves, H. E., Pisso-Florez, G. A., Liévano-Bonilla, A. F., Ayerbe-Quiñones, F., Criollo, M. A., & Noguera-Urbano, E. A. (2018). On the distribution of the endemic Boettger’s Colombian Treefrog, Dendropsophus columbianus (Anura: Hylidae) with distribution extension in southwestern Colombia. Herpetology Notes, 11, 49-58.Relyea, R. A. (2004). Growth and survival of five amphibian species exposed to combinations of pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 23(7), 1737-1742Relyea, R. A. (2005). The lethal impact of Roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians. Ecological applications, 15(4), 1118-1124Relyea, R. A., & Jones, D. K. (2009). The toxicity of Roundup Original Max® to 13 species of larval amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 28(9), 2004-2008.Rodriguez, A., Zhang, H., Klaminder, J., Brodin, T., Andersson, P. L., & Andersson, M. (2018). ToxTrac: a fast and robust software for tracking organisms. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(3), 460-464.Salgado-Negret, B.A. (Ed.). (2016). La ecología funcional como aproximación al estudio, manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad: protocolos y aplicaciones. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.Schönbrunn, E., Eschenburg, S., Shuttleworth, W. A., Schloss, J. V., Amrhein, N., Evans, J. N., & Kabsch, W. (2001). 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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 32(8), 1688-1700.info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cboai:repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co:ucaldas/175832024-09-21T03:43:15Z