Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación
Cada día es más difícil evaluar la salud de un ecosistema debido a la gran cantidad y diversidad de xenobióticos que son introducidos en ellos. Es por eso, que en las últimas dos décadas se ha incrementado el uso de biomarcadores para la evaluación y monitoreo de los ecosis...
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- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2010
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- Universidad de Caldas
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional U. Caldas
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- spa
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- Palabra clave:
- Biomarcadores
respuestas fisiológicas
ecotoxicología
contaminación
monitoreo
biomarkers
physiological responses
ecotoxicology
pollution
monitoring
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- Luna Azul - 2015
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Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación Use of biomarkers in the assessment of contamination |
| title |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| spellingShingle |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación Biomarcadores respuestas fisiológicas ecotoxicología contaminación monitoreo biomarkers physiological responses ecotoxicology pollution monitoring |
| title_short |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| title_full |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| title_fullStr |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| title_sort |
Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminación |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Biomarcadores respuestas fisiológicas ecotoxicología contaminación monitoreo biomarkers physiological responses ecotoxicology pollution monitoring |
| topic |
Biomarcadores respuestas fisiológicas ecotoxicología contaminación monitoreo biomarkers physiological responses ecotoxicology pollution monitoring |
| description |
Cada día es más difícil evaluar la salud de un ecosistema debido a la gran cantidad y diversidad de xenobióticos que son introducidos en ellos. Es por eso, que en las últimas dos décadas se ha incrementado el uso de biomarcadores para la evaluación y monitoreo de los ecosistemas. Un biomarcador es una respuesta funcional, fisiológica o bioquímica al nivel celular o interacciones moleculares que un organismo, una población o una comunidad  efleja frente a un peligro potencial, el cual puede ser químico, físico o biológico. El biomarcador representa una señal integrada del nivel de contaminación de una determinada zona y, por consiguiente, constituye un indicador del nivel de riesgo toxicológico al que puede ser sometida una determinada población natural. No obstante, para que sea efectiva una evaluación ambiental o un programa de biomonitoreo, se deberán utilizar múltiples biomarcadores que describan los síntomas que sugieren la relación causa-efecto para una especie. |
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2010 |
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2010-01-01 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z |
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Artículo de revista http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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0122-5391 1909-2474 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1244 |
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0122-5391 1909-2474 |
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127 32 121 Luna Azul Adams, S. M. (2002). Biological Indicator of Aquatic Ecosystems Stress: Introduction and Overview. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 1-12). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), y WPCF (Water Pollution Control Federation). (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Joint Editorial Board, USA. 1193p. Barton, B. A., Morgan, J. D., y Vijayan, M. M. (2002). Physiological and Condition-Related Indicators of Environmental Stress in Fish. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 111-148). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Bayne, B. L., Brown, D. A., Burns, K., Dixon,D. R., Ivanovici, A., Livingstone, D. R., Lowe,D. M., Moore, M. N., Stebbing, A. y Widdows, J. (1985). The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals. Praeger, Greenwood Press. 384p. Bayne, B. L., Livingstone, D. R., Moore, M. N., y Widdows, J. (1976). A Cytochemical and Biochemical Index of Stress in Mytilus edulis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 7, 221-224. Beyers, D., y Rice, J. A. (2002). Evaluating Stress in Fish Using Bionergetics-Based Stressor-Response Models. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 289-320). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Branco, S. (1984). Limnología sanitaria, estudio de la polución de aguas continentales. Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos. Programa Regional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico. Washington, D.C. 115p. Chambers, J. E, Boone, J. S., Carr, R. L., Chambers, H. W., y Straus, D. L. (2002).Biomarkers as predictors in health and ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 8, 165-176. Chapman, P. M., Dexter, R. N., y Goldstein, L. (1987). Development of Monitoring Programmes to Assess the Long-Term Health of Aquatic Ecosystem. A Model from Puget Sound, DAME, R. F. 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves. An Ecosystem Approach. USA: CRC Press. 254p. Coen, W., Robbens, J., y Janssen, C. (2006). Ecological impact assessment of metallurgiceffluents using in situ biomarker assays. Environmental Pollution, 141, 283-294. Depledge, M. H. (1994). The rational basis for the use of biomarkers as ecotoxicological tools. En Leonzio C., (Ed.), Nondestructive biomarkers in vertebrates. (pp. 271-295). London (UK): CRC. EHC (Environmental Health Criteria). (1993). Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Concepts and Principles. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). EHC No. 155. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (1982). Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants. Part 1. Environmental Research Laboratory. Athens. 570p. EULA. (1999). Curso Teórico-Práctico de Postgrado: Evaluación y Monitoreo de la Contaminación Acuática. Centro EULA. Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Focardi, S. (1999). Contaminación antropogénica y vida marina. En Curso Teórico-Práctico de Postgrado: Evaluación y Monitoreo de la Contaminación Acuática. (pp. 1-9). Centro EULA. Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Hagger, J., Jones, M. B., Leonar, DR P., Owen, R. & Galloway T. S. (2006). Biomarkers and Integrated Environmental Risk Assessment: Are There More Questions Than Answers?. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2(4), 312-329. Hagger, J., Jones, M. B., Lowe, D. Leonard, D. R. P., Owen, R. & Galloway T. S. (2008). Application of biomarkers for improving risk assessments of chemicals under the Water Framework Directive: A case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56(6),1111-1118. Hart Jr., C. W. & S. L. Fuller. (1974). Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, New York. 389p. Hodson, P. V. (2002). Biomarkers and Bioindicators in monitoring and assessment: The State of the Art.. In S. M. Adams (ed.). Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress (pp 591-619). American Fisheries Society, Maryland, U.S.A. Jørgensen, S. E. (1998). Ecotoxicological Research__Historical Development and Perspectives. In G. Schüürmann y B. Markert (eds.). Ecotoxicology (pp 3-15). Jonh Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. Moore, M. N. (1985). Cellular Response to Pollutants. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 16,134-139. Moore, M. N. (1988a). Cellular- and Histopathological Effects of a Pollutant Gradient - Summary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46,109-110. Moore, M. N. (1988b). Cytochemical Responses of the Lysosomal System and NADPHFerrihemoprotein Reductase in Molluscan Digestive Cells to Environmental and Experimental Exposure Xenobiotics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46,81-89. Moore, M. N. & D. M. Lowe. (1985). Cytological and Cytochemical Measurements. En D. A. Brown, K. Burns, D. R. Dixon, A. Ivanovici, D. R. Livingstone, D. M. Lowe, M. N. Moore, A. Stebbing, y J. Widdows, (Eds.). The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals. (pp.46-74). New York: Praeger, Greenwood Press. 384p. Myers, M. S., y Fournie, J. W. (2002). Histopathological Indicators of Environmental Stress and Diseases Susceptibility in Fishes. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 187-220). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Olsen, G. H., Sva, E., Carroll, J., Camus, L., Coen, W., Smolders, R., Øveraas, H., y Hylland, K. (2007). Alterations in the energy budget of Arctic benthic species exposed to oil-related compounds. Aquatic Toxicology, 83, 85-92. Palacio, J. A. (2007). Ecotoxicología acuática. Medellín: Ed. Universidad de Antioquia. 437p. Rhee, J. S., Lee, Y. M., Hwang, D. S., Won, E. J., Raisuddin, S., Shin, K. H., y Lee, J. S. (2007). Molecular cloning, expression, biochemical characteristics, and biomarker potential of theta class glutathione S-transferase (GST-T) from the polychaete Neanthes succinea. Aquatic Toxicology, 83(2), 104-115. Ricciardi, F., Matozzo, V., Binelli, A., y Marín, M. G. (2010). Biomarker responses and contamination levels in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) from the Lagoon Venice: An integrated approach in biomonitoring estuarine environments. Water Research, 44(6), 1725-1736. Shuhong, W., Huasheng, H., y Xinhong, W. (2005). Bioenergetic responses in green lipped mussels (Perna viridis) as indicators of pollution stress in Xiamen coastal waters, China.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55, 738-743. Smaal, A. C., y Widdows, J. (1994). The Scope for Growth of Bivalves as an Integrated Response Parameter in Biological Monitoring. En K. J. M. Kramer, (Ed.), Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries. (pp. 247-267). Boca Ratón: CRC Press. Southward, A. J. (1982). An Ecologist’s View of the Implications of the Observed Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Petroleum Compounds on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems. Philosophical Transaction of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 297,241-255. Underwood, A. J., y Peterson, C. H. (1988). Towards an Ecological Framework for Investigating Pollution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46, 227-234. Tairova, Z. M., Giessing, A. M. B., Hansen, R., y Andersen, O. (2009). 1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Marine Environmental Research, 67, 38-46. Theodorakis, C. W., y Virgin, I. I. (2002). Genetic Responses as Population-Level Biomarkers of Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 149-186). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Tomanek, L. (2011). Environmental proteomics: Changes in the Proteome of the Marine organisms in Response to Environmental Stress, Pollutants, Infection, Symbiosis and Development. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 373-399. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., y Vermeulen, N. P. E. (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13, 57-149. Verslycke, T., Roast, S. D, Widdows, J., Jones, M. B., y Janssen, C. R. (2004). Cellular energy allocation and scope for growth in the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) following chlorpyrifos exposure: a method comparison. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 306, 1-16. Virgin, I. I., y Theodorakis, C. W. (2002). Molecular Biomarkers in Aquatic Organisms: DNA Damage and RNA Expression. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 43-110). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Weeks, J. M. (1998). Effects of pollutants on soil invertebrates: Links between levels. En G. Schüürmann y B. Market, (Eds.), Ecotoxicology. (pp. 645-664). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Widdows, J. (1982). Field Measurement of the Biological Impacts of Pollutants. Assimilative Capacity of the Oceans for Man’s Wastes. April 26-30. SCOPE/ICSU Academia Sinica, Taipei, Republic of China. pp. 111-129. ________. (1985). Physiological Responses to Pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 16, 129-134. Widdows, J., y Donkin, P. (1991). Role of Physiological Energetics in Ecotoxicology. MiniReview. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 100C, 65-79. Widdows, J., y Salked, P. N. (1992). Role of Scope for Growth in Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Monitoring. FAO/UNEP Training Workshop on: “The Techniques for Monitoring Biological Effects of Pollutants on Marine Organism”. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. 31p. Núm. 32 , Año 2011 : Enero - Junio https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/1244/1167 |
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Uso de los biomarcadores en la evaluación de la contaminaciónUse of biomarkers in the assessment of contaminationBiomarcadoresrespuestas fisiológicasecotoxicologíacontaminaciónmonitoreobiomarkersphysiological responsesecotoxicologypollutionmonitoringCada día es más difícil evaluar la salud de un ecosistema debido a la gran cantidad y diversidad de xenobióticos que son introducidos en ellos. Es por eso, que en las últimas dos décadas se ha incrementado el uso de biomarcadores para la evaluación y monitoreo de los ecosistemas. Un biomarcador es una respuesta funcional, fisiológica o bioquímica al nivel celular o interacciones moleculares que un organismo, una población o una comunidad  efleja frente a un peligro potencial, el cual puede ser químico, físico o biológico. El biomarcador representa una señal integrada del nivel de contaminación de una determinada zona y, por consiguiente, constituye un indicador del nivel de riesgo toxicológico al que puede ser sometida una determinada población natural. No obstante, para que sea efectiva una evaluación ambiental o un programa de biomonitoreo, se deberán utilizar múltiples biomarcadores que describan los síntomas que sugieren la relación causa-efecto para una especie.ABSTRACT Each day is more difficult to evaluate an ecosystem health due to the amount and diversity of xenobiotic substances introduced in them. This is why in the last two decades the use of biomarkers for the evaluation and monitoring of ecosystems as been increasingly used. A biomarker is a functional, physiological or bio-chemical response to the cellular level or molecular interactions that an organism, a population or a community reflects before a potential danger. These responses can be chemical, physical or biological. The biomarker represents an integrated signal of the pollution level of a determined area and, as a consequence, constitutes an indicator of the toxicological risk level a determined natural population can be submitted to. However, for an environmental evaluation or biomonitoring program to be effective, multiple biomarkers describing the symptoms that suggest the cause-effect relationship for a species must be used.Universidad de Caldas2011-01-01T00:00:00Z2011-01-01T00:00:00Z2010-01-01Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1application/pdf0122-53911909-2474https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1244https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1244spa12732121Luna Azul Adams, S. M. (2002). Biological Indicator of Aquatic Ecosystems Stress: Introduction and Overview. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 1-12). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), y WPCF (Water Pollution Control Federation). (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Joint Editorial Board, USA. 1193p. Barton, B. A., Morgan, J. D., y Vijayan, M. M. (2002). Physiological and Condition-Related Indicators of Environmental Stress in Fish. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 111-148). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Bayne, B. L., Brown, D. A., Burns, K., Dixon,D. R., Ivanovici, A., Livingstone, D. R., Lowe,D. M., Moore, M. N., Stebbing, A. y Widdows, J. (1985). The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals. Praeger, Greenwood Press. 384p. Bayne, B. L., Livingstone, D. R., Moore, M. N., y Widdows, J. (1976). A Cytochemical and Biochemical Index of Stress in Mytilus edulis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 7, 221-224. Beyers, D., y Rice, J. A. (2002). Evaluating Stress in Fish Using Bionergetics-Based Stressor-Response Models. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 289-320). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Branco, S. (1984). Limnología sanitaria, estudio de la polución de aguas continentales. Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos. Programa Regional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico. Washington, D.C. 115p. Chambers, J. E, Boone, J. S., Carr, R. L., Chambers, H. W., y Straus, D. L. (2002).Biomarkers as predictors in health and ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 8, 165-176. Chapman, P. M., Dexter, R. N., y Goldstein, L. (1987). Development of Monitoring Programmes to Assess the Long-Term Health of Aquatic Ecosystem. A Model from Puget Sound, DAME, R. F. 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves. An Ecosystem Approach. USA: CRC Press. 254p. Coen, W., Robbens, J., y Janssen, C. (2006). Ecological impact assessment of metallurgiceffluents using in situ biomarker assays. Environmental Pollution, 141, 283-294. Depledge, M. H. (1994). The rational basis for the use of biomarkers as ecotoxicological tools. En Leonzio C., (Ed.), Nondestructive biomarkers in vertebrates. (pp. 271-295). London (UK): CRC. EHC (Environmental Health Criteria). (1993). Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Concepts and Principles. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). EHC No. 155. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (1982). Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants. Part 1. Environmental Research Laboratory. Athens. 570p. EULA. (1999). Curso Teórico-Práctico de Postgrado: Evaluación y Monitoreo de la Contaminación Acuática. Centro EULA. Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Focardi, S. (1999). Contaminación antropogénica y vida marina. En Curso Teórico-Práctico de Postgrado: Evaluación y Monitoreo de la Contaminación Acuática. (pp. 1-9). Centro EULA. Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Hagger, J., Jones, M. B., Leonar, DR P., Owen, R. & Galloway T. S. (2006). Biomarkers and Integrated Environmental Risk Assessment: Are There More Questions Than Answers?. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2(4), 312-329. Hagger, J., Jones, M. B., Lowe, D. Leonard, D. R. P., Owen, R. & Galloway T. S. (2008). Application of biomarkers for improving risk assessments of chemicals under the Water Framework Directive: A case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56(6),1111-1118. Hart Jr., C. W. & S. L. Fuller. (1974). Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, New York. 389p. Hodson, P. V. (2002). Biomarkers and Bioindicators in monitoring and assessment: The State of the Art.. In S. M. Adams (ed.). Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress (pp 591-619). American Fisheries Society, Maryland, U.S.A. Jørgensen, S. E. (1998). Ecotoxicological Research__Historical Development and Perspectives. In G. Schüürmann y B. Markert (eds.). Ecotoxicology (pp 3-15). Jonh Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. Moore, M. N. (1985). Cellular Response to Pollutants. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 16,134-139. Moore, M. N. (1988a). Cellular- and Histopathological Effects of a Pollutant Gradient - Summary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46,109-110. Moore, M. N. (1988b). Cytochemical Responses of the Lysosomal System and NADPHFerrihemoprotein Reductase in Molluscan Digestive Cells to Environmental and Experimental Exposure Xenobiotics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46,81-89. Moore, M. N. & D. M. Lowe. (1985). Cytological and Cytochemical Measurements. En D. A. Brown, K. Burns, D. R. Dixon, A. Ivanovici, D. R. Livingstone, D. M. Lowe, M. N. Moore, A. Stebbing, y J. Widdows, (Eds.). The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals. (pp.46-74). New York: Praeger, Greenwood Press. 384p. Myers, M. S., y Fournie, J. W. (2002). Histopathological Indicators of Environmental Stress and Diseases Susceptibility in Fishes. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 187-220). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Olsen, G. H., Sva, E., Carroll, J., Camus, L., Coen, W., Smolders, R., Øveraas, H., y Hylland, K. (2007). Alterations in the energy budget of Arctic benthic species exposed to oil-related compounds. Aquatic Toxicology, 83, 85-92. Palacio, J. A. (2007). Ecotoxicología acuática. Medellín: Ed. Universidad de Antioquia. 437p. Rhee, J. S., Lee, Y. M., Hwang, D. S., Won, E. J., Raisuddin, S., Shin, K. H., y Lee, J. S. (2007). Molecular cloning, expression, biochemical characteristics, and biomarker potential of theta class glutathione S-transferase (GST-T) from the polychaete Neanthes succinea. Aquatic Toxicology, 83(2), 104-115. Ricciardi, F., Matozzo, V., Binelli, A., y Marín, M. G. (2010). Biomarker responses and contamination levels in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) from the Lagoon Venice: An integrated approach in biomonitoring estuarine environments. Water Research, 44(6), 1725-1736. Shuhong, W., Huasheng, H., y Xinhong, W. (2005). Bioenergetic responses in green lipped mussels (Perna viridis) as indicators of pollution stress in Xiamen coastal waters, China.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55, 738-743. Smaal, A. C., y Widdows, J. (1994). The Scope for Growth of Bivalves as an Integrated Response Parameter in Biological Monitoring. En K. J. M. Kramer, (Ed.), Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries. (pp. 247-267). Boca Ratón: CRC Press. Southward, A. J. (1982). An Ecologist’s View of the Implications of the Observed Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Petroleum Compounds on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems. Philosophical Transaction of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 297,241-255. Underwood, A. J., y Peterson, C. H. (1988). Towards an Ecological Framework for Investigating Pollution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46, 227-234. Tairova, Z. M., Giessing, A. M. B., Hansen, R., y Andersen, O. (2009). 1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Marine Environmental Research, 67, 38-46. Theodorakis, C. W., y Virgin, I. I. (2002). Genetic Responses as Population-Level Biomarkers of Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 149-186). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Tomanek, L. (2011). Environmental proteomics: Changes in the Proteome of the Marine organisms in Response to Environmental Stress, Pollutants, Infection, Symbiosis and Development. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 373-399. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., y Vermeulen, N. P. E. (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13, 57-149. Verslycke, T., Roast, S. D, Widdows, J., Jones, M. B., y Janssen, C. R. (2004). Cellular energy allocation and scope for growth in the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) following chlorpyrifos exposure: a method comparison. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 306, 1-16. Virgin, I. I., y Theodorakis, C. W. (2002). Molecular Biomarkers in Aquatic Organisms: DNA Damage and RNA Expression. En S. M. Adams, (Ed.), Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystems stress. (pp. 43-110). Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society. Weeks, J. M. (1998). Effects of pollutants on soil invertebrates: Links between levels. En G. Schüürmann y B. Market, (Eds.), Ecotoxicology. (pp. 645-664). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Widdows, J. (1982). Field Measurement of the Biological Impacts of Pollutants. Assimilative Capacity of the Oceans for Man’s Wastes. April 26-30. SCOPE/ICSU Academia Sinica, Taipei, Republic of China. pp. 111-129. ________. (1985). 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