The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation

The impact of increasing penetration of converter control-based generators (CCBGs) in a large-scale power system is assessed through a model based small signal stability analysis. Three test bed cases for the years 2010, 2020, and 2022 of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) in the Un...

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Autores:
Quintero Restrepo, Jaime
Vittal, Vijay
Heydt, Gerald T.
Zhang, Hui
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2014
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/14206
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14206
https://red.uao.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Generadores eléctricos
Electric generators
Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine
Full-converter control-based generator
Full-converter wind turbine
Modal analysis
PV solar generation
Small signal stability
Transmission systems
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos reservados IEEE, 2014
id REPOUAO2_ff1a28d0b8899164a1ac1156399cd6f9
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/14206
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
title The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
spellingShingle The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
Generadores eléctricos
Electric generators
Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine
Full-converter control-based generator
Full-converter wind turbine
Modal analysis
PV solar generation
Small signal stability
Transmission systems
title_short The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
title_full The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
title_fullStr The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
title_full_unstemmed The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
title_sort The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Quintero Restrepo, Jaime
Vittal, Vijay
Heydt, Gerald T.
Zhang, Hui
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Quintero Restrepo, Jaime
Vittal, Vijay
Heydt, Gerald T.
Zhang, Hui
dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv IEEE
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Generadores eléctricos
topic Generadores eléctricos
Electric generators
Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine
Full-converter control-based generator
Full-converter wind turbine
Modal analysis
PV solar generation
Small signal stability
Transmission systems
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Electric generators
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine
Full-converter control-based generator
Full-converter wind turbine
Modal analysis
PV solar generation
Small signal stability
Transmission systems
description The impact of increasing penetration of converter control-based generators (CCBGs) in a large-scale power system is assessed through a model based small signal stability analysis. Three test bed cases for the years 2010, 2020, and 2022 of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) in the United States are used for the analysis. Increasing penetration of wind-based Type 3 and wind-based Type 4 and PV Solar CCBGs is used in the tests. The participation and interaction of CCBGs and synchronous generators in traditional electromechanical interarea modes is analyzed. Two new types of modes dominated by CCBGs are identified. The characteristics of these new modes are described and compared to electromechanical modes in the frequency domain. An examination of the mechanism of the interaction between the CCBG control states and the synchronous generator control states is presented and validated through dynamic simulations. Actual system and forecast load data are used throughout.
publishDate 2014
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2014-02-14
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-23T15:06:01Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-23T15:06:01Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 8858950
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14206
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2303293
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Educativo Digital
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://red.uao.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 8858950
DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2303293
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio Educativo Digital
url https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14206
https://red.uao.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 9
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 5
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 29
dc.relation.cites.eng.fl_str_mv Quintero Restrepo, J., Vittal, V., Heydt, G.T., Zhang, H. (2014). The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 29 (5), 1-9.doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2303293
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv [1] J. Quintero, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, H. Zhang, and B. Nickell, “Security assessment of the year 2020 planned western interconnection,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Jul. 2013.
[2] L. Fan, H. Yin, and Z.Miao, “On active/reactive power modulation of DFIG-based wind generation for interarea oscillation damping,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 513–521, Jun. 2011.
[3] S. Eftekharnejad, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, B. Keel, and J. Loehr, “Impact of increased penetration of photovoltaic generation on power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 893–901, May 2013.
[4] D. Gautam, V. Vittal, and T. Harbour, “Impact of increased penetration of DFIG-based wind turbine generators on transient and small signal stability of power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1426–1434, Aug. 2009.
[5] S. Q. Bu,W.Du, H. F. Wang, Z.Chen, L. Y. Xiao, andH. F. Li, “Probabilistic analysis of small-signal stability of large-scale power systems as affected by penetration of wind generation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 762–770, May 2012.
[6] T. Knüppel, J. N. Nielsen, K. H. Jensen, A. Dixon, and J. Østergaard, “Small-signal stability of wind power system with full-load converter interfaced wind turbines,” IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 79–91, 2012.
[7] F. Mei and B. Pal, “Modal analysis of grid-connected doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 728–736, Sep. 2007.
[8] J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, N.W.Miller, andW.W. Price, “A modal analysis of a two-area system with significant wind power penetration,” in Proc. IEEE Power Syst. Conf. Expo., Oct. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1148–1152.
[9] G. Tsourakis, B. M. Nomikos, and C. D. Vournas, “Contribution of doubly fed wind generators to oscillation damping,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 783–791, Sep. 2009.
[10] J. Morató, T. Knüppel, and J. Østergaard, “Residue-based evaluation of the use of wind power plants with full converter wind turbines for power oscillation damping control,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 82–89, Jan. 2014.
[11] D. Gautam, L. Goel, R. Ayyanar, V. Vital, and T. Harbour, “Control strategy to mitigate the impact of reduced inertia due to doubly fed induction generators on large power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 214–224, Feb. 2011.
[12] R. D. Fernandez, R. J. Mantz, and P. E. Battaiotto, “Contribution of wind farms to the network stability,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2006.
[13] A. Ellis, Y. Kazachkov, E. Muljadi, P. Pourbeik, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, “Description and technical specifications for generic WTG models—A status report,” in Proc. IEEE/PES Power Systems Conf. Expo., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2011, pp. 1–8.
[14] K. Clark, N. W. Miller, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, in Modeling of GE Wind Turbine-Generators for Grid Studies, Ver. 4.5, Schenectady, NY, USA, Apr. 2010.
[15] N. W. Miller, R. Walling, M. Shao, and J. MacDowell, in Modeling of GE Photovoltaic Plants for Grid Studies, Ver. 1.2, Schenectady, NY, USA, May 2011.
[16] D. Kosterev, A. Meklin, J. Undrill, B. Lesieutre,W. Price, D. Chassin, R. Bravo, and S. Yang, “Load modeling in power system studies: WECC progress update,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Jul. 2008.
[17] Powertech, Small Signal Analysis Tool: User Manual. Surrey, BC, Canada, 2012.
[18] H. K. Hassan, Nonlinear Systems, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2001.
[19] C.-T. Chen, Linear System Theory and Design, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
[20] N. Martins, “Efficient eigenvalue and frequency response methods applied to power system small-signal stability studies,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 217–224, Feb. 1986.
[21] Eigenanalysis and Frequency Domain Methods for System Dynamic Performance. New York, NY, USA: IEEE PES, 1989.
[22] I. J. Pérez-Arriaga, G. C. Verghese, and F. C. Schweppe, “Selective modal analysis with applications to electric power systems, part I: Heuristic introduction,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, pp. 3117–3125, Sep. 1982.
[23] GE Concorda, PSLF Users’Manual, ver. 18. Schenectady, NY, USA, Oct. 2012.
[24] D. J. Trudnowski, J. M. Johnson, and J. F.Hauer, “SIMO system identification from measured ringdowns,” in Proc. American Control Conf., 1998, pp. 2968–2972.
[25] G. Rogers, Power System Oscillations, 1st ed. New York,NY,USA: Springer, 2000.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos reservados IEEE, 2014
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rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos reservados IEEE, 2014
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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institution Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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spelling Quintero Restrepo, Jaimevirtual::4497-1Vittal, Vijay94844e332ed61d7079a39d4eac99b51aHeydt, Gerald T.0bb956dc70154075dc3c3b8d0dc1bdb7Zhang, Hui34574a31c2ca3c26522d7ea9c6ebe22dIEEEUniversidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cll 25 # 115-85 Km 2 Vía Cali - Jamundi2022-08-23T15:06:01Z2022-08-23T15:06:01Z2014-02-148858950https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14206DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2303293Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo Digitalhttps://red.uao.edu.co/The impact of increasing penetration of converter control-based generators (CCBGs) in a large-scale power system is assessed through a model based small signal stability analysis. Three test bed cases for the years 2010, 2020, and 2022 of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) in the United States are used for the analysis. Increasing penetration of wind-based Type 3 and wind-based Type 4 and PV Solar CCBGs is used in the tests. The participation and interaction of CCBGs and synchronous generators in traditional electromechanical interarea modes is analyzed. Two new types of modes dominated by CCBGs are identified. The characteristics of these new modes are described and compared to electromechanical modes in the frequency domain. An examination of the mechanism of the interaction between the CCBG control states and the synchronous generator control states is presented and validated through dynamic simulations. Actual system and forecast load data are used throughout.9 páginasapplication/pdfengIEEEDerechos reservados IEEE, 2014https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillationArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Generadores eléctricosElectric generatorsDoubly fed induction generator wind turbineFull-converter control-based generatorFull-converter wind turbineModal analysisPV solar generationSmall signal stabilityTransmission systems95129Quintero Restrepo, J., Vittal, V., Heydt, G.T., Zhang, H. (2014). The impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 29 (5), 1-9.doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2303293IEEE Transactions on Power Systems[1] J. Quintero, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, H. Zhang, and B. Nickell, “Security assessment of the year 2020 planned western interconnection,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Jul. 2013.[2] L. Fan, H. Yin, and Z.Miao, “On active/reactive power modulation of DFIG-based wind generation for interarea oscillation damping,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 513–521, Jun. 2011.[3] S. Eftekharnejad, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, B. Keel, and J. Loehr, “Impact of increased penetration of photovoltaic generation on power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 893–901, May 2013.[4] D. Gautam, V. Vittal, and T. Harbour, “Impact of increased penetration of DFIG-based wind turbine generators on transient and small signal stability of power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1426–1434, Aug. 2009.[5] S. Q. Bu,W.Du, H. F. Wang, Z.Chen, L. Y. Xiao, andH. F. Li, “Probabilistic analysis of small-signal stability of large-scale power systems as affected by penetration of wind generation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 762–770, May 2012.[6] T. Knüppel, J. N. Nielsen, K. H. Jensen, A. Dixon, and J. Østergaard, “Small-signal stability of wind power system with full-load converter interfaced wind turbines,” IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 79–91, 2012.[7] F. Mei and B. Pal, “Modal analysis of grid-connected doubly fed induction generators,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 728–736, Sep. 2007.[8] J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, N.W.Miller, andW.W. Price, “A modal analysis of a two-area system with significant wind power penetration,” in Proc. IEEE Power Syst. Conf. Expo., Oct. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1148–1152.[9] G. Tsourakis, B. M. Nomikos, and C. D. Vournas, “Contribution of doubly fed wind generators to oscillation damping,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 783–791, Sep. 2009.[10] J. Morató, T. Knüppel, and J. Østergaard, “Residue-based evaluation of the use of wind power plants with full converter wind turbines for power oscillation damping control,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 82–89, Jan. 2014.[11] D. Gautam, L. Goel, R. Ayyanar, V. Vital, and T. Harbour, “Control strategy to mitigate the impact of reduced inertia due to doubly fed induction generators on large power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 214–224, Feb. 2011.[12] R. D. Fernandez, R. J. Mantz, and P. E. Battaiotto, “Contribution of wind farms to the network stability,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2006.[13] A. Ellis, Y. Kazachkov, E. Muljadi, P. Pourbeik, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, “Description and technical specifications for generic WTG models—A status report,” in Proc. IEEE/PES Power Systems Conf. Expo., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2011, pp. 1–8.[14] K. Clark, N. W. Miller, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, in Modeling of GE Wind Turbine-Generators for Grid Studies, Ver. 4.5, Schenectady, NY, USA, Apr. 2010.[15] N. W. Miller, R. Walling, M. Shao, and J. MacDowell, in Modeling of GE Photovoltaic Plants for Grid Studies, Ver. 1.2, Schenectady, NY, USA, May 2011.[16] D. Kosterev, A. Meklin, J. Undrill, B. Lesieutre,W. Price, D. Chassin, R. Bravo, and S. Yang, “Load modeling in power system studies: WECC progress update,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Jul. 2008.[17] Powertech, Small Signal Analysis Tool: User Manual. Surrey, BC, Canada, 2012.[18] H. K. Hassan, Nonlinear Systems, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2001.[19] C.-T. Chen, Linear System Theory and Design, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.[20] N. Martins, “Efficient eigenvalue and frequency response methods applied to power system small-signal stability studies,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 217–224, Feb. 1986.[21] Eigenanalysis and Frequency Domain Methods for System Dynamic Performance. New York, NY, USA: IEEE PES, 1989.[22] I. J. Pérez-Arriaga, G. C. Verghese, and F. C. Schweppe, “Selective modal analysis with applications to electric power systems, part I: Heuristic introduction,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, pp. 3117–3125, Sep. 1982.[23] GE Concorda, PSLF Users’Manual, ver. 18. Schenectady, NY, USA, Oct. 2012.[24] D. J. Trudnowski, J. M. Johnson, and J. F.Hauer, “SIMO system identification from measured ringdowns,” in Proc. American Control Conf., 1998, pp. 2968–2972.[25] G. Rogers, Power System Oscillations, 1st ed. New York,NY,USA: Springer, 2000.Comunidad universitaria en generalPublicationec743e96-6f88-4638-b201-c7c34fc463ebvirtual::4497-1ec743e96-6f88-4638-b201-c7c34fc463ebvirtual::4497-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ygqIJSoAAAAJ&hl=envirtual::4497-10000-0001-8729-6577virtual::4497-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000482960virtual::4497-1LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/e1f4626b-4de5-47d3-84e0-187b7d50012a/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD52TEXTThe impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation.pdf.txtThe impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain37226https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/f94edde4-b410-40fd-9ce8-151f31ba8207/download28ed51084cb073f353c2e0ad4f332c65MD54THUMBNAILThe impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation.pdf.jpgThe impact of increased penetration of converter control-based generators on power system modes of oscillation.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg18767https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/520a0cda-f96c-4972-aac7-22d2c2a9ff66/downloadc2cb77b2141b9669e33d7c5599c03982MD5510614/14206oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/142062024-03-14 10:28:19.497https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos reservados IEEE, 2014metadata.onlyhttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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