Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate

Calcium titanate has been proposed as a coating for biomedical applications but it has not been reported characterization of adhesion failure mechanisms or electrochemical properties in time. In this work have been studied these properties of a calcium titanate coating growth onto AISI 304 steel dep...

Full description

Autores:
Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
Esguerra Arce, Johanna
Aguilar Castro, Yesid
Aperador, Willian
Bolaños, Gilberto
Rincón, Carlos Alberto
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2014
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/12135
Acceso en línea:
http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12135
Palabra clave:
Materiales
Materials
Biomaterials
Calcium titanate coating
Magnetron sputtering
Scratch test
Corrosion
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Socie­dad Mexicana de Física, A. C., 2014
id REPOUAO2_d043572ec6990d6c7553f24010f37ea7
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/12135
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
title Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
spellingShingle Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
Materiales
Materials
Biomaterials
Calcium titanate coating
Magnetron sputtering
Scratch test
Corrosion
title_short Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
title_full Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
title_fullStr Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
title_full_unstemmed Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
title_sort Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
Esguerra Arce, Johanna
Aguilar Castro, Yesid
Aperador, Willian
Bolaños, Gilberto
Rincón, Carlos Alberto
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
Esguerra Arce, Johanna
Aguilar Castro, Yesid
Aperador, Willian
Bolaños, Gilberto
Rincón, Carlos Alberto
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Materiales
topic Materiales
Materials
Biomaterials
Calcium titanate coating
Magnetron sputtering
Scratch test
Corrosion
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Materials
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Biomaterials
Calcium titanate coating
Magnetron sputtering
Scratch test
Corrosion
description Calcium titanate has been proposed as a coating for biomedical applications but it has not been reported characterization of adhesion failure mechanisms or electrochemical properties in time. In this work have been studied these properties of a calcium titanate coating growth onto AISI 304 steel deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering. It was found that the coating has a critical adhesive load of 6.53 § 0.14 N.With respect to its electrochemical properties potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the calcium titanate coating provides protection to AISI 304 steel. However, EIS indicates that even though metal dissolution occur through the pores in the coating, this leads to the precipitation of salts that block pores; this precipitates layer acts like an additional barrier to the metal dissolution in the system
publishDate 2014
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2014-05
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-18T23:05:28Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-18T23:05:28Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF
dc.type.version.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12135
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 2683-2224
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Educativo Digital
url http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12135
identifier_str_mv 2683-2224
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio Educativo Digital
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Mexicana de Física. Volumen 60, número 3, (mayo-junio 2014); páginas 210-216
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 216
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv 3
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 210
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv 60
dc.relation.cites.spa.fl_str_mv Alba de Sánchez, N. C., Esguerra Arce, J., Aguilar Castro, Y., Aperador, W., Bolaños, G., Rincón, C. A. (2014). Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate. Revista Mexicana de Física. 60(3), 210-216. http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12135
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Mexicana de Física
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv J. D. Bronzino, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, Medical Devices and SystemsTissue Engineering and Artificial Organs (Tercera edicion, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006)
ASTM F75 - 07. Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Alloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants (UNS R30075), (West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2007)
F.L. Nie, S.G. Wang, Y.B. Wang, S.C. Wei, and Y.F. Zheng, Dental materials 27 (2011) 677.
F. Barragan, R. Guardi ´ an, C. Menchaca, I. Rosales, and J. ´ Uruchurtu, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 5 (2010) 1799
ASTM F138 - 08: Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673), (West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2008)
ASTM F139 - 08: Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673),( West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2008)
J. Faig-Mart´ı and F.J. Gil-Mur, Rev. esp. cir. ortop. traumatol 52 (2008) 113
A. E. Porter, P. Taak, L. W. Hobbs, M. J. Coathup, G. W. Blunn, and M. Spector, Biomaterials 25 (2004) 5199
C. Ergun, R. Doremus, and W. Lanford, J. Biomed. Materi. Res. A 65 (2003) 336
S. Holliday and A. Stanishevsky, Surf. Coat. Technol. 188 (2004) 741.
N. Ohtsu, K. Saito, K. Asami, and T. Hanawa, Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 5455
J.P. Wiff, V.M. Fuenzalida, J.L. Arias, and M.S. Fernandez, Mater. Lett. 61 (2007) 2739
N. Ohtsu, C. Abe, T. Ashino, S. Semboshi, and K. Wagatsuma, Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (2008) 5110
B. Ben-Nissan, B. A. Latella, and A. Bendavid, Comprehensive Biomaterials 3 (2011) 63.
ASTM C1624 - 05 (Reapproved 2010): Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing, West Conshohocken, PA, (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2005).
ASTM G59 - 97 (Reapproved 2009): Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, West Conshohocken, (PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2009).
R. Ali and M. Yashim, J. Solid State Chem. 178 (2005) 2867
H. Fuess, Fachbereich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany (Private Communication, 1991)
V.I. Khitrova, M.F. Bundule, and Z.G. Pinsker, Kristallografiya 22 (1977) 1253
V. Nelea, C. Morosanu, M. Iliescu, and I.N. Mihailescu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 173 (2003) 315
K. Holmberg, A. Laukkanen, H. Ronkainen, K. Wallin, and S. Varjus, Wear 254 (2003) 278
J.A. Toque, M. K. Herliansyah, M. Hamdi, A. Ide-Ektessabi, and I. Sopyan, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. 3 (2010) 324
M. Metikosˇs-Hukovic´, E. Tkalˇcec, A. Kwokal, and J. Piljac, Surf. Coat. Tech. 165 (2003) 40
B. A. Boukamp, Solid State Ionics 18-19 (1986) 136.
R. M. Souto, M. M. Laz, and R. L. Reis, Biomaterials 24 (2003) 4213
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Socie­dad Mexicana de Física, A. C., 2014
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.eng.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Socie­dad Mexicana de Física, A. C., 2014
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.eng.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 7 páginas
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Socie­dad Mexicana de Física
institution Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/67b92293-8ab4-4537-aeb5-2b11d429c4ad/download
https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/b92c10c2-ea9d-4c07-ab78-92a0ce7b3a38/download
https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/741e2b74-9e29-4d9b-841d-f9270d9fcc15/download
https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/53e5a163-e078-4f22-806d-9bf43a6f9dea/download
https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/ad2e374d-557c-49b1-b689-d7a21f141bcc/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560
b2e96b6929dbcfa2d1eb612683877af5
a850971146112552bd9a04e044e6fee3
c897f9830194f090ba98255d33cad905
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio UAO
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio@uao.edu.co
_version_ 1814259993455624192
spelling Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia2793e3a51a82a454e83e94b5b61af113Esguerra Arce, Johanna147c0a0162a4b3689186e50e396cfbddAguilar Castro, Yesid1f2f20ebe0e3606b91cb13d64759ddb4Aperador, Willian7f3f876ae38158468b0b83cdc8884010Bolaños, Gilberto3ed80e251fcc62366c5df8bc03013b22Rincón, Carlos Albertofa2f468f96f998425f5182ef209673bb2020-03-18T23:05:28Z2020-03-18T23:05:28Z2014-05http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/121352683-2224Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo DigitalCalcium titanate has been proposed as a coating for biomedical applications but it has not been reported characterization of adhesion failure mechanisms or electrochemical properties in time. In this work have been studied these properties of a calcium titanate coating growth onto AISI 304 steel deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering. It was found that the coating has a critical adhesive load of 6.53 § 0.14 N.With respect to its electrochemical properties potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the calcium titanate coating provides protection to AISI 304 steel. However, EIS indicates that even though metal dissolution occur through the pores in the coating, this leads to the precipitation of salts that block pores; this precipitates layer acts like an additional barrier to the metal dissolution in the systemapplication/pdf7 páginasengSocie­dad Mexicana de FísicaRevista Mexicana de Física. Volumen 60, número 3, (mayo-junio 2014); páginas 210-216216321060Alba de Sánchez, N. C., Esguerra Arce, J., Aguilar Castro, Y., Aperador, W., Bolaños, G., Rincón, C. A. (2014). Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate. Revista Mexicana de Física. 60(3), 210-216. http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12135Revista Mexicana de FísicaJ. D. Bronzino, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, Medical Devices and SystemsTissue Engineering and Artificial Organs (Tercera edicion, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006)ASTM F75 - 07. Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Alloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants (UNS R30075), (West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2007)F.L. Nie, S.G. Wang, Y.B. Wang, S.C. Wei, and Y.F. Zheng, Dental materials 27 (2011) 677.F. Barragan, R. Guardi ´ an, C. Menchaca, I. Rosales, and J. ´ Uruchurtu, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 5 (2010) 1799ASTM F138 - 08: Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673), (West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2008)ASTM F139 - 08: Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673),( West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2008)J. Faig-Mart´ı and F.J. Gil-Mur, Rev. esp. cir. ortop. traumatol 52 (2008) 113A. E. Porter, P. Taak, L. W. Hobbs, M. J. Coathup, G. W. Blunn, and M. Spector, Biomaterials 25 (2004) 5199C. Ergun, R. Doremus, and W. Lanford, J. Biomed. Materi. Res. A 65 (2003) 336S. Holliday and A. Stanishevsky, Surf. Coat. Technol. 188 (2004) 741.N. Ohtsu, K. Saito, K. Asami, and T. Hanawa, Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 5455J.P. Wiff, V.M. Fuenzalida, J.L. Arias, and M.S. Fernandez, Mater. Lett. 61 (2007) 2739N. Ohtsu, C. Abe, T. Ashino, S. Semboshi, and K. Wagatsuma, Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (2008) 5110B. Ben-Nissan, B. A. Latella, and A. Bendavid, Comprehensive Biomaterials 3 (2011) 63.ASTM C1624 - 05 (Reapproved 2010): Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing, West Conshohocken, PA, (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2005).ASTM G59 - 97 (Reapproved 2009): Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, West Conshohocken, (PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2009).R. Ali and M. Yashim, J. Solid State Chem. 178 (2005) 2867H. Fuess, Fachbereich Materialwissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany (Private Communication, 1991)V.I. Khitrova, M.F. Bundule, and Z.G. Pinsker, Kristallografiya 22 (1977) 1253V. Nelea, C. Morosanu, M. Iliescu, and I.N. Mihailescu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 173 (2003) 315K. Holmberg, A. Laukkanen, H. Ronkainen, K. Wallin, and S. Varjus, Wear 254 (2003) 278J.A. Toque, M. K. Herliansyah, M. Hamdi, A. Ide-Ektessabi, and I. Sopyan, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. 3 (2010) 324M. Metikosˇs-Hukovic´, E. Tkalˇcec, A. Kwokal, and J. Piljac, Surf. Coat. Tech. 165 (2003) 40B. A. Boukamp, Solid State Ionics 18-19 (1986) 136.R. M. Souto, M. M. Laz, and R. L. Reis, Biomaterials 24 (2003) 4213Derechos Reservados - Socie­dad Mexicana de Física, A. C., 2014https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Adherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrateArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85MaterialesMaterialsBiomaterialsCalcium titanate coatingMagnetron sputteringScratch testCorrosionPublicationCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/67b92293-8ab4-4537-aeb5-2b11d429c4ad/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/b92c10c2-ea9d-4c07-ab78-92a0ce7b3a38/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD53ORIGINALAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdfAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdfTexto archivo completo del artículo de revista. PDFapplication/pdf1694287https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/741e2b74-9e29-4d9b-841d-f9270d9fcc15/downloadb2e96b6929dbcfa2d1eb612683877af5MD54TEXTAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdf.txtAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain24503https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/53e5a163-e078-4f22-806d-9bf43a6f9dea/downloada850971146112552bd9a04e044e6fee3MD55THUMBNAILAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdf.jpgAdherence and electrochemical behavior of calcium titanate coatings onto 304 stainless steel substrate.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14302https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/ad2e374d-557c-49b1-b689-d7a21f141bcc/downloadc897f9830194f090ba98255d33cad905MD5610614/12135oai:dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com:10614/121352024-01-19 16:33:08.652https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Socie­dad Mexicana de Física, A. C., 2014open.accesshttps://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.comRepositorio UAOrepositorio@uao.edu.coRUwgQVVUT1IgYXV0b3JpemEgYSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBBdXTDs25vbWEgZGUgT2NjaWRlbnRlLCBkZSBmb3JtYSBpbmRlZmluaWRhLCBwYXJhIHF1ZSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGVzdGFibGVjaWRvcyBlbiBsYSBMZXkgMjMgZGUgMTk4MiwgbGEgTGV5IDQ0IGRlIDE5OTMsIGxhIERlY2lzacOzbiBhbmRpbmEgMzUxIGRlIDE5OTMsIGVsIERlY3JldG8gNDYwIGRlIDE5OTUgeSBkZW3DoXMgbGV5ZXMgeSBqdXJpc3BydWRlbmNpYSB2aWdlbnRlIGFsIHJlc3BlY3RvLCBoYWdhIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiBkZSBlc3RlIGNvbiBmaW5lcyBlZHVjYXRpdm9zLiBQQVJBR1JBRk86IEVzdGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBhZGVtw6FzIGRlIHNlciB2w6FsaWRhIHBhcmEgbGFzIGZhY3VsdGFkZXMgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSB1c28gc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiBmb3JtYXRvIG8gc29wb3J0ZSBtYXRlcmlhbCwgdGFtYmnDqW4gcGFyYSBmb3JtYXRvIGRpZ2l0YWwsIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbywgdmlydHVhbCwgcGFyYSB1c29zIGVuIHJlZCwgSW50ZXJuZXQsIGV4dHJhbmV0LCBpbnRyYW5ldCwgYmlibGlvdGVjYSBkaWdpdGFsIHkgZGVtw6FzIHBhcmEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hdG8gY29ub2NpZG8gbyBwb3IgY29ub2Nlci4gRUwgQVVUT1IsIGV4cHJlc2EgcXVlIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byAodHJhYmFqbyBkZSBncmFkbywgcGFzYW50w61hLCBjYXNvcyBvIHRlc2lzKSBvYmpldG8gZGUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBlcyBvcmlnaW5hbCB5IGxhIGVsYWJvcsOzIHNpbiBxdWVicmFudGFyIG5pIHN1cGxhbnRhciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgdGVyY2Vyb3MsIHkgZGUgdGFsIGZvcm1hLCBlbCBkb2N1bWVudG8gKHRyYWJham8gZGUgZ3JhZG8sIHBhc2FudMOtYSwgY2Fzb3MgbyB0ZXNpcykgZXMgZGUgc3UgZXhjbHVzaXZhIGF1dG9yw61hIHkgdGllbmUgbGEgdGl0dWxhcmlkYWQgc29icmUgw6lzdGUuIFBBUkFHUkFGTzogZW4gY2FzbyBkZSBwcmVzZW50YXJzZSBhbGd1bmEgcmVjbGFtYWNpw7NuIG8gYWNjacOzbiBwb3IgcGFydGUgZGUgdW4gdGVyY2VybywgcmVmZXJlbnRlIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHNvYnJlIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byAoVHJhYmFqbyBkZSBncmFkbywgUGFzYW50w61hLCBjYXNvcyBvIHRlc2lzKSBlbiBjdWVzdGnDs24sIEVMIEFVVE9SLCBhc3VtaXLDoSBsYSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgdG90YWwsIHkgc2FsZHLDoSBlbiBkZWZlbnNhIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBhcXXDrSBhdXRvcml6YWRvczsgcGFyYSB0b2RvcyBsb3MgZWZlY3RvcywgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgIEF1dMOzbm9tYSBkZSBPY2NpZGVudGUgYWN0w7phIGNvbW8gdW4gdGVyY2VybyBkZSBidWVuYSBmZS4gVG9kYSBwZXJzb25hIHF1ZSBjb25zdWx0ZSB5YSBzZWEgZW4gbGEgYmlibGlvdGVjYSBvIGVuIG1lZGlvIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbyBwb2Ryw6EgY29waWFyIGFwYXJ0ZXMgZGVsIHRleHRvIGNpdGFuZG8gc2llbXByZSBsYSBmdWVudGUsIGVzIGRlY2lyIGVsIHTDrXR1bG8gZGVsIHRyYWJham8geSBlbCBhdXRvci4gRXN0YSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIG5vIGltcGxpY2EgcmVudW5jaWEgYSBsYSBmYWN1bHRhZCBxdWUgdGllbmUgRUwgQVVUT1IgZGUgcHVibGljYXIgdG90YWwgbyBwYXJjaWFsbWVudGUgbGEgb2JyYS4K