Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries

The aim of this chapter is to offer different chemical analyses and character-ization options for researchers or whoever is looking for an appropriate methodology to analyze results obtained in laboratory tests, especially assuming the challenge to find the best process to achieve bio-products under...

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Autores:
Flórez Pardo, Luz Marina
López Galán, Jorge Enrique
Tipo de recurso:
Part of book
Fecha de publicación:
2016
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
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oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13187
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13187
Palabra clave:
Biomasa
Biomass
Gravimetric analysis
Compositional analysis
Chemical characterization
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openAccess
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Derechos Reservados - Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
id REPOUAO2_c36f78ac60bdb0e8ea620ed26b4db203
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13187
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
title Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
spellingShingle Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
Biomasa
Biomass
Gravimetric analysis
Compositional analysis
Chemical characterization
title_short Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
title_full Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
title_fullStr Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
title_full_unstemmed Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
title_sort Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Flórez Pardo, Luz Marina
López Galán, Jorge Enrique
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Flórez Pardo, Luz Marina
López Galán, Jorge Enrique
dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv Springer International Publishing
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Biomasa
topic Biomasa
Biomass
Gravimetric analysis
Compositional analysis
Chemical characterization
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Biomass
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Gravimetric analysis
Compositional analysis
Chemical characterization
description The aim of this chapter is to offer different chemical analyses and character-ization options for researchers or whoever is looking for an appropriate methodology to analyze results obtained in laboratory tests, especially assuming the challenge to find the best process to achieve bio-products under biorefinery concept. In this way, the information provided will be very useful to evaluate the results and moreover, to improve the research process. That is the reason why analytical techniques to charac-terize different lignocellulosic biomass are described with detailed data about its prin-ciples and methodology, emphasizing either physical or chemical protocols that are followed normally in research laboratories. Taking into account that lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are the principal compounds of these kinds of raw materials, which in general are residues, the information is emphasized with that target of analysis. Nevertheless, as it is possible to obtain a lot of bio-products from biomass, like sugars, alcohols, aromatics, biopolymers and so on, other analytical methods are included
publishDate 2016
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2016
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-03T14:03:42Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-03T14:03:42Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Capítulo - Parte de Libro
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
dc.type.version.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13187
url https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13187
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 273
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 235
dc.relation.ispartofbook.eng.fl_str_mv Analytical techniques and methods for biomass
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv AOAC (1995) AOAC official method 973.18. Fibre (acid detergent) and Lignin in animal feed. In: AOAC (ed) AOAC official methods of analysis (vol 1, Chap. 4), 16th edn. AOAC, Rockville, MD, pp 20–21
AOAC (2002) AOAC official method 2002.04. Amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds. In: AOAC (ed) AOAC official methods of analysis, vol 85, number 6, 1st edn. AOAC, Rockville, MD, pp 20–21
AOAC (2009) AOAC official methods Ce 2–66. Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. Official methods 6a. AOCS, Urbana
ASTM D1110-84 (2013) Standard test methods for water solubility of wood. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org
Attard TM, Rob Mcelroy C, Rezende CA, Polikarpovc I, Clarka JH, Hunt AJ (2015) Sugarcane waste as a valuable source of lipophilic molecules. Ind Crops Prod 76:95–103
Bhattacharya D, Germinario LT, Winter WT (2008) Isolation, preparation and characterization of cellulose microfibers obtained from bagasse. Carbohydr Polym 73:371–377
Ballesteros I, Oliva JM, Saez F, Ballesteros M (2001) Ethanol production by simultaneous sac-charification and fermentation of olive oil extraction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91(93):237–252
Bian J, Peng F, Peng X-P, Xiao X, Peng P, Xu F (2014) Effect of [Emim]Ac pretreatment on the structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 100:211–217
Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 54:519–546
Buranov AU, Mazza G (2008) Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind Crops Prod 28:237–259
Cardoen D, Joshi P, Diels L, Sarma PM, Pant D (2015) Agriculture biomass in India: Part 1. Estimation and characterization. Resour Conserv Recy 102:39–48
Cataño Rueda EH (2009) Obtención y caracterización de nanofibras de celulosa a partir de desechos agroindustriales. Tesis Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Minas, Escuela de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia, p 13. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/920/1/1017137266_2009.pd
fChaa L, Joly N, Lequart V, Faugeron C, Mollet JC, Martin P, Morvan H (2008) Isolation, characterization and valorization of hemicelluloses from Aristida pungens leaves as biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 74:597–602
Chen J, Lai P, Shen H, Zhen H, Fang R (2013) Effect of extraction methods on polysaccharide of Clitocybe maxima stipe. Adv J Food Sci Technol 5(3):370–373
Cody’s G (2016) Solid state NMR facility [Figure] recovery from. https://www.gl.ciw.edu/static/users/gcody/nmr.html
Cozzolino D, Fassio A, Fernández E (2003) Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to analyze corn silage quality. Agric Téc 64(3):387–393
Del Río JC, Lino AG, Colodette JL, Lima CF, Gutierrez A, Martínez AT, Lu F, Ralph J, Rencoret J (2015) Differences in the chemical structure of the lignins from sugarcane bagasse and straw. Biomass Bioenerg 81:322–338
Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, p 613
Foyle T, Jennings L, Mulcahy P (2007) Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic materials: evalu-ation of methods used for sugar analysis of waste paper and straw. Bioresour Technol 98:3026–3036
García Sánchez A, Ramos Martos N, Ballesteros E (2005) Estudio comparativo de distintas técnicas analíticas (espectroscopía de NIR y RMN y extracción mediante Soxhlet) para la determinación del contenido graso y de humedad en aceitunas y orujo de Jaén. Grasas Aceites 56(3):220–227
Godin B, Agneessens R, Gerin PA, Delcarte J (2011) Composition of structural carbohydrates in biomass: precision of a liquid chromatography method using a neutral detergent extraction and a charged aerosol detector. Talanta 85:2014–2026
Golander E (2011) Characterization and methods for extraction of extractives in spent sulphite liquor. Master of science thesis, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, p 8. http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/142119.pdf
Higuchi T (1985) Lignin biosynthesis. In: Higuchi T (ed) Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components. Academic, Orlando, FL, pp 114–160
Horwitz W, Latimer GW (2005) Chapter 33: official methods of analysis of AOAC international, 18th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD
Huang SQ, Li JW, Wang Z, Pan HX, Chen JX, Ning ZX (2010) Optimization of alkaline extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their effect on immune function in mice. Molecules 15:3694–3708
Kacuráková M, Wilson RH (2001) Developments in mid-infrared FT-IR spectroscopy of selected carbohydrates. Carbohydr Polym 44:291–303
Luque de Castro MD, García-Ayuso LE (1998) Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Anal Chim Acta 369:1–10
Luque de Castro MD, Priego-Capote F (2010) Soxhlet extraction: past and present panacea. J Chromatogr A 1217:2383–2389
Martín Lara, María Angela. Caracterización y aplicación de biomasa residual a a la eliminación de metales pesados [in line]. Tesis doctoral Ciencia y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente. Granada. Universidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias, 2008. 424 p. [consulta: 20 mayo de 2015]. In: http://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/17514629.pdf
McMurry J (2012) Química orgánica 8a edición. Cengage Learning, México DF
Morrison RT, Boyd RN (1998) Química Orgánica. Addison Wesley Longman, México
MUÑOZ, F. J. Extracción y caracterización de la pectina obtenida a partir del fruto de dos ecotipos de cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum), en diferentes grados de madurez; a nivel de planta piloto. [In line]. Tesis Maestría en Ingeniería Agrícola. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrícola, 2011. 18 p. [Consulta: 06 de abril de 2016] In:http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/4006/1/822093.2011.pdf
Niño Camacho LR (2009) Implementación de diferentes técnicas analíticas para la determinación de biomasa bacterinas de cepas Psudomonas putida biodegradadoras de fenol. [en línea]. Tesis Química. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Quíimica, 12Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Colombia, p 19. http://repositorio.uis.edu.co/jspui/bitstream/123456789/363/2/131320.pdf
Oliva Domínguez JM (2003) Efecto de los productos de degradación originados en la explosión por vapor de biomasa de chopo sobre Kluyveromyces marxianus. Tesis doctoral, Madrid, p 166. http://biblioteca.ucm.es/tesis/bio/ucm-t26833.pdf
Oliva Dominguez, J. Miguel. Efecto de los productos de degradación originados en la explosión por vapor de biomasa de chopo sobre Kluyveromyces marxianus. [en línea]. Tesis doctoral. Madrid, 2003. 166 p. [consulta: 5 de marzo de 2015]. Disponible en: http://biblioteca.ucm.es/tesis/bio/ucm-t26833.pdf
Orellana V, Rogel A (2016) Cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución. Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Machala. https://issuu.com/toxicolo-gia6/docs/hplc.docx_29f51bdf70a77d
Pérez MJ, Quishpi JA (2014) Evaluación cuantitativa de la producción de biodiesel de microalgas de lagunas de tratamiento de agua residual. Tesis Ingeniería Civil. Facultad de ingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador, p 111. http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/20934/3/TESIS.%20PDF.pdf
Pinzón ML, Cardona AM (2008) Caracterización de la cáscara de naranja para su uso como material bioadsorbente. Bistua Rev 6(1):28–37
Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (1971) Lignins: occurence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, p 916
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D (2008a) Determination of extrac-tives in biomass. NREL/TP-510-42619. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D, Crocker D (2008b) Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. NREL/TP-510-42618. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D (2008c) Determination of ash in biomass. NREL/TP-510-42622. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Szcrbowski D, Pitarelo AP, Filho AZ, Pereira L (2014) Sugarcane biomass for biorefineries: comparative composition of carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate components of bagasse and straw. Carbohydr Polym 114:95–101
Turrel FM, Fisher PL (1942) The proximate chemical constituents of citrus woods, with special reference to lignin. Plant Physiol 17(4):558–581
Pilnik W, Voragen AGJ (1993) Enzymes in food processing, 3rd edn. Copyright 1993 by Academic. 363 3 64. Capítulo 1: pectic enzymes in fruit and vegetable juice manufacture. p 363–392
Wychen SV, Laurens LM (2013) Detemination of total solids and ash in alga biomass. Tech Rep NREL/TP:5100–60956
Xu F, Yu J, Tesso T, Dowell F, Wang D (2013) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignocel-lulosic biomass using infrared techniques: a mini-review. Appl Energ 104:801–809Z
hang J, Deng H, Lin L, Sun Y, Pan C, Liu S (2010) Isolation and characterization of wheat straw lignin with a formic acid process. Bioresour Technol 101:2311–2316
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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dc.publisher.eng.fl_str_mv Springer International Publishing
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Switzerland
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310494441_Chemical_Analysis_and_Characterization_of_Biomass_for_Biorefineries
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spelling Flórez Pardo, Luz Marinavirtual::1710-1López Galán, Jorge Enriquec28f842fdc151536a90f2149d7bd6b1fSpringer International PublishingUniversidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 24 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali - Jamundí2021-09-03T14:03:42Z2021-09-03T14:03:42Z2016https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13187The aim of this chapter is to offer different chemical analyses and character-ization options for researchers or whoever is looking for an appropriate methodology to analyze results obtained in laboratory tests, especially assuming the challenge to find the best process to achieve bio-products under biorefinery concept. In this way, the information provided will be very useful to evaluate the results and moreover, to improve the research process. That is the reason why analytical techniques to charac-terize different lignocellulosic biomass are described with detailed data about its prin-ciples and methodology, emphasizing either physical or chemical protocols that are followed normally in research laboratories. Taking into account that lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are the principal compounds of these kinds of raw materials, which in general are residues, the information is emphasized with that target of analysis. Nevertheless, as it is possible to obtain a lot of bio-products from biomass, like sugars, alcohols, aromatics, biopolymers and so on, other analytical methods are includedPrimera edición38 páginasapplication/pdfengSpringer International PublishingSwitzerlandDerechos Reservados - Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310494441_Chemical_Analysis_and_Characterization_of_Biomass_for_BiorefineriesDOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41414-0_9Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineriesCapítulo - Parte de Librohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bookPartinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85BiomasaBiomassGravimetric analysisCompositional analysisChemical characterization1273235Analytical techniques and methods for biomassAOAC (1995) AOAC official method 973.18. Fibre (acid detergent) and Lignin in animal feed. In: AOAC (ed) AOAC official methods of analysis (vol 1, Chap. 4), 16th edn. AOAC, Rockville, MD, pp 20–21AOAC (2002) AOAC official method 2002.04. Amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds. In: AOAC (ed) AOAC official methods of analysis, vol 85, number 6, 1st edn. AOAC, Rockville, MD, pp 20–21AOAC (2009) AOAC official methods Ce 2–66. Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. Official methods 6a. AOCS, UrbanaASTM D1110-84 (2013) Standard test methods for water solubility of wood. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.orgAttard TM, Rob Mcelroy C, Rezende CA, Polikarpovc I, Clarka JH, Hunt AJ (2015) Sugarcane waste as a valuable source of lipophilic molecules. Ind Crops Prod 76:95–103Bhattacharya D, Germinario LT, Winter WT (2008) Isolation, preparation and characterization of cellulose microfibers obtained from bagasse. Carbohydr Polym 73:371–377Ballesteros I, Oliva JM, Saez F, Ballesteros M (2001) Ethanol production by simultaneous sac-charification and fermentation of olive oil extraction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91(93):237–252Bian J, Peng F, Peng X-P, Xiao X, Peng P, Xu F (2014) Effect of [Emim]Ac pretreatment on the structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 100:211–217Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 54:519–546Buranov AU, Mazza G (2008) Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind Crops Prod 28:237–259Cardoen D, Joshi P, Diels L, Sarma PM, Pant D (2015) Agriculture biomass in India: Part 1. Estimation and characterization. Resour Conserv Recy 102:39–48Cataño Rueda EH (2009) Obtención y caracterización de nanofibras de celulosa a partir de desechos agroindustriales. Tesis Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Minas, Escuela de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia, p 13. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/920/1/1017137266_2009.pdfChaa L, Joly N, Lequart V, Faugeron C, Mollet JC, Martin P, Morvan H (2008) Isolation, characterization and valorization of hemicelluloses from Aristida pungens leaves as biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 74:597–602Chen J, Lai P, Shen H, Zhen H, Fang R (2013) Effect of extraction methods on polysaccharide of Clitocybe maxima stipe. Adv J Food Sci Technol 5(3):370–373Cody’s G (2016) Solid state NMR facility [Figure] recovery from. https://www.gl.ciw.edu/static/users/gcody/nmr.htmlCozzolino D, Fassio A, Fernández E (2003) Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to analyze corn silage quality. Agric Téc 64(3):387–393Del Río JC, Lino AG, Colodette JL, Lima CF, Gutierrez A, Martínez AT, Lu F, Ralph J, Rencoret J (2015) Differences in the chemical structure of the lignins from sugarcane bagasse and straw. Biomass Bioenerg 81:322–338Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, p 613Foyle T, Jennings L, Mulcahy P (2007) Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic materials: evalu-ation of methods used for sugar analysis of waste paper and straw. Bioresour Technol 98:3026–3036García Sánchez A, Ramos Martos N, Ballesteros E (2005) Estudio comparativo de distintas técnicas analíticas (espectroscopía de NIR y RMN y extracción mediante Soxhlet) para la determinación del contenido graso y de humedad en aceitunas y orujo de Jaén. Grasas Aceites 56(3):220–227Godin B, Agneessens R, Gerin PA, Delcarte J (2011) Composition of structural carbohydrates in biomass: precision of a liquid chromatography method using a neutral detergent extraction and a charged aerosol detector. Talanta 85:2014–2026Golander E (2011) Characterization and methods for extraction of extractives in spent sulphite liquor. Master of science thesis, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, p 8. http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/142119.pdfHiguchi T (1985) Lignin biosynthesis. In: Higuchi T (ed) Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components. Academic, Orlando, FL, pp 114–160Horwitz W, Latimer GW (2005) Chapter 33: official methods of analysis of AOAC international, 18th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MDHuang SQ, Li JW, Wang Z, Pan HX, Chen JX, Ning ZX (2010) Optimization of alkaline extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their effect on immune function in mice. Molecules 15:3694–3708Kacuráková M, Wilson RH (2001) Developments in mid-infrared FT-IR spectroscopy of selected carbohydrates. Carbohydr Polym 44:291–303Luque de Castro MD, García-Ayuso LE (1998) Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Anal Chim Acta 369:1–10Luque de Castro MD, Priego-Capote F (2010) Soxhlet extraction: past and present panacea. J Chromatogr A 1217:2383–2389Martín Lara, María Angela. Caracterización y aplicación de biomasa residual a a la eliminación de metales pesados [in line]. Tesis doctoral Ciencia y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente. Granada. Universidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias, 2008. 424 p. [consulta: 20 mayo de 2015]. In: http://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/17514629.pdfMcMurry J (2012) Química orgánica 8a edición. Cengage Learning, México DFMorrison RT, Boyd RN (1998) Química Orgánica. Addison Wesley Longman, MéxicoMUÑOZ, F. J. Extracción y caracterización de la pectina obtenida a partir del fruto de dos ecotipos de cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum), en diferentes grados de madurez; a nivel de planta piloto. [In line]. Tesis Maestría en Ingeniería Agrícola. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrícola, 2011. 18 p. [Consulta: 06 de abril de 2016] In:http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/4006/1/822093.2011.pdfNiño Camacho LR (2009) Implementación de diferentes técnicas analíticas para la determinación de biomasa bacterinas de cepas Psudomonas putida biodegradadoras de fenol. [en línea]. Tesis Química. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Quíimica, 12Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Colombia, p 19. http://repositorio.uis.edu.co/jspui/bitstream/123456789/363/2/131320.pdfOliva Domínguez JM (2003) Efecto de los productos de degradación originados en la explosión por vapor de biomasa de chopo sobre Kluyveromyces marxianus. Tesis doctoral, Madrid, p 166. http://biblioteca.ucm.es/tesis/bio/ucm-t26833.pdfOliva Dominguez, J. Miguel. Efecto de los productos de degradación originados en la explosión por vapor de biomasa de chopo sobre Kluyveromyces marxianus. [en línea]. Tesis doctoral. Madrid, 2003. 166 p. [consulta: 5 de marzo de 2015]. Disponible en: http://biblioteca.ucm.es/tesis/bio/ucm-t26833.pdfOrellana V, Rogel A (2016) Cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución. Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Machala. https://issuu.com/toxicolo-gia6/docs/hplc.docx_29f51bdf70a77dPérez MJ, Quishpi JA (2014) Evaluación cuantitativa de la producción de biodiesel de microalgas de lagunas de tratamiento de agua residual. Tesis Ingeniería Civil. Facultad de ingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador, p 111. http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/20934/3/TESIS.%20PDF.pdfPinzón ML, Cardona AM (2008) Caracterización de la cáscara de naranja para su uso como material bioadsorbente. Bistua Rev 6(1):28–37Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (1971) Lignins: occurence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, p 916Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D (2008a) Determination of extrac-tives in biomass. NREL/TP-510-42619. 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Bioresour Technol 101:2311–2316GeneralPublicationcc4b057a-0ef8-456a-bec2-3d4e0f299a5cvirtual::1710-1cc4b057a-0ef8-456a-bec2-3d4e0f299a5cvirtual::1710-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=88OyeaAAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=aovirtual::1710-10000-0001-8779-8120virtual::1710-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000002410virtual::1710-1ORIGINAL00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdf00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdfArchivo texto completo del artículo de libroapplication/pdf477314https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/b831eb78-0eb4-4830-9025-8d4014afecbc/download93b32b68e1004ba68fe8acaab597972eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/894ae24d-fccc-4520-acfb-a9bf2106355b/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD52TEXT00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdf.txt00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain94913https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/23ff794c-af9c-435b-b231-a855ae34f61d/download45470e1aaecbbfc49e2337e24ec0f50dMD53THUMBNAIL00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdf.jpg00350_Chemical analysis and characterization of biomass for biorefineries.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg11457https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/2112c0da-3fc4-474f-8628-834530e4e254/download4e3d52a7c66cc8f0e9d26e1a7664172aMD5410614/13187oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/131872024-03-05 10:04:21.19https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016open.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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